Concept of Speaking LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of Speaking

According to Byrne 1984: 8, speaking is oral communication. It is a two-way process between speaker and listener and involves productive and receptive skills of understanding. Therefore, in the process of speaking there must be at least two peoples i.e. one is the speaker who gives information and the other is the listener who receives information. Sister 2004: 7 also states that speaking is one of the central elements of communication of an interactive process in which an individual alternately takes the roles of speakers and listeners used to communicate information, ideas, and emotions to others using oral language. So, the situation of student’s emotion affects their quality of speaking, whether it is fluency or structure. The main goal of speaking is to communicate. So, to deliver the idea effectively the speaker has to understand the meaning of all things that will be delivered; shehe has to evaluate the effect of communication toward the listener; and shehe has to understand the principle that becomes the basis of communication. Furthemore, Chaney 1998: 13 defines speaking as a process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbol, in a variety of contexts. Speaking can take place if the speaker uses verbal symbols like words and sentences and non-verbal symbols like gestures or signs to convey meaning. Meanwhile, Lado 1961: 240 describes speaking as the ability to express oneself in life situation, or the ability to report acts or situations in precise words, or the ability to converse, or to express a sequence of ideas fluently. This idea means that speaking emphasizes more to the ability of an individual to convey something whether it is in the form of expression, report, etc with the language he has. From the definition above, it can be inferred that speaking is a matter of expressing ideas, opinions, or feelings to others. Besides, speaking is a process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols in a variety of context that involves producing, receiving, and processing information.

2.2 Types of Classroom Speaking Performance