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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, some theories about errors and pronunciation presented based on
several books and articles from libraries or internet as references. The explanation from
general to detailed one will be presented here.
2.1 Definition of Error
According to Hornby 1987:29, error is something done wrong or condition of
being wrong in beliefs or conduct. The term error also means the flawed side of
learners’ speech or writing. They those part of conversation or composition that
deviate from selected norm of mature language performances Dulay, Burt,
Krashen, 1982:138. Richards et.al. In Masari, 1999:17 states that error in speech
or writing as second or foreign language learners is the use of linguistic item e.g. a
word, a grammatical item, a speech act, etc. in a way in which a fluent or native
speaker of the language regards as showing faulty or incomplete learning.
Error is different from mistakes. Therefore, it is crucial to make a distinction
between them in order to analyze learners’ language in proper perspective. Error is
deviation from student structure since the learners has not completely mastered
the rules of the language they learned Corder In Roeckhan, 1990:56. He also
states that the mistakes are structural deviation, which occurs because the learners
cannot determine the choice of expression in proper accordance the situation.
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A mistake refers to a performance error that s either a random guess or a “slip”, in
that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly Brown, 1980:205 and an
error is a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar or nature speaker, reflecting
the interlanguage competence of the learner.
There is two factors cause errors: the native language interferences or first
language and the target language being learned. The error that is caused by the
interferences or reflects the native language structure is called interlingual error.
The other error caused by the target language and do not reflect native language
structure but usually caused by overgeneralization because of the lack of target
language competence. It is called intralingual error.
Slinker, 1972 in Richard, 1974: 37 repeated five sources of errors:
a. Language
transfer, b.
Transfer of training,
c. Strategies
of second language learning, d.
Strategies of second language communication, and
e. Overgeneralization
of target language linguistic material.
2.2 Significance of error
