viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE
PAGE
1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
2.
ABSTRACT VI
3.
ABSTRAK VII
4.
TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII
5.
LIST OF TABLES X
6.
LIST OF FIGURES XI
7.
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS XII
8.
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Background
1 1.2 Problem Statement
2 1.3 Objective
2 1.4 Scope
2
9.
LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 GuideCane 3
2.2 An Ultrasonic Navigation System for Blind People 5
2.3 A Low Cost Artificial Vision System for Visually Impaired People 6 2.5 Product Comparison
8 2.6 Sensor Comparison
11
2.6.1 PING™ Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 28015 Ultrasonic sensor 11
ix
2.6.2 GP2Y0A21YK Infrared Distance Sensor 12
2.6.3 OADM 250 Laser Sensor 13
10.
METHODOLOGY 17
3.1 Lab Test 24
3.1.1 Experiment 1 24
3.1.2 Experiment 2 26
3.2 List Of Components 27
11.
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 29
4.1 Experimental 1 Result 29
4.1.1 Data Analysis of Experiment 1 31
4.2 Experiment 2 Result 32
4.2.1 Data Analysis of Experiment 2 32
12.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 33
5.1 Discussion 33
13.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 34
6.1 Conclusion 34
6.2 Recommendation 34
14.
REFERENCES 35
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE 2.1
Pair Wise Comparison Table Of The Product’s Criteria 8
2.2 Weighted Objective Table For The Products
9 2.3
Point Explanation 9
2.4 Technical Specifications Of Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
11 2.5
Technical Specifications Infrared Distance Sensor 12
2.6 Technical Specifications Of Laser Sensor
13 2.7
Pair wise Comparison Table Of Sensor’s Criteria 14
2.8 Weighted Objective Table For The Sensors
15 2.9
Point Explanation 15
3.1 List Of Component
27
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 The User Avoid Obstacles
4 2.2
The Block Diagram Of The System 5
2.3 The Navigation Aid Worn By The Blind
6 2.4
The System Block Diagram 7
2.5 Hardware Setup
7 2.6
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor 11
2.7 Infrared Distance Sensor
12 2.8
Laser Sensor 13
3.1 K-Chart
18 3.2
Project flowchart 19
3.3 System Flowchart and Pseudocode
20 3.4
Overview of The Casing for Ultrasonic Sensors. 21
3.5 Overview of My 2
nd
Eye A: New Version; B: New Version 22
3.6 Right Angle of Theorem Pythagoras
23 3.7
Side View of My 2
nd
Eye 23
3.8 Experiment 1 Equipment Used.
25 3.9
Experiment 1’s Path Layout 25
3.10 Hardware Setup For Experiment 2
26 3.11
Project Gant- Chart 28
4.1 Graph of Left Sensors Distance Reading Versus Distance of Path
29 4.2
Graph of Front Sensors Distance Reading Versus Distance of Path 30
4.3 Graph of Right Sensors Distance Reading Versus Distance of Path
30 4.4
Graph of Bottom Sensors Distance Reading Versus Distance of Path 31 4.5
Graph of Ultrasonic Sensor’s Accuracy Versus Voltage Level of Battery
32
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
θ- Angle of the bottom sensor IR sensor- Infrared sensor
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
