v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1 1.2
Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective
3 1.4
Scope 3
1.5 Chapter Overview
4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Polymer
5 2.1.1 Thermoplastic
6 2.1.2 Thermoset
7 2.1.3 Elastomer
8 2.1.3.1 Classification of elastomer
8 2.2
Rubbers 9
2.2.1 Natural rubber 10
2.2.1.1 Epoxidation of Natural Rubber ENR 13
2.2.1.2 Applications of ENR 14
2.2.2 Synthetic rubber 15
vi 2.2.2.1 Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer EPDM
19 2.2.2.2 Application of EPDM
21 2.3
Type of blend 23
2.3.1 Rubber-rubber blend 23
2.3.2 Miscibility in blend 25
2.4 Method of mixing
26 2.4.1 Melt mixing
26 2.4.2 Latex blending
27 2.4.3 Solution mixing
29 2.5
Testing and analysis 34
2.5.1 Physical 34
2.5.1.1 Density 34
2.5.1.2 Water absorption 35
2.5.1.3 Melt flow index 36
2.5.2 Mechanical 38
2.5.3 Thermal 39
2.5.4 Morphological 41
2.5.4.1 Optical microscope 41
2.5.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy 42
2.5.5 Compositional analysis 44
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 46
3.1 Introduction
46 3.2
Raw material 48
3.3 Characterization of raw material
48 3.3.1 Epoxidised Natural Rubber ENR
48 3.3.2 Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer EPDM
49 3.3.3 Toluene
50 3.4
Preparation of ENREPDM blend using solution mixing 51
3.5 Fabrication of thin film
53 3.6
Solvent Removing 54
vii 3.7
Utilization of NREPDM blend with ENREPDM compatibilizer 56
3.8 Testing and analysis
57 3.8.1 Density ASTM D792
57 3.8.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis DSC
58 3.8.4 Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR
59 3.8.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM
61
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 62
4.1 Introduction
62 4.2
Raw Materials Characterization 63
4.2.1 Density 63
4.2.2 Raw Material Characterization using FTIR 64
4.3 Analysis of ENREPDM Compatibilizer
66 4.3.1 Compositional analysis of ENREPDM Compatibilizer
66 4.3.2 Thermal Analysis of ENREPDM Compatibilizer
75 4.4
Tensile Properties of NREPDM incorporated with ENREPDM Compatibilizer
77 4.5
Morphological Characteristics of NREPDM incorporated with ENREPDM Compatibilizer
82
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 85
