Baghdadi et al 2012
Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci, Ghent University, 77/4, 2012
635
INVESTIGATION ON SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF CHRYSOPERLA LUCASINA (CHRYSOPIDAE:
NEUROPTERA) ON BEMISIA TABACI
IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS
A. BAGHDADI¹, F. SHARIFI² and A. MIRMOAYEDI²
1
2
Department of Agricultural Science, Payame Noor University
PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran- IRAN
Department of Plant protection, Agricultural Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah-IRAN
Corresponding author E-mail: mbaghdadius@yahoo.com
SUMMARY
Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important key pests of many types of cultivated plants. Lacewings
(Chrysopidae: Neuroptera) are predatory insects, widely used in biological control programs. Between
them green lacewing is a promising biological control agent of pests in green houses and crop fields.
In this study, gravid females of the green lacewing Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix) were captured from
Sarepolzahab ( altitude 540m, latitude 34°,14´ N 46°,9´ E) in western part of Iran. Collected insects were
reared in a growth chamber, under experimental conditions (25±1°C, 70±5% RH and a photoperiod of
16:8 L: D).
Different diets were offered to larvae which consisted of a whitefly species B.tabaci, an aphid Myzus
persica and also lyophilized powder of drone honeybee (Apis melifera). As different foods were used to
nurish larvae, so for each diet, mean larval period were calculated, and finally means were compared to
each other. Anova in MSTAT-C was used for analysis of variance, and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT)
to compare between means.
The results showed that larvae had maximum duration of 27±0.33 days when fed on honeybee lyophilized powder and the minimum value was 17.9±0.3 days for B. tabaci. 25±0.27 day recorded for M.
persicae.
Food preference of the 3rd instar larvae of green lacewing was surveyed, they showed a food preference
to M. persicae, to compare with B. tabaci, as the former has a bigger body size, so more easily to be
captured by the predator larvae.
The 3rd instar larvae of lacewing were more voracious on preys, than the 1st or the 2nd instar larvae.
Statistically speaking, there were a significantly difference when mean of different preys consumed by
predator larvae were compared. We found, that when the predator larvae have fed on B.tabaci, their
development time was shorter, and when arrived to adult stage, the adults showed, an improved fertility.
The results indicated that the suitable prey not only can increase the rate of through accelerating developmental stages of the predator and by means of an increase in its pupal body weight consequently
promoting the fecundity of resulting adults, but also can alter predators population density in relation to
own production numbers.
Key words: Chrysoperla lucasina, Bemisia tabaci, Biological control
INTRODUCTION
Bemisia tabaci is a plant sap sucking insect belonging to the family Aleyrodidae. It is broadly
polyphagous, feeding on an estimated 500 plants species (Greathead, 1986) from 60 plant
families (Mound and Halsey, 1978, Jiang et al., 1999, Hilje et al., 2001). Since the early 1980’s
it has caused escalating problems to field and protected agricultural crops and ornamental
plants in the world. Heavy infestations of B.tabaci may reduce host vigor and growth, cause
chlorosis and uneven ripening and induce physiological disorders. The larvae produce hon-
636
eydew on which sooty moulds grow, reducing the photosynthetic capabilities of the plant,
resulting in defoliation and stunting. B.tabaci is also a vector of 111 plant viruses, some of
which are of high economic importance. Resistance to approximately 35 active ingredients
has been reported for B.tabaci in at least 20 countries worldwide (Roditakis, 2005).
Chrysopids are polyphagous predators that can suppress population of many pest species
(Hydron, 1971) such as whiteflies, thrips and leafhoppers (Plincipi and Canard, 1984). Their
efficacy in biological control of whiteflies and aphids as well as other arthropod pests has
been recognized for more than 250 years (Pappas, et al. 2011). These polyphagous predators
can be easily reared on artificial diets and used for controlling agricultural insect pest (Cohen
and Smith, 1998).
For every biological control, to be successful, primarily, it’s of outmost importance, to evaluate the potential of the predator for targeted preys ( Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004).
In this study different diets offered to larvae and longevity of life for each larval instars and
food preference were evaluated. Analysis of variation was done by using ANOVA and comparing between means by Duncans multiple range test (DMRT), utilizing MSTAT-C software.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Adult insects of C. lucasina were collected by netting from fields of sare-polezahab (altitude
540m, 34°, 14´N46°.9´E) in western part of Iran. Rearing was carried out in UPVC pipes
(height 20, diameter 15 cm) after species discrimination. 10% honey was used as diet for
ovipositing adults, the eggs were collected on paper sheets.
Deposited eggs were collected daily and transported to cold chamber (5-6°C). Experiments
started with transport of egg to growth chamber (25±1°C, 16L: 8D and 70±5% RH). First
instar larvae hatched after an incubation period and reared on artificial diet after 1-12 hours.
In rearing, different diets offered to larvae consisted of a whitefly species B. tabaci, an aphid
M. persica and also lyophilized powder of drone honeybee (Apis melifera).
Consumption rate of different diets used in this study were carried out in 5 replications in
each 2 treatment based on completely randomized design. Nymphs of B. tabaci and M.
persicae were used as live. Larval development and nymph consumption rate was counted
each 12 hours with considering different foods used. Longevity for each larval instar was
evaluated. Analysis of variation and comparing between means carried by use ANOVA and
duncan multiple range test (DMRT) respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The biology and behavior of C. lucasina larvae is dependent on the quality of food which
they fed on. Consumption rate of different larval instars of green lacewing (C. lucasina) on B.
tabaci and M. persicae showed maximum larval consumption. Analysis of variation showed
maximum larval differences between preys at level of 1% (table 1a and 1b). The results of
life history experiments showed that C.lucasina was able to develop and reach the adult
stage by feeding on mean 444.2 and 281.8 third instars of B.tabaci and M. persicae, respectively.
Consumption rate of different larval instars is showed in Table 1a. The result shows significant difference between larval instars at 5% level. As it is seen from Table 1a, the highest
feeding rate of the lacewing belonged to the 3rd instar larvae
Longevity of larval duration on B. tabaci, M. persicae and lyophilized powder of A. melifera
was investigated. The results showed significant difference between B. tabaci and other
Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci, Ghent University, 77/4, 2012
637
diets at level 1% ( table 2a and 2b). Longevity of larvae had maximum duration 27±0.33 days
when fed by honeybee lyophilized powder and minimum 17.9± 0.3 days was recorded for B.
tabaci. 25±0.27 days recorded from M. persicae. Alikhan and Wan (2004) reported 18.6 days
for larval duration C. pallens feeding on B. tabaci.
Food preference of 3rd instars green lacewing larvae between live preys was investigated.
Results showed 70±1.7 and 27.6±2.86 for M.persicae and B.tabaci respectively.
When fertility of adults emerging from those larvae which fed on different diets was compared, those females who were fed on B.tabaci had a higher fertility rate, so we could consider, that for rearing in experimental purpose, it to be a more suitable host for lacewing
larvae than other preys.
This study showed, that using larvae of green lacewing C. lucasina, is a very good way to
control B. tabaci, although we used laboratory conditions, but potentially, it could be used in
greenhouses and even in crop fields to control this pest.
Table 1a. Mean and standard error of consumption of different larval instars (C.lucasina) on live prey
larval instar
Instar1
Instar2
Instar3
sum of mean (x±SE)
B. tabaci
66.2±4.78
132±10.44
246±5.33
444.2±6.8
M. persica
26.2±1.24
70.6±7.53
185±6.94
281.8±5.2
Table 1b. Analysis of variance of consumption rate of different larval instar C.lucasina when were fed on
live food
source of variation
larval instars
type of prey
t.prey×l.instar
experimental error
df
2
1
2
24
mean of squares
74566.9
21978.133
376.633
184.783
F. value
403.536**
118.94**
2.027n.s
Table 2a. Mean and standard error of longevity of different larval instars of C.lucasina in feeding on
different diets.
Longevity of different
stage of C. lucasina
Larval Instar1
Larval Instar2
Larval Instar3
Pupa
Sum of mean
B.tabaci
M. persicae
2.7±0.12
3.3±0.19
7± 0.31
8.8±0.68
17.9±0.3
4.3±0.19
4.5±0.22
7.2±0.37
9±0.31
25±0.27
Honeybee
lyophilized powder
4.8±0.35
5±0.31
3.1±0.24
10.2±0.35
27±0.33
Table 2b. Analysis of variance of longevity of C.lucasina
Source of variation df mean of squares
F value
Longevity
3
91.593
227.79**
Type of prey
2
28.587
71.098**
Lon*prey
6
3.61
8.977**
Exp.error
48
0.402
** Significant difference at level 1% c.v═10.89 %
638
Table3a. Analysis of variation of prey type on fecundity of C. lucasina
Source of variation df mean of squares
F value
type of prey
2
1288.8
52.718**
exp. error
12
195.167
** Significant difference at level 1%, c.v. 5.42%
Table3b. Mean and standard error of deposited egg of C. lucasina in feeding on different diets.
Mean of egg/female
(20 days)
x-±S.E
B. tabaci
M.persicae
291.2±6.47
275.6±4.56
Honeybee
lyophilized powder
206±7.37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Dr. Bahraminejad, of Dep. of Plant breeding, College of Agriculture, Razi University of
Kermanshah for his assistance in statistical analysis, of data obtained in our study.
REFERENCES
Alikhan I., and Wan F.H. (2008). Life history of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) on
Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) biotype B as prey. Sarhad journal of Agriculture.
24(4):635-639.
Al-Zyoud F. and Sengonca C. (2004). Prey consumption preference of Serangium parcesetosum sicard
(Col: Coccinellidae) for different prey stages, species and parasitized prey. Journal of pest science.77:197-204.
Cohen A.C. and Smith L.K. (1998). New concept in artificial diets for Chrysopa rufilabris.The efficacy of
solid diets. Biological content.13:49-54
Greathead A.H. (1986). Host plants. Chapter 3, pp.17-25.In: Bemisa tabaci-a literature survey on the
cotton whitefly with an annotated bibliography (Ed.M.J.W.Cock).CAB International Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, UK. 121 pages.
Hilje L., Costa H.S. and Stansly. (2001). Cultural practices for managing Bemisiatabaciand associated viral
disease. Crop protection. 20:801-812.
Hydron S.B. (1971). Food preference of Chrysopa rufilabris in north central florida. M.S. Thesis, unpublished, university of Florida Tallahassee, Florida.79 p.
Jiang Y.X., Lei H., Collat J.L., Martin B., Muniz M. and Fereres A. (1999). Probing and feeding behavior of
two distinct biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hom: Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants. Journals of Economic
Entomology. 92(2): 357-366.
Mound L.A. and Halsey S.H. (1978). Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)In: Whitefly of the world, A Systematic
Catalog of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera)with Host plant and Natural enemy Data. British Museum
(Natural History)and John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, New york, Brisbane,Toronto.pp.118-124.
Pappas M.L., Broufas G.D. and Koveos D.S. ( 2011). Chrysopid predators and their role in biological
control. Journal of Entomology. 8(3):301-326.
Principi M.M. and Canard M. (1984). Feeding habits. In: Biology of chrysopidae, canard, M., Semeria Y.
and T.R. New(Ed). Dr.w.Junk publishers, the Hague,The Netherlands.pp.76-92.
Roditakis E., Roditakis N. and Tsagkarakou A. (2005). Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) populations from Crete. Pest Management Sciens. 61: 577-582.
Tauber M.J. Tauber C.A.andGardescuS. (1993). Prolonged storage of Chrysopa carnea(Neur.Chrysopidae)
.Environmetal Entomology. 22(4):843-848.
Tauber M.J., Tauber C.A., Daane K.M. and Hagen K.S. (2000). Advances in commercialization of green
lacewing (Neur.Chrysopidae). part2: field Applied
Entomology. 46(1):26-38.
635
INVESTIGATION ON SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF CHRYSOPERLA LUCASINA (CHRYSOPIDAE:
NEUROPTERA) ON BEMISIA TABACI
IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS
A. BAGHDADI¹, F. SHARIFI² and A. MIRMOAYEDI²
1
2
Department of Agricultural Science, Payame Noor University
PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran- IRAN
Department of Plant protection, Agricultural Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah-IRAN
Corresponding author E-mail: mbaghdadius@yahoo.com
SUMMARY
Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important key pests of many types of cultivated plants. Lacewings
(Chrysopidae: Neuroptera) are predatory insects, widely used in biological control programs. Between
them green lacewing is a promising biological control agent of pests in green houses and crop fields.
In this study, gravid females of the green lacewing Chrysoperla lucasina (Lacroix) were captured from
Sarepolzahab ( altitude 540m, latitude 34°,14´ N 46°,9´ E) in western part of Iran. Collected insects were
reared in a growth chamber, under experimental conditions (25±1°C, 70±5% RH and a photoperiod of
16:8 L: D).
Different diets were offered to larvae which consisted of a whitefly species B.tabaci, an aphid Myzus
persica and also lyophilized powder of drone honeybee (Apis melifera). As different foods were used to
nurish larvae, so for each diet, mean larval period were calculated, and finally means were compared to
each other. Anova in MSTAT-C was used for analysis of variance, and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT)
to compare between means.
The results showed that larvae had maximum duration of 27±0.33 days when fed on honeybee lyophilized powder and the minimum value was 17.9±0.3 days for B. tabaci. 25±0.27 day recorded for M.
persicae.
Food preference of the 3rd instar larvae of green lacewing was surveyed, they showed a food preference
to M. persicae, to compare with B. tabaci, as the former has a bigger body size, so more easily to be
captured by the predator larvae.
The 3rd instar larvae of lacewing were more voracious on preys, than the 1st or the 2nd instar larvae.
Statistically speaking, there were a significantly difference when mean of different preys consumed by
predator larvae were compared. We found, that when the predator larvae have fed on B.tabaci, their
development time was shorter, and when arrived to adult stage, the adults showed, an improved fertility.
The results indicated that the suitable prey not only can increase the rate of through accelerating developmental stages of the predator and by means of an increase in its pupal body weight consequently
promoting the fecundity of resulting adults, but also can alter predators population density in relation to
own production numbers.
Key words: Chrysoperla lucasina, Bemisia tabaci, Biological control
INTRODUCTION
Bemisia tabaci is a plant sap sucking insect belonging to the family Aleyrodidae. It is broadly
polyphagous, feeding on an estimated 500 plants species (Greathead, 1986) from 60 plant
families (Mound and Halsey, 1978, Jiang et al., 1999, Hilje et al., 2001). Since the early 1980’s
it has caused escalating problems to field and protected agricultural crops and ornamental
plants in the world. Heavy infestations of B.tabaci may reduce host vigor and growth, cause
chlorosis and uneven ripening and induce physiological disorders. The larvae produce hon-
636
eydew on which sooty moulds grow, reducing the photosynthetic capabilities of the plant,
resulting in defoliation and stunting. B.tabaci is also a vector of 111 plant viruses, some of
which are of high economic importance. Resistance to approximately 35 active ingredients
has been reported for B.tabaci in at least 20 countries worldwide (Roditakis, 2005).
Chrysopids are polyphagous predators that can suppress population of many pest species
(Hydron, 1971) such as whiteflies, thrips and leafhoppers (Plincipi and Canard, 1984). Their
efficacy in biological control of whiteflies and aphids as well as other arthropod pests has
been recognized for more than 250 years (Pappas, et al. 2011). These polyphagous predators
can be easily reared on artificial diets and used for controlling agricultural insect pest (Cohen
and Smith, 1998).
For every biological control, to be successful, primarily, it’s of outmost importance, to evaluate the potential of the predator for targeted preys ( Al-Zyoud and Sengonca, 2004).
In this study different diets offered to larvae and longevity of life for each larval instars and
food preference were evaluated. Analysis of variation was done by using ANOVA and comparing between means by Duncans multiple range test (DMRT), utilizing MSTAT-C software.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Adult insects of C. lucasina were collected by netting from fields of sare-polezahab (altitude
540m, 34°, 14´N46°.9´E) in western part of Iran. Rearing was carried out in UPVC pipes
(height 20, diameter 15 cm) after species discrimination. 10% honey was used as diet for
ovipositing adults, the eggs were collected on paper sheets.
Deposited eggs were collected daily and transported to cold chamber (5-6°C). Experiments
started with transport of egg to growth chamber (25±1°C, 16L: 8D and 70±5% RH). First
instar larvae hatched after an incubation period and reared on artificial diet after 1-12 hours.
In rearing, different diets offered to larvae consisted of a whitefly species B. tabaci, an aphid
M. persica and also lyophilized powder of drone honeybee (Apis melifera).
Consumption rate of different diets used in this study were carried out in 5 replications in
each 2 treatment based on completely randomized design. Nymphs of B. tabaci and M.
persicae were used as live. Larval development and nymph consumption rate was counted
each 12 hours with considering different foods used. Longevity for each larval instar was
evaluated. Analysis of variation and comparing between means carried by use ANOVA and
duncan multiple range test (DMRT) respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The biology and behavior of C. lucasina larvae is dependent on the quality of food which
they fed on. Consumption rate of different larval instars of green lacewing (C. lucasina) on B.
tabaci and M. persicae showed maximum larval consumption. Analysis of variation showed
maximum larval differences between preys at level of 1% (table 1a and 1b). The results of
life history experiments showed that C.lucasina was able to develop and reach the adult
stage by feeding on mean 444.2 and 281.8 third instars of B.tabaci and M. persicae, respectively.
Consumption rate of different larval instars is showed in Table 1a. The result shows significant difference between larval instars at 5% level. As it is seen from Table 1a, the highest
feeding rate of the lacewing belonged to the 3rd instar larvae
Longevity of larval duration on B. tabaci, M. persicae and lyophilized powder of A. melifera
was investigated. The results showed significant difference between B. tabaci and other
Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci, Ghent University, 77/4, 2012
637
diets at level 1% ( table 2a and 2b). Longevity of larvae had maximum duration 27±0.33 days
when fed by honeybee lyophilized powder and minimum 17.9± 0.3 days was recorded for B.
tabaci. 25±0.27 days recorded from M. persicae. Alikhan and Wan (2004) reported 18.6 days
for larval duration C. pallens feeding on B. tabaci.
Food preference of 3rd instars green lacewing larvae between live preys was investigated.
Results showed 70±1.7 and 27.6±2.86 for M.persicae and B.tabaci respectively.
When fertility of adults emerging from those larvae which fed on different diets was compared, those females who were fed on B.tabaci had a higher fertility rate, so we could consider, that for rearing in experimental purpose, it to be a more suitable host for lacewing
larvae than other preys.
This study showed, that using larvae of green lacewing C. lucasina, is a very good way to
control B. tabaci, although we used laboratory conditions, but potentially, it could be used in
greenhouses and even in crop fields to control this pest.
Table 1a. Mean and standard error of consumption of different larval instars (C.lucasina) on live prey
larval instar
Instar1
Instar2
Instar3
sum of mean (x±SE)
B. tabaci
66.2±4.78
132±10.44
246±5.33
444.2±6.8
M. persica
26.2±1.24
70.6±7.53
185±6.94
281.8±5.2
Table 1b. Analysis of variance of consumption rate of different larval instar C.lucasina when were fed on
live food
source of variation
larval instars
type of prey
t.prey×l.instar
experimental error
df
2
1
2
24
mean of squares
74566.9
21978.133
376.633
184.783
F. value
403.536**
118.94**
2.027n.s
Table 2a. Mean and standard error of longevity of different larval instars of C.lucasina in feeding on
different diets.
Longevity of different
stage of C. lucasina
Larval Instar1
Larval Instar2
Larval Instar3
Pupa
Sum of mean
B.tabaci
M. persicae
2.7±0.12
3.3±0.19
7± 0.31
8.8±0.68
17.9±0.3
4.3±0.19
4.5±0.22
7.2±0.37
9±0.31
25±0.27
Honeybee
lyophilized powder
4.8±0.35
5±0.31
3.1±0.24
10.2±0.35
27±0.33
Table 2b. Analysis of variance of longevity of C.lucasina
Source of variation df mean of squares
F value
Longevity
3
91.593
227.79**
Type of prey
2
28.587
71.098**
Lon*prey
6
3.61
8.977**
Exp.error
48
0.402
** Significant difference at level 1% c.v═10.89 %
638
Table3a. Analysis of variation of prey type on fecundity of C. lucasina
Source of variation df mean of squares
F value
type of prey
2
1288.8
52.718**
exp. error
12
195.167
** Significant difference at level 1%, c.v. 5.42%
Table3b. Mean and standard error of deposited egg of C. lucasina in feeding on different diets.
Mean of egg/female
(20 days)
x-±S.E
B. tabaci
M.persicae
291.2±6.47
275.6±4.56
Honeybee
lyophilized powder
206±7.37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank Dr. Bahraminejad, of Dep. of Plant breeding, College of Agriculture, Razi University of
Kermanshah for his assistance in statistical analysis, of data obtained in our study.
REFERENCES
Alikhan I., and Wan F.H. (2008). Life history of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) on
Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) biotype B as prey. Sarhad journal of Agriculture.
24(4):635-639.
Al-Zyoud F. and Sengonca C. (2004). Prey consumption preference of Serangium parcesetosum sicard
(Col: Coccinellidae) for different prey stages, species and parasitized prey. Journal of pest science.77:197-204.
Cohen A.C. and Smith L.K. (1998). New concept in artificial diets for Chrysopa rufilabris.The efficacy of
solid diets. Biological content.13:49-54
Greathead A.H. (1986). Host plants. Chapter 3, pp.17-25.In: Bemisa tabaci-a literature survey on the
cotton whitefly with an annotated bibliography (Ed.M.J.W.Cock).CAB International Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, UK. 121 pages.
Hilje L., Costa H.S. and Stansly. (2001). Cultural practices for managing Bemisiatabaciand associated viral
disease. Crop protection. 20:801-812.
Hydron S.B. (1971). Food preference of Chrysopa rufilabris in north central florida. M.S. Thesis, unpublished, university of Florida Tallahassee, Florida.79 p.
Jiang Y.X., Lei H., Collat J.L., Martin B., Muniz M. and Fereres A. (1999). Probing and feeding behavior of
two distinct biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hom: Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants. Journals of Economic
Entomology. 92(2): 357-366.
Mound L.A. and Halsey S.H. (1978). Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)In: Whitefly of the world, A Systematic
Catalog of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera)with Host plant and Natural enemy Data. British Museum
(Natural History)and John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, New york, Brisbane,Toronto.pp.118-124.
Pappas M.L., Broufas G.D. and Koveos D.S. ( 2011). Chrysopid predators and their role in biological
control. Journal of Entomology. 8(3):301-326.
Principi M.M. and Canard M. (1984). Feeding habits. In: Biology of chrysopidae, canard, M., Semeria Y.
and T.R. New(Ed). Dr.w.Junk publishers, the Hague,The Netherlands.pp.76-92.
Roditakis E., Roditakis N. and Tsagkarakou A. (2005). Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) populations from Crete. Pest Management Sciens. 61: 577-582.
Tauber M.J. Tauber C.A.andGardescuS. (1993). Prolonged storage of Chrysopa carnea(Neur.Chrysopidae)
.Environmetal Entomology. 22(4):843-848.
Tauber M.J., Tauber C.A., Daane K.M. and Hagen K.S. (2000). Advances in commercialization of green
lacewing (Neur.Chrysopidae). part2: field Applied
Entomology. 46(1):26-38.