A Study on Old and Modern English Used in the Play of drama Oedipus Rex Sophocles

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A STUDY ON OLD AND MODERN ENGLISH USED

IN THE PLAY OF DRAMA OEDIPUS REX SOPHOCLES

A PAPER

BY

SOFIAN LASMARISI SIHOMBING

REG.NO. 112202064

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

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It has been proved by Supervisor,

Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL. NIP.195708031984041 004

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of North Sumatera In partial fulfiment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program

Dr.Matius C.A.Sembiring.M.A. NIP. 195211261981121 001

Approved by the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfiment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on June 2014

Faculty Of Cultural Studies, University of North Sumatera Dean,

Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013197607 1 001

Board of Examiners Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A.Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) ... 2. Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed., TESOL (Supervisor) ... 3. Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Tran., M. Hum. (Reader) ……….

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, SOFIAN LASMARISI SIHOMBING, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except wh ere the reference is ma de in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which i have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main

text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ... Date : ...2014

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : SOFIAN LASMARISI SIHOMBING

Title of Paper : A STUDY ON OLD AND MODERN ENGLISH USED IN THE PLAY OF OEDIPUS REX BY SOPHOCLES

Qualification : D III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of North Sumatera the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ... Date : ...2014

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ABSTRACT

This paper is dealing with Old English and Modern English. Old and Modern English are the aspects of language. When we talk about Old and Modern English, it means that we discuss about the structures of the language. The problem to be answered in this writing is stuctures of Old English still used in Modern English. In this writing of this paper, the author of the paper using the method of library and internet. All data collected, analyzed and interpreted for materials conclusion in the writing of this paper.

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ABSTRAK

Dalam penulisan kertas karya ini, penulis menggunakan metode perpustakaan dan internet. Semua data yang dikumpulkan, dianalisis, dan diinterpretasikan untuk bahan kesimpulan dalam penulisan kertas karya ini.Tulisan ini memuat tentang bahasa inggris Kuno dan bahasa inggris Modern di dalam drama. Bahasa inggris Kuno dan bahasa inggris Modern adalah salah satu bagian dari bahasa. Bila kita membicarakan tentang Bahasa inggris kuno dan bahasa inggris Modern, maka kita tidak terlepas dari tata bahasa tersebut. Yang merupakan masalah dalam tulisan ini adalah apakah penggunaan tata bahasa bahasa inggris Kuno masih digunakan di dalam bahasa inggris Modern.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank and praise the Almighty God for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get Diploma III from English Diploma Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Studies , University of North Sumatera.

Special thanks go to my beloved parents, dad: Hotman Sihombing and mom: Resdi Manik for supporting, loving, caring, praying and believing in me.

I‘m proud to be your daughter. I love you.

Thank you to Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., as The Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies.

Thank you to Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, MA as The Head of English Diploma Study Program.

Thank you to Drs. Chairul Husni, M.E.d. TESOL as my supervisor, and

Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Tran., M. Hum. as my reader who gives me corrections and advices to finish this paper.

Thank you Mrs.Fauziah Putri S.H for your helps during me as Student of English Diploma.

Thank you my lovely sister: Lisna Hayani and my lovely brothers: Agus Manto, Rolas Miduk, Pardomuan and Edi Gunawan for all of motivation and advices.

Thanks for all of D-III English 2011 students, specially B-Class. For my amazing friends: Eko Siswanto, Lastriawati Purba, and Lilis Handayani.

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Thanks for my lovely friends,Elviana Ambarita, Wilan Sitanggang, and

Zulvery Manik. Thanks for all of we‘re doing together, guys. And also thank for my friends, Shyti Hasanah, Rocky Simajuntak, and Riski Siregar for helping me to get the solusions about this paper. Thanks a lot.

Thank for my best friends, Wira Anastasya Purba and Rumada Pane , thank for this sweet friendship. To make me crazy and make me feel that our is happiness.

And finnaly, I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive and suggestions towards this paper.

Medan, June 2014

The Writer,

SOFIAN SIHOMBING Reg. No. 112202064

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ABSTRAK ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of Study ... 3

1.3 The Scope of Study ... 3

1.4 The Purpose of Study ... 3

1.5 The Method of Study ... 4

1.5.1 Research Method ... 4

1.5.2 Data Collecting Method ... 5

1.5.3 Data Analyzing Method ... 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Old English ... 8

2.2 Middle English ... 9

2.2.1 Early Middle English ... 9

2.3 Modern English ... 11

2.4 How Old and Modern English are Related ... 12

2.5 Old English different from Modern English ... 15

3. ANALYSIS OF OLD AND MODERN ENGLISH 3.1 Old English ... 17

3.2 Modern English ... 20

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion ... 25

4.2 Suggestion ... 25

REFERENCES ... 26

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is a medium of communication. It is an important thing in human life, since without language, we cannot make interaction. By using language someone could make statements, explainor report something and keeping social relations among the other person.

Language is used for many purposes. It can information from one mind to another in the world especially English language. Language, human,beings, society, and culture cannot be separated one another. Without the present of language human beings can do nothing. Therefore of course a habit will not appear and so a society. A habit can be seen through the society, and the products of the habit can be said as the culture of the society. So it can be understood clearly the language will be used by a member of society and the habits of the

society‘s members are called the culture of the society. The habits or the culture of the a society usually in herit by the generation of the society.

Owen (2006:1) says that language can be defined as a socially shared combinations of those symbols. Language which is governed by the provisions in question as above is a cultural and also grammar, language has a very close relationship with grammar where language is a series of rules to learn grammar rules governing for forming a sentence.

So to analyze the sentences in the drama, Old and Modern English is needed to help us understand what makes sentences and paragraphs clear and

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interesting . Old and Modern English can be a part of literature discussions, when we read the sentences used in stories as drama.

Old English is prior the beginnings of English, the inhabitants of Great Britain spoke primarily Celtic languages. During the later part of the 5th century, three tribes invade England from Western Germany and Denmark. These tribes spoke a similar languge that, over says, develop into Old English.

Modern English began in the 15th century, the transition from Middle Eglish to Modern English began. Much of the transition was due to the expansion of the British Empire throughout the world and to the development of printing. The printing press and increase in publishing of books drove the standardization of the language. spelling grammar was formalized due to the publication of various literary works and pamphlets.

The drama which will be discussed in this paper was written by Sophocles (born c. 496 B.C.E. in Colonus near Athens, Greece.., died after 413) was one of the three major authors of Greek tragedy. Of his 123 plays, only seven survive in full. We are fortunate that one of these is Oedipus Rex (in Greek, Oidipous tyrannos), written soon after 430 B.C., which the accient Greeks themselves considered his best work. Oedipus rex is famous for its smooth and suspenseful plotting, its cosmic ironies and the philosophical questions its raises about the

limits of man‘s power and ambitions.

The translation by Sir George Young (1837-1930), he called it Oedipus Tyrannus is not only very accurate. But also preserves the feelings of the original Greek to a great extent. The verse forms are reasonable English equivalents; the

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diction-lightly archaic in the blank verse dialogues, heightened and more involuted in the stanzaic choruses admirably reflects the hieratic nature of

Sophocles‘ drama. He concerned with problems of the Greek text and its

interpretation have been omited. Several new, very brief footnotes have been added, identifying some Greek and concepts for readers less familiar with classical mythology and lore.

Finally, the research of this paper focuses on the Old and Modern English in the drama written by Sophocles entitle Oedipus Rex. This is the background as well as the reason why this paper focus on the analyzing the Old and Modern English.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

Referring to the explanation of the background of the analysis above, problems that writer like to analyze of Old and Modern English used in the play of Oedipus Rex Sophocles. The writer wants

1) To find out the words Old English

2) To find equal the words Old English to Modern English

1.3 The Scope of the Study

Based on the problem of study, writer will find out the words used in the play of Oedipus Rex by Sopcholes.

1.4 The Purpose of the Study

The writer has chosen Sophocles drama Oedipus Rex as the subject of her paper, because she wants to analyze the words used in the drama.

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1.5.1 Method of the Study 1) Research Method

The method used in this paper is a library research. The writer collects some data to support the analysis, finding the related data to the research then narrowing the collecting data of the library research to the related element which are about the Old and Modern English. Besides that, the writer also uses internet for search some imformation about Old and Modern English.

2) Data collecting Method

In process collecting of the data, the writer obtained the supporting data from several books as the sources of the data, the primary source of the datawhich is being discuss in this paper, is the drama written by sophocles entitle oedipus rex sophocles published by Dover Publication, Inc, New York in 1991.This drama as the primary source of the data that this paper used to obtain Old and Modern English in the drama to analyze. The secondary data is drawn from others books as the references which the books are the most concerned about the Old and Modern English in the play work especially drama. And then, the third data is based on internet with clearly website.

Several steps are applied in the data collecting procedure for this paper. Firstly, the data acquisition from the drama is gathered by reading the drama. The entire drama is read while identifying the Old and Modern English in the drama based on the person reprensented itself, then marked the Old and Modern English. Secondly, the secondary data are gathered from several books that related to the topic of this paper. The related books that concern to the subject matter

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being analyzed are used as the source of the idea to support the analysis of this paper and also to give additional information and statement that can be drawn for this paper the important information from these books are marked and underlined so that it can be used to support the analysis of this paper, these books finally also used as the references for this paper.

3) Data Analyzing Method

The data analyzing procedure is applied when all the primary data from the drama is collected and selected, as the data from the drama is in a form of written text, which concern about the words Old and Modern English used in the drama that has been choosen to the most significant data, then the data will be be interpreted and to be brought into this paper as the subject matter of the analysis, that is the Old and Modern English from the drama. Next, the analysis will be stated by explaining the Old and Modern English based on the definition and the classification which reflected in Old and Modern English used in the play of drama Oedipus Rex Sophocles.

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

We often hear people delivering opinions about different languages: French is romantic Italian musical. For the students of language, such impressionistic judgements are not very useful. Rather, to describe a language we need to explain how it goes about doing the work that all languages must do; and it is helpful to compare it with other languages especially members of the language groups it belongs to.

Language may be compared in a number of ways. Every language has its own repertory of sounds,as known by all students who have had so struggle to learn to pronounce a foreign language. Every language also has its own rules for accentuating words and its own patterns of intonation, the rising and falling pitch of our voices as we speak. Every language has its own vocabulary, of course,

though when we‘re lucky we find a good bit of overlap between the vocabulary

of our native language and that of the language we‘re learning. And every language has its own way of signalling how words function in utterances of expressing who performed an action, what the action was, when it took place, whether it is now finished or still going on, what or who was acted upon, for whose beneft the action was performed and so on.

Based on above description there are three kinds of English language, namely Old English, Middle English and Modern English.

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2.1 Old English

Old English is prior the beginnings of English, the inhabitants of Great Britain spoke primarily Celtic languages. During the later part of the 5th century, three tribes invaded England from Western Germany and Denmark. These tribes spoke a similar language that, over says, develop into Old English.

There are three about Old English

1) The Indo-Eorupean languages

The Indo-Eorupean languages do certain things in much the same way. For

example, they share some basic vocabulary. Consider these words for ―father‖ :

Old English : foe

Latin : pater

Greek : pater

Sanskrit : pitr

We can easily see the resemblance among the latin, greek and sanskrit words. We may begin to understand why the Old English word looks different

from the others when we compare these words for ―foot‖:

Old English : fot

Latin : pedem

Greek : poda

Sanskrit : padam

If we suspect that Latin ―p‖ will always correspond to Old English ―f‖, we are right, more or less. Torecognize that the Indo-Eorupean languages share a

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good bit of vocabulary, through the changes that all languages go through often bring it about that the same word looks quite different in different languages.

2) The Germanic languages

Perhaps the most important development that distinguishes the Germanic languages from others in the Indo-European family is the one that produced the difference, illustrated above, between the ―p‖ of Latin and the ―f‖ of Old English faeder.

3) West Germanic and Low German

The West Germanic languages differ from North and East Germanic in number of features which are not very striking in themselves, but quite numerous. For example, the consonant [z] became [r] in North and West Germanic.

Low German is defined in part by something that did not happen to it. This non-event is the ‗high german consonan shift‘, which alterd the sounds of high

german dialects as radically as Grimm‘s Law had altered the sounds of Germanic.

Students of Modern German will recognize the effects of the High German consonant shift in such pairs as English eat and German essen, and English sleep and German schlafen. Another important difference between high German and Low German is that the Low languages did not distinguish person in plural verbs.

In grammar, Old English was much more highly inflected than Modern English is. That is,there were more case endings for nouns, more person and number and number endings for verbs, a more complicated pronoun system, various endings for adjectives, and so on. Old English nouns had four cases- nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative. Adjectives had five- all these and an

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instrumental case besides. Present day English has only two case for nouns- common case and possessive case. Adjectives now have no case system at all. On the other hand, we now use a more rigid word order and more structure words ( prepostions, auxilieries, and the like) to express relationships than Old English did.

2.2 Middle English

The invaders from the northern regions of France brought a form of French with them. The new language became the official languabge of the government, trade and the rulling class. The division of the classes began to include linguistics, with the upper or noble classes speaking French, while the lower classes spoke Middle English. This contiuned until the 14th century when English once more became the common language. Middle English changed considerably over the centuries to include a number of French words in the vocabulary.

2.2.1 Early Middle English

Early Middle English (1100–1300) has a largely Anglo-Saxon vocabulary (with many Norse borrowings in the northern parts of the country), but a greatly simplified inflectional system. The grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by the dative and locative cases are replaced in Early Middle English with prepositional constructions. This replacement is, however, incomplete: the Old English genitive "-es" survives in the modern Saxon genitive—it is now called the "possessive": e.g., the form "dog's" for the longer "of the dog". But most of the other case endings disappeared in the Early Middle English period,

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including most of the roughly one dozen forms of the definite article ("the"). The dual grammatical number (expressing exactly two of a thing) also disappeared from English during the Early Middle English period (apart from personal pronouns), further simplifying the language.

Deeper changes occurred in the grammar. Gradually, the wealthy and the government Anglicised again, although Norman (and subsequently French) remained the dominant language of literature and law until the 14th century, even after the loss of the majority of the continental possessions of the English monarchy. The new English language did not sound the same as the old; for, as well as undergoing changes in vocabulary, the complex system of inflected endings Old English had, was gradually lost or simplified in the dialects of spoken Middle English. This change was gradually reflected in its increasingly diverse written forms as well. The loss of case endings was part of a general trend from inflections to fixed word order that also occurred in other Germanic languages, and therefore cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French-speaking sections of the population: English did, after all, remain the language of the vast majority. It is also argued[7] that Norse immigrants to England had a great impact on the loss of inflectional endings in Middle English. One argument is that, although Norse- and English-speakers were somewhat comprehensible to each other, the Norse-speakers' inability to reproduce the ending sounds of English words influenced Middle English's loss of inflectional endings. Another argument is that the morphological simplifications were caused by Romano-Britons who were bilingual in Old English and either Brittonic (which lacks noun case) or

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British Latin (which may have lacked noun case, like most modern Romance languages).

2.3 Modern English

Modern English began in the 15th century, the transition from Middle Eglish to Modern English began. Much of the transition was authority to the expansion of the British Empire throughout the world and to the development of printing. The printing press and increasing in publishing of books drove the standardization of the languge. spelling grammar was formalized due to the publication of various literary works and pamphlets.

Barnet (1967 : 64) say that Modern English was also the period of the English Renaissance when people develoved, on the one hand, a keen interest in the past and, on the other, a more daring and imaginative view of the picture. Modern English has made many features of Modern English perfectly familiar to many people down to present times, even though we do not use these features in present day speech andwriting. It is not always realized, however, that considerable sounds changes have taken place between early Modern English and the english of the present day. Modern English did succeed in establishing certain

attiudes which, though they haven‘t had much effect on the development of the

language itself, have certainly changed the native speakers feeling about the language.

When we speak English now, we must specify whether we mean American English, British English, and Australian English, Indian English, or what, since the diffrences are considerable. The American cannot go to England

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orthe Englishman to America confident that he will always understand and be understood.

2.4 How Old and Modern English are related

Old and Modern English are very related. Modern English are very related to Old English, though in different way, for old and Modern English are really different stages in the development of a single language. The changes that turned Old english into Middle English and Middle English into Modern English took places gradually, over the centuries and there never was a time when people perceived their language as having broken radically with the language spoken a generation before. It is worth mentioning in this connection that the terms Old English, and Modern English are themselves modern, speakers of these languages all would have said, if asked that the language they spoke was English.

There is no point, on the other hand in playing down the differences between Old and Modern English, for they are obvious at a glance. The rules for spelling Old English were different from the rules for spelling Modern English, and that accounts for some of the difference. But there are more substantial changes as well. The three vowels that appeared in the inflectional endings of Old English words were reduced to one in Middle English and then most inflectional endings dissappeared entirely. Most case distinctions were lost, so weremost of the endings added to verbs, even while the verb system became more complex, adding such features as a future tense, a perfect and a pluperfect. While the number of endings was reduced, the order of elements within clauses and

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sentences became more fixed, so that, it came to sound archaid and awkward to place and object before the verb, as Old English hadfrequently done.

The vocabulary of Old English was of course Germanic, more closely related to the vocabularyof such languages as Dutch and German than to Frenchor Latin. The viking age, which culminated in the reign of the Danish king Cnut in England, introduced a great many Danish words in to English but these were Germanic words as well.the conquest of England by a French speaking people in the year 1066 eventually brought about immense changes in the vocabulary of english. During the Middle English period, English borrowed some ten thousand words from French, and at the sme time it was friendly to borrowings from latin , dutch and flemish. Now relatively few Modern English words come form Old English; but the words that do survive are some of the most common in the

language, including almost all the grammar words‘ (articles, pronouns,

prepositions) and a great many words for everyday concepts. For example, the words in this paragraph that come to us from Old English

Some of the Modern English which come Old English : Eald (old), brodor (brother), hus (house), nett (net), riht (right), widuwe (widow), wiftman (woman), half (loaf), apostle (apostol), chalk (cealc), wine (win), monk (munuc), gefaran (act), onettan (active, be), gelyfed (advanced), ongean (again, against), eall (all), mid (amid), hatheart (angry), deor (animal), ahwear (anywhere), gretan (approach), fyrd (army), gelendan (arrive), beon (be), leger (bed), geliefan (believe), deore (beloved), betera (better), begeondan (beyond), lean (blean), blestian (bless), blowan (bloom), blodig (bloody), blawan (blow), bat (boat), ban

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(bone), brieg (bridge), beorht (bright), byrnan (burn), ciese (cheese), breost (chest), betynan (close), heretoga (commander), bisgu (concern), belucan (contain), coc (cook), scieppan (create), cyrm (crry), cuckoo (geac), astandan (get up), acennan (give birth), alecgan (give up), abugan (give away), awedan (go mad), abugan (yield), wage (war), anbidian (wait ), abaedan (ward off ), ansund (whole), amyran (wound), awritan (write), ahebban (raise), awestan (ravage), alysan ( release), aferran (remove), areccean (render), ahreddan (rescue), anwealda (ruler), asecgan (say), ahreddan (save), asendan (send), andgit (sense), assettan (set), anfeald (simple), asingan (sing), anlepe (single), ansund (sound), arian (spare), afylan (stain), astandan (stand up), abrecan (storm), asteccan ( stretch out), atteon (ateon), awendan ( translate), asmeagan (understand).

2.5 Old English different from Modern English

First of all, Old English was spoken most recently almost a thousand years ago. Languages just do change, gradually and inevitably, over time, a phenomenon that linguistics has a fairly hard time explaining, and certainly predicting. But there are a couple of factors that affected the English language that tended to hasten linguistic change in English. (In contrast, Icelandic, a language quite similar to Old English in many ways, has undergone very little change, so that Icelandic children read the Viking sagas in school without need for much adaptation or special apparatus such as glossing.)

The first factor that tended to make English change rapidly is the arrival in England, over a period of a couple of hundred years from the 850s onwards, of a fairly large number of people who spoke Old Norse, and the arrival over a period

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of another couple of hundred years of a bunch of people who spoke Old French. This wouldn't have made much of a difference if these people had simply assimilated to the English-speaking population, but they didn't, they maintained their own languages and probably even insisted on them. Moreover, the groups who spoke these languages had prestige, whether locally in the "Danelaw" in the case of the Viking settlers who spoke Old Norse, or nationally in the case of the Norman conquerors--which meant that there was some pressure for English-speaking people to learn and even to prefer the other languages. Under these conditions, various kinds of linguistic mixture occurred: phonological, lexical, syntactic, and so on. In other words, English took on sounds, words, and ways of constructing sentences from these other languages.

The second important factor producing rapid language change was the fact that for approximately two hundred years after the Norman conquest, English was hardly a written language at all, since almost all writing went on either in the language of the ruling Norman invaders (French) or in the international language of the church, of diplomacy, and of learning (Latin). (In fact, for a further hundred years after that, English was still not a prestigious language, although it was beginning to be a written language again.) Writing normally acts as a kind of brake to language change, since literate people are influenced in their linguistic habits not only by what they hear but by what they read, which is liable to be stuff from some time ago. Without writing, and exposed to influence from other languages with which it was mixing, English changed rapidly. By the time of Chaucer (end of the 14th century) when it was reestablishing itself as a prestige

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language in England, English had adopted hundreds of words from French and quite a few from Old Norse, and had undergone important simplifications in its system of inflections.

Whether as a result of language mixture, or for some other reasons (linguists disagree), there was later a lot of sound changes in the English vowel system. During a period perhaps from about 1450 to about 1750 c.e. the change called the Great Vowel Shift occurred. It accounts for the quite startling differences in pronunciation between Modern English "long" vowels and Old English long vowels--most of the consonants stayed pretty much the same, and so did the short vowels.

So to sum up, Modern English is different from Old English because languages just do change over time, because linguistic change was accelerated during a period of contact with other languages and the removal of written language from the equation, and because phonological change, especially the Great Vowel Shift, was added to lexical change (all those loan words) and syntactic/inflectional change.

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3. ANALYSIS OF OLD AND MODERN ENGLISH

3.1 Old English

There are some Old English which is find in the play of Drama Oedipus Rex. We can see Old English on bold words in the sentences

1) Thou

Do thou old man since ‗tisthy privilege to speak for these, say in what case ye stand if of alarm or statisfication with my readness. (Oedipus:1)

And that, without instruction or advice of our imparting; but of heaven it came

thouart named, and known, our life‘s establisher. ( Priest :2)

2) Thyself

By the Ismenian hearth oracular and the twin shrines of Pallas.** Loe the city Labours-thyself art witness-over deep already, powerless to uprear her head out of the abysses of a surge of blood. (Priest:2)

3) Didst

With a fair augury didst thou shape for us our furtune then, like be thy prowess now! (Priest:3)

Even as thou didst adjure me, so my king, I will reply. I neither murdered him, nor can point out the murderer. (I senator: 10)

4) Yea

Well, I will have it all to light again. Right well did Phoebus, yea and well may you insist on this toward the dead. (oedipus:5)

Do you know from whom you are? Yea, you are ignorant that to your own you are an enemy, whether on earth, alive, or under it. ( Tiresias : 15)

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5) Hast

Thou hast not spoken loyally, nor friendly toward the state that bred thee, cheating her of this response.(Oedipus:12)

Wherefore do thou not sparing augury, either through birds, or any other way thou

hast of divination-save thyself, and save the city, and me; save the whole mass by this dead corpse infected. (Oedipus: 12)

6) Ay

Ay, cast in my teeth matters in which you must allow my geratness! (Oedipus:16) All she may wish for she obtains of me, and make I not a third, equal with you?

Ay, there appears your friendships falsity.

7) Nay

Nay,‘twereall one to me to throw away a friend, a worthy one, and one‘s own life,

which most of all one values.(Creon:22)

Now, understand it well; seek this, you seek my death or exile! Nay, by the sun god, first of all Gods in heaven!

8) ‘Twas

For even though the matter were not now by heaven enjoined you, ‘twas

unnatural for you to suffer it to pass uncleansed. (Oedipus:10)

Why ask who ‘twas he spoke of? Nay, never mind- never remember it- ‗twas idly spoken!

9) ‘Tis

So was it said; but in our present need ‘tis better to enquire what we must do.(Creon:51)

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But I will never go, to meet my parents there! O son, ‘tis plain you know not what you do! (Messenger : 36)

10) Ere

My liege, we had a leader, once, over this land, called Laiu-ere you held the helm of state. (Oedipus:30)

Tomorrow‘s moon shall not pass over us, Ere O Cithaeron we shall magnify in thee the lap the womb of Oedipus. (Chorus: 39)

11) Thy

Next Artemisthy sister, of this nation keeper, high seated in the encircling shrine, filled with her praises, of our market place. (Chorus:7)

12) Thee

For Heaven‘s sake, if thou hast knowledge, do not turn away, when all of us

implorethee suppliant! (Senator:12)

13) Cans’t

And on the earth-thoucans’t not see the city, but knowest no less what pestilence visit it. (Oedipus:11)

14) Thus

I think he comes with cheer; he would not, else, thus be approaching us with crown on brow, all berries of the bay. (Priest:4)

15) Dost

For Phoebus- if thou dost not know it from the messengers-to us who sent to ask him sent word back that from this sickness no realease should come. (Oedipus:12)

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16) Cam’st

Fellow, how cam’st thou hither? Dost thou boast so great a fronf of daring, as to come under my roof, the assassin clear of me. (Oedipus:20)

17) Woulds’t

God of heaven! What woulds’tthou do unto me! (Oedipus:27)

18) O’er

But why should men be fearful, o’er whom fortune is mistress, and foreknowledge of nothing sure? (Jocasta:35)

19) E’er

Ife’er before, when mischieft rose upon the state, ye quenched the flames of evil, putting them away, come-come today! (Chorus:7)

20) Whoe’er

Whoe’er he be, I order that of this land, whose power and throne are mine, not ertertain him, none accost him, none cause him to share in prayers or sacrife offered to heaven, or pour him lustral wave. (Oedipus:9)

3.2 Modern English

Based on Old English which can from in the play of Drama Oedipus Rex, we can see the equal this Old English on bold words. They are

1) You

Wedlock, wedlock, you gave me being, you raised up seed again to the same lineage, and exhibited in one incestuous flesh son-brother-sire,bride, wife, and mother. (Oedipus:49)

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Ah my poor children, what you come seek is known already-not unknown to me (Oedipus:3)

2) Myself

And for myself I pray, if with my knowledge he should become an inmate of my dwelling, that I may suffer all that I invoked on these just now. (Oedipus:10) From others, by the mouth of messengers, I have myself come hither, Oedipus, known far and wide by name.

3) Do

Or do you think that children were a sight delectable for me to gaze at, born as they were born?

Do you uprouse me; rather deem of me as one that wept often, and often came by many ways through labyrinths of care.

4) Have

This be the last time I shall gaze on thee, who am revealed to have been born of those. (Oedipus:42)

Do me this favour:; hear me say as much as you have said and then yourself decide.( Creon:20)

5) Yes

Yes if the truth has any force at all. (Tiresias:14)

Yes father, yes: that is what always scares me. (Oedipus:36)

6) No

No, not at all. Why, Loxias declared that I should one day marry my own mother.

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I fear your frown for you possess no power to kill me; but I say to you the man you have been seeking, threatening him.

7) It was

It was not mine; another gave it me. (Old man:41)

He seeing her, with a groan Looses the halter; then when on the ground Lay the poor wretch, dreadful it was to see what followed. (2 Messenger:45)

8) Before

Their former pristine happiness indeed was happiness before; butt in this hour shame. (2 Messenger:46)

I think he is no other than that peasant whom you were taking pains to find,

before but she could say as well as any one Jocasta (1 Senator:38)

9) Ever

A blessing ever be on hers and her, who is, in such a perfect sort, his wife! (Messenger:33)

10) So

So shall you see me, as of right, with you venging this country and the God together. (Oedipus:6)

So great a front of daring, as to come under my roof, the assassin clear of me, and manifest pirate of my royalty? ( Oedipus: 20)

11) Come

Wherefore, Lycean Phoebus, unto thee-for thou art very near u-i am come.

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When he who plots against me in the dark comes swiftly on, I must be swift in turn. (Oedipus:22)

12) Will

That he willcast himself forth of the land, abide no more at home under the curse of his own cursing. (2 Messenger:46)

I will pay him the reward, and favour shall be his due beside it. (Oedipus:9)

13) Over

My liege, we had a leader, once, over this land, called Laius-ere you held the helm of state.(Creon:4)

14) Whoever

But mine I shall dispel this plague-spot; for the man whoever it may be, who murdered him, lightly might hanker to serve me the same. (Oedipus:6)

Measure the new by knowledge of the old, but is at mercy of whoever speaks, if he but speak the speak the language of despair.

15) Your

How could your robber have dared so far-except there were some pratice with gold from hence?(Oedipus:5)

You cannot hurt me, nor any other who beholds the light, your life being all one nigtht. (Oedipus:14)

16) It is

Itsmother‘s most unnatural bearing-bed. (2 Messenger:45)

For just it is not, to hold bad men for good, good men for bad, to no good end. (Creon : 22)

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17) Can

Pray you, fear nothing; for my mistery no mortal but myself can underbear.

( Oedipus:50)

But he lacks force, and guidance; for his sickness is more than man can bear. (2 Messenger:46)

There are some words Old English which is have a meaning in modern English but the meaning not used in the play of Oedipus Rex.

1) If’t

I will declare no fother. Storm at this, If’t please you, to the wildest height of anger! (Tiresias:13)

In modern English, the meaning ofIf’t is If it.

2) Where’er

Your voice, not his, makes me compassionate, pleading for pity; he, where’er he be, shall have my hatred.

In modern English, the meaning of where’er is where ever.

3) ‘twere

Good my lords; in good time, I see her come to you from the palace; with her aid

‘twere meet to appease your present difference. (1 Senator:23) In modern English, the meaning of ‘twere is it were.

4) Gav’st

For I lament, even as from lips that sing pouring a dirge; yet early it was thou

gav’st me to rise and breathe again, and close my wathcing eyes.(Chorus:44) In modern English, the meaning of gav’st is gave or give.

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4. Conclusion and Suggestion

4.1. Conclusion

In drama Oedipus Rex,Old and Modern English are very clearly different. Old and Modern English are really different stages in the development of a single language. The changes that turned Old English into Modern English took places gradually, over the centuries and there never was a time when people perceived their language as having broken radically with the language spoken a generation before. But Old English words still widely in Modern English.

4.2. Suggestion

After analyzing of Oedipus Rex Sophocles, I hope the reader can understand about the Old and Modern English and get more knowledge. I also expect that the readers want to read and discuss Sophocles drama. Finally I hope that someday there will be other students want to discuss the different aspects of Oedipus Rex Sophocles.

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REFERENCES

Chapman, Raymond.1982. The Language of English Literature. London: Edward Arnold.

Baker, Peter S.1952. Introduction to Old English.Singapore: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Dean, Leonard & Wilson, Kenneth.1963. The Play of Language.USA: Oxford University Press,Inc.

Gill, Richard. 1985. Mastering English Literature.London: Mcmillan

Jacobus, Lee A. 1993. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. London: Charles H.Christensen.

Jacobus, Henry E. 1995. Introduction to Reading and Writing.New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Kennedy, X.J. 1991. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. London: Harper Collins Publisher.

Kardimin, Akhmad. 2005. Smart English Grammar. Yogjakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Kottler, Barnet & Marthin Light. 1967. The World Of Words. New York: Purdue

University.

Roberts, Edgar & Henry E. Jacobs. 1987. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Rogers, Pat.1990. The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature. London: Oxford University.

Sembiring, Matius. 2014. Buku Pedoman Program D3 Studi Bahasa Inggris. Medan: University of North Sumatera.

Simon, & Schuster. 1989. English Grammar Princiiples and Facts. New Jersey: Prentice HallInc.

Taylor, Richard. 1989. 1981. Understanding The Elements of Literature.London:Macmillan.

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APPENDICES

The Biography of Sophocles

Sophocles was born c. 496 B.C.E. in Colonus near Athens, Greece. He grew up during the most brilliant intellectual period of Athens. Sophocles won awards while in school for music and wrestling, and because of his constant activity he was known as the "Attic Bee." His music teacher was Lamprus, a famous composer. Tradition says that because of his beauty and talent, Sophocles was chosen to lead the male chorus at the celebration of the Greek victory over the Persians at Salamis.

Electra (418–414 B.C.E. ) is Sophocles's only play whose theme is similar to those of the works of Aeschylus ( Libation Bearers ) and Euripides (484– 406 B.C.E. ; Electra ). Again Sophocles concentrates on a character under stress: a worried Electra, anxiously awaiting the return of her avenging brother, Orestes. In Philoctetes (409B.C.E. ) Odysseus is sent with young Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, to the island of Lemnos to bring back Philoctetes with his bow and

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arrows to help capture Troy. Neoptolemus has second thoughts and refuses to deceive the old man. Philoctetes clearly shows how man and society can come into conflict and how society can toss aside an individual when it does not need him.

The Greek playwright Sophocles was responsible for several improvements in the presentation of drama. His tragedies (plays in which characters suffer because of their actions and usually die) rank him among the greatest Greek classical dramatists.

Life

Sophocles, the son of Sophilus, was a wealthy member of the rural deme

(small community) of Colonus Hippius in Attica, which was to become a setting for one of his plays, and he was probably born there.[2][6] He was born a few years before the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC: the exact year is unclear, although 497/6 is the most likely.[2][7] Sophocles was born into a wealthy family (his father was an armour manufacturer) and was highly educated. Sophocles' first artistic triumph was in 468 BC, when he took first prize in the Dionysia theatre competition over the reigning master of Athenian drama, Aeschylus.[2][8] According to Plutarch, the victory came under unusual circumstances. Instead of following the usual custom of choosing judges by lot, the archon asked Cimon and the other strategoi present

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to decide the victor of the contest. Plutarch further contends that following this loss Aeschylus soon left for Sicily.[9] Although Plutarch says that this was Sophocles' first production, it is now thought that his first production was probably in 470 BC.[6] Triptolemus was probably one of the plays that Sophocles presented at this festival.

In 480 BC Sophocles was chosen to lead the paean (a choral chant to a god), celebrating the Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis.[10] Early in his career, the politician Cimon might have been one of his patrons, although if he was, there was no ill will borne by Pericles, Cimon's rival, when Cimon was ostracized in 461 BC.[2] In 443/2 he served as one of the

Hellenotamiai, or treasurers of Athena, helping to manage the finances of the city during the political ascendancy of Pericles.[2] According to the Vita Sophoclis, in 441 BC he was elected one of ten strategoi, high executive officials that commanded the armed forces, as a junior colleague of Pericles, and he served in the Athenian campaign against Samos; he was supposed to have been elected to this position as the result of his production of Antigone

In 420 BC, he welcomed and set up an altar for the image of Asclepius at his house, when the deity was introduced to Athens. For this, he was given the posthumous epithet Dexion (receiver) by the Athenians.[12] He was also elected, in 413 BC, one of the commissioners (probouloi) who responded to the catastrophic destruction of the Athenian expeditionary force in Sicily during the Peloponnesian War

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Sophocles died at the age of ninety or ninety-one in the winter of 406/5 BC, having seen within his lifetime both the Greek triumph in the Persian Wars and the bloodletting of the Peloponnesian War.[2] As with many famous men in classical antiquity, his death inspired a number of apocryphal stories. The most famous is the suggestion that he died from the strain of trying to recite a long sentence from his Antigone without pausing to take a breath. Another account suggests he choked while eating grapes at the Anthesteria festival in Athens. A third holds that he died of happiness after winning his final victory at the City Dionysia. A few months later, a comic poet, in a play titled The Muses, wrote this eulogy: "Blessed is Sophocles, who had a long life, was a man both happy and talented, and the writer of many good tragedies; and he ended his life well without suffering any misfortune. According to some accounts, however, his own sons tried to have him declared incompetent near the end of his life; he is said to have refuted their charge in court by reading from his as yet unproduced Oedipus at Colonus.[16] One of his sons, Iophon, and a grandson, also called Sophocles, also became playwrights.

Styles and contributions to the teater

Of the approximately 125 tragedies that Sophocles is said to have written, only 7 have survived. According to the Greek biographer Plutarch (46–119), there were three periods in Sophocles's development as a writer: imitation of the style of Aeschylus, use of an artificial style, and use of a style that is most expressive of character. The existing plays are from the last period. While the works of Aeschylus deal with the relationship between man and the gods, the works of

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Sophocles deal with how characters react under stress (mental pressure). Sophocles's heroes are usually subjected to a series of tests that they must overcome.

Sophocles is credited with increasing the number of actors with speaking parts in a play from two to three. He raised the number of chorus members from twelve to fifteen and developed the use of painted scenery. He also abandoned the practice of presenting tragedies as trilogies (series of three works) by instead presenting three plays with different subjects. This led to faster development of characters. Sophocles's songs are also considered to be beautifully structured.

Plays

The dates of Sophocles's seven known plays are not all certain. In Ajax (447 B.C.E. ) the hero, described as second only to Achilles, is humiliated by Agamemnon and Menelaus when they award the arms of Achilles to Odysseus. Ajax vows revenge on the Greek commanders as well as on Odysseus. Except, the goddess Athena makes him believe he is attacking the Greeks when he is in fact attacking sheep.When he realizes what he has done, he is so upset that he commits The title character in Antigone (442–441 B.C.E. ) is a young princess whose uncle, King Creon, has forbid her to bury her brother Polyneices. Her brother, in attempting to seize the throne from his brother Eteocles, killed Eteocles in a fight and also died himself. Antigone has been interpreted as showing the conflict between devotion to family and devotion to the state. In Trachiniae (437– 432 B.C.E. ) Heracles's wife, Deianira, worries about the fifteen-month absence of her husband. Deianira sends him a poisoned robe that she believes has magical

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powers to restore lost love. Her son, Hyllus, and her husband denounce her before dying, and she commits suicide. In this play Sophocles describes the difficult situation of the person who, without meaning to, hurts those whom he or she loves.

Oedipus Rex (429 B.C.E. ), which many have considered the greatest play of all time, is not about sex or murder, but man's ability to survive almost unbearable suffering. The worst of all things happens to Oedipus: unknowingly he kills his own father, Laius, and is given his own mother, Jocasta, in marriage after he slays the Sphinx. When a plague (a bacteria-caused disease that spreads quickly and can cause death) at Thebes forces him to consult an oracle (a person through whom a god is believed to speak), he finds that he himself is the cause of the plague. Sophocles brings up the question of justice—why is there evil in the world, and why does the man who is basically good suffer? The answer is found in the idea of dike —balance, order, justice. The world is orderly and follows natural laws. No matter how good or how well-meaning man may be, if he breaks a natural law, he will be punished and he will suffer.

LaterWorks

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Oedipus at Colonus (401 B.C.E. ), produced after Sophocles's death, is the longest of his dramas. It brings to a conclusion his concern with the Oedipus theme. Exiled by Creon, Oedipus becomes a wandering beggar accompanied by his daughter Antigone. He stumbles into a sacred grove at Colonus and asks that Theseus be summoned. Theseus arrives and promises him protection, but Creon tries to remove Oedipus. Theseus comes to the rescue and foils Creon. The arrival of his son Polyneices angers Oedipus, who curses him. Oedipus soon senses his impending death and allows only Theseus to witness the event by which he is changed into a hero and a saint.

"Many are the wonders of the world," says Sophocles in Antigone, "but none is more wonderful than man." Sophocles's interest in human welfare is best shown in this famous quotation. Man is able to overcome all kinds of obstacles and is able to be inventive and creative, but he is mortal and therefore limited. Suffering is simply part of the nature of things, but learning can be gained from it,and through suffering man can achieve dignity.

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