vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TOPIC
PAGE
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRAK v
ABSTRACT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT Vii
LIST OF TABLES X
LIST OF FIGURES
Xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES Xiv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1
1.2 Objective
3
1.3 Scope
4
1.4 Problem statement
4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Biodiesel
6
2.2 Biodiesel Properties
7 2.3
Biodiesel Production Model 11
2.4 Biodiesel Production Process
13 2.4.1
Pre-Processing 13
viii
2.4.2 Transesterification
14
2.4.3 Washing
16
2.4.4 Drying
17
2.5 Parameter of Transesterification
18
2.5.1 Molar Ratio Methanol to WVO
19
2.5.2 Catalyst Concentration
20
2.5.3 Reaction Temperature
22
2.5.4 Reaction Time
23
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 25
3.1 Biodiesel Production Model
26
3.2 Biodiesel Production Process
27
3.2.1 Pre-Processing Process
28 3.2.1.1 Waste Vegetable Oil
28 3.2.1.2 Methanol
29 3.2.1.3 Potassium Hydroxide KOH
30 3.2.1.4 Pre-mixing of methanol and
KOH 30
3.2.2 Transesterification Process
32
3.2.3 Washing process
33
3.2.4 Drying Process
34
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 36
4.1 Result of Titration
37 4.2
Result of Biodiesel Production 38
4.2.1 Response Surface Methodology
RSM 39
4.2.2 The Yield Percentage of Biodiesel
40 4.2.3
Effect of Molar Ratio Methanol to WVO
40
4.2.4 Effect of Catalyst Concentration
42 4.2.5
The Effect of Reaction time 45
4.2.6 Reaction Temperature
46
ix
4.3 Cost Effective of Biodiesel Production
47 4.4
Undesirable Condition 48
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 50
Conclusion 50
5.1 Recommendation
52
REFERENCES
53
APPENDIX 56
x
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 ASTM Standard Properties of B100
7
2.2 The Best Condition for Biodiesel Production
21 4.1
Results of Titration 38
4.2 Result of the Acid Value for the Titration
39 4.3
Results of Biodiesel Production 40
4.4 Total Materials Cost for each Batch Production
49
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Biodiesel Production Model
11
2.2 Chemical Reaction of Transesterification Process
15
2.3 Transesterification Process by using Methanol as Alcohol
