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A. DIFFERENT FORMS
Masculine Feminine
Actor Prince
Hero Waiter
Widower Actor
Princess Heroine
Waitress Widow
B. DIFFERENT WORDS
Masculine Feminine
Man Father
Uncle Boy
Husband Woman
Mother Aunt
Girl Wife
4. NOUN PLURALS
Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding “-s or -es.
John threw a ball into the box and three balls under the table. She gave me a pencil and five markers for my birthday present.
The boxes belong to my father.
15 There are other nouns which form the plural by changing the last letter before adding
s. Some words ending in f form the plural by deleting f and adding ves, and words ending in y form the plural by deleting the y and adding ies.
Singular Plural
Knife Wife
City Candy
Knives Wives
Cities Candies
Other nouns form the plural irregularly.
Singular Plural
Mouse Man
Child Sheep
Foot Mice
Men Children
Sheep Feet
5. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
In the possessive case, a noun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination
of an apostrophe and the letter s.
The possessive case of a singular noun that does not end in s can be formed by adding an apostrophe and s,
That is John’s car. The teacher’s bag fell from her desk.
The boy stepped on the cat’s tail.
16 The possessive case of a singular noun that ends in s can be formed by adding an
apostrophe alone or by adding an apostrophe and s, The buss seats are very uncomfortable.
The bus seats are very uncomfortable.
My boss’s car is always parked in the garage. My boss’ car is always parked in the garage.
We gathered in Ross’s living room. We gathered in Ross’ living room.
The possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in s can be formed by adding an apostrophe and a s,
The childrens clothes were scattered on the floor. The hunter followed the mooses trail to the wood.
The mens hockey team will play as soon as the womens team is finished.
The possessive case of a plural noun that does end in s can be formed by adding an apostrophe:
The janitors room is on the second floor. Children follow their parents’ footsteps.
The lecturer is busy correcting his students’ papers.
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III. PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word or words used in place of a noun, a noun and its modifiers, or
another pronoun. The word pronoun itself stands for pro + noun or refers to a noun. The element replaced is called the antecedent of the pronoun.
Grammarians classify pronouns into several types, including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the
relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.
1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case. Personal pronouns can be divided into
three categories; subjective, objective, and possessive pronouns.
A. SUBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence.
B. OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase.
C. POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person.
Subjective Pronoun Objective Pronoun Possessive Pronoun
I Me
Mine You
You Yours
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