xi
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Biodiesel Production Model
11
2.2 Chemical Reaction of Transesterification Process
15
2.3 Transesterification Process by using Methanol as Alcohol
15
2.4 Washing Process in Biodiesel Production
17
3.1 Biodiesel Production Model in Laboratory
26
3.2 Sequences of Biodiesel Production Process
27
3.3 WVO from the Fried Banana
28
3.4 Sample of KOH pallet A and pallet crushed by using metal
–pexel equipment B.
30
3.5 Transesterification Process in Laboratory Scale
32 3.6
Separation Process After Transesterification is Completed 33
3.7 Phase Separation of Biodiesel and Distilled Water
33 3.8
pH Paper Testing 34
3.9 Drying Process of Washed
Biodiesel 35
3.10 Biodiesel Fuel after Drying Process is Completed 35
4.1 The effect of molar ratio MR and reaction time to the yield of
biodiesel Temperature = 60°C, catalyst concentration = 0.5 wt. KOH
40
4.2 The effect of molar ratio MR and reaction time to the yield of
biodiesel Temperature = 60°C, catalyst concentration = 0.9 wt. KOH
40
4.3 The effect of catalyst concentration and reaction time to the yield of
biodiesel Temperature = 60°C, molar ratio = 4:1 42
xii
4.4 The effect of catalyst concentration and reaction time to the yield of
biodiesel Temperature = 60°C, molar ratio = 6:1 43
4.5 Emulsion Formation in washing process
49
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
= Molecular Weight of Methanol 32gmol
= Mass of Oil for one Batch of Production
= Mole Number of WFO
= Molecular Weight of WFO 267 gmol
= Mass of Catalyst g
=
Volume of titration ml
= Molecular weight methanol gmol
= Molar ratio of methanol
= Mass of WVO per 1 ml
= Mass of alkaline catalyst mg to titrate 1 g of oil into neutral
= Concentration of alkaline solution in 1000 ml
WVO =
Waste vegetables oil VO
= Virgin oil
KOH =
Catalyst of potassium hydroxide NaOH
=
Sodium Hydroxide
o
C =
Degree Celsius
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO. TITLE PAGE
A Flow Chart of Research
59 B
Gantt Chart of PSM I and PSM II 61
C Calculation of the Research
62
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
