Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Disorder As An Impact Of Social Problems In Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story Of A Murderer

JEAN BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AS AN IMPACT OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER

A THESIS

BY

REG. NO. 110705075

ELSA GRACE INDIRA

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

JEAN BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AS AN IMPACT OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER

A THESIS BY:

ELSA GRACE INDIRA REG. NO. 110705075

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in parial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on April 28th, 2015.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP : 19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners :

Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ...

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ...

Dra. Redita Lubis, Dipl.Appl.Ling., M.Hum. ...

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, ELSA GRACE INDIRA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ELSA GRACE INDIRA

TITLE OF THESIS : JEAN BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AS AN IMPACT OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S

PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Allah SWT for mercy and grace given to me until today so that I could finish this thesis as a condition for graduation for my study in English Department in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of North Sumatra.

I extend my praise and gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me a family who have always supported me. To my mother, Ely Sofyani Sulaiman, I thank you and apologize profusely and I hope you will always be healthy so you can scold us until we are in our old age (Peace, Ma!). To my sister, Irda Amelia, well, thanks for being an annoying sister. To my little brother, Willy Aditya Nugraha, I really hope you will be the best man in this world and hope you’ll find someone better than your sisters, LOL!

Thank you very much for my Supervisor, Dr. Martha Pardede M.S., and my Co-Supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba M. Hum. for the suggestions and assistance that given to me in completing this thesis. And also to my lecturers in the English Department for the knowledge that has been given to me during my study in English Department. I feel honored because I have the coolest lecturers to be my Supervisor and Co-Supervisor, and I couldn’t ask for more. From the bottom of my heart, I respect you both.

And last, but definitely not the least! Thank you to Bert Jansen for the support and trust. Thank you to Eny, Reny, Dea, Iges, Rena, and Pupe. Thank you to @11BitProject and also for the other girls and boys from both classes, let’s meet again one day! Thank you to Ruth Martha for everything, thank you for being a motivator (lol~) and partner. You know I can’t write all of your names, guys.

Anyway, thanks! For the good (and bad) memories. Let’s make a reunion one day. Love you, guys.

Writer,

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Disorder As An Impact of Social Problems in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of A Murderer”. Skripsi ini membahas tentang kelainan psikologis yang disebabkan oleh masalah sosial yang dialami oleh karakter utama yang bernama Jean Baptiste Grenouille sehingga ia membunuh setidaknya 25 orang wanita. Menganalisis masalah sosial dan kelainan psikologi dari Grenouille dilihat hanya dari penggambaran pengarang tentang perilaku Grenouille di dalam novel ini. Teori yang digunakan dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini adalah teori Sastra oleh Warren dan Wellek, Psychopathology oleh Derek Russel Davis dan teori Sosiologi oleh Soerjono Soekanto. Dengan menggunakan metodologi kualitatif deskriptif dan teori dari Warren dan Wellek, Davis dan Soekanto, dapat diketahui bahwa Grenouille memiliki masalah dengan psikologisnya sebagai dampak dari masalah sosial yang dialaminya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyampaikan himbauan bagi masyarakat untuk hidup dalam cinta dan keharmonisan di dalam kehidupan sosial.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL SHEET ...i

DEPARTMENT’S APPROVAL SHEET ...ii

BOARD OF EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL ...iii

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...iv

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...vi

ABSTRACT ...viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...1

1.1 Background of the Study ...1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...5

1.3 Objective of the Study ...5

1.4 Scope of the Study ...6

1.5 Significance of the Study ...6

2.1 Psychology of Literature ...8

2.2 Psychology ...10

2.2.1 Psychological Disorder ...11

2.3 Sociology of Literature ...16

2.4 Sociology ...17

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ...22

3.1 Research Design ...22

3.2 Data Collection ...24

3.3 Data Analysis ...25

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...26

4.1 Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Social Problem as an Impact of Psychological Disorder ...26

4.2 Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Maladaptive and Atypical Behavior ...37

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...51

5.1 Conclusion ...51

5.2 Suggestion ...52

APPENDICES

i. Author’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of the Novel

ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul “Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Disorder As An Impact of Social Problems in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of A Murderer”. Skripsi ini membahas tentang kelainan psikologis yang disebabkan oleh masalah sosial yang dialami oleh karakter utama yang bernama Jean Baptiste Grenouille sehingga ia membunuh setidaknya 25 orang wanita. Menganalisis masalah sosial dan kelainan psikologi dari Grenouille dilihat hanya dari penggambaran pengarang tentang perilaku Grenouille di dalam novel ini. Teori yang digunakan dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini adalah teori Sastra oleh Warren dan Wellek, Psychopathology oleh Derek Russel Davis dan teori Sosiologi oleh Soerjono Soekanto. Dengan menggunakan metodologi kualitatif deskriptif dan teori dari Warren dan Wellek, Davis dan Soekanto, dapat diketahui bahwa Grenouille memiliki masalah dengan psikologisnya sebagai dampak dari masalah sosial yang dialaminya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyampaikan himbauan bagi masyarakat untuk hidup dalam cinta dan keharmonisan di dalam kehidupan sosial.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Many people argue that a literary work cannot be used as a learning object. People who say such things tend to regard literary works merely as an entertainment. Therefore, it can be said that they underestimate the power that exists in the literature. They refuse to see literature as a study because they considered literature just as a product of an author’s imagination, and that sort of thing cannot be a topic that deserves to be studied. Even up to this day, for students who studied literature as their major, some of them are still consider that learning literature is not useful. It can confidently be said by seeing the number of students who do not read much of literary works.

On the other side, as one who studies literature, statements about underestimating literature also often heard from students from other studies such as engineering or medical. They do not understand the meaning contained in a literary work because they only see literature as a layperson. They tend to think that literature is a kind of limited knowledge centered only in reading and making literary works because what they know is literary work is something that someone created in the past based on their imagination in a written form, so for those who study literature they only know how to read poems or read the literary books from the past and make a new one. What they do not know is, the author of that literary works recorded, imagined, or told an idea about life events and all other elements in it in the form of

words, which if we deeply studied, known contained other meanings not just about life but also about the science that we have not known before.

A statement comes from an American actor, Will Smith, who is most known through his hit movie series “Men in Black”.

“I know how to learn anything I want to learn. I absolutely know that I could learn how to fly the space shuttle because someone else knows how to fly it, and they put it in a book. Give me the book, and I do not need somebody to stand up in front of the class.” (Iannucci, 2009)

The statement above is an affirmation of the general idea that book is a window of the world. Smith said, through a book he can figure out anything yet he knows in advance.

What will be discussed in this thesis is not a theoretical book but a literary work. It is one of many types of books that existed in the world, a novel. A literary work written by an author tells about the story of a human and life and other elements between them. Confucius once said “you cannot open a book without learning something”. So, it is possible to learn anything from a book and it is not an impossible thing to learn through books, including a novel.

The literary work we are talking about is a novel entitled Perfume: the Story of a Murderer, written in 1985 by a German man named Patrick Süskind. With the setting of 18th century of France, this story tells about a character named Jean Baptiste Grenouille, a lower-class man who lost in his obsession. It was all start right at the gutting table of his mother's fish stall, the baby Grenouille was born and treated just like another fish guts who was to be dumped into the river Seine allegedly because of poverty but later given to a wet nurse. The baby Grenouille who

has no body odor and an unusual nose that can smell more than any normal human received a rejection ever since he was born. With his oddness, the unusual sensing ability and no body odor, he is alienated, shunned and scorned by the society; they say he's possessed by the devil and refuse any contact with him. Grew up with these kind of treatment in his youth are considered to be the cause of Grenouille's obsession that he had. Grenouille killed at least 25 women, and then took their body odor to make perfumes. The heinous actions of him committed without even feeling fear or guilt.

In Perfume: the Story of a Murderer, it is narrated how the main character's unusual behavior, disturbing, and even frightening for the people around him based on the author's portrayal that later raises questions about Grenouille's psychological condition. Questions arise about what are the reasons or factors that emerge Grenouille's actions according to the author's description in the novel. After all, a criminal act does appear must be for a reason. Acts that Grenouille received from the society since his youth believed to be the major influence for his psychological growth. A human child is supposed to receive love and affection instead of harsh treatment and a wrong way of life so that can he grow up with a sense of compassion. The society should participate in the growth and development of a young man to guide him instead of treating someone who is different from us like an outcast. These things are the main reason for this study, to answer the curiosity and interest in the behavior of the main character; also with the causes and the effects. The other important reason is, this novel tells us about social and psychological issues that we need to learn as humans who live in a society so that we can apply the knowledge to get a harmonious life with one another. We do not have to read a book about

psychology and sociology theories to get an understanding, we can learn from anything because nowadays a novel is made not only for entertainment but also for people to learn through another person’s thought. This is called studying psychology and sociology from a literary work. To try to understand Grenouille’s behavior and thoughts using psychological and sociological approaches and theories to gain an understanding about him. Also take the social problems he has as a life-lesson for us as a social human being. By taking the knowledge obtained from the psychology and sociology itself, then his behavior will be analyzed and classifies as a psychological disorder. The theory used in this research is the theory of psychopathology by Derek Russell Davis. While the social problems of Grenouille will be analyzed using the theory of sociology by Soerjono Seokanto.

Psychopathology itself must have been very rarely known to our society, but in fact we can find it around us or in the news we watched. Psychopathology is often referred as psychological disorder, better known more as a mental disorder. Mental disorder involves patterns from human thought, emotion, and behavior that are characterized by dysfunctional, disruptive and maladaptive which are unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical by the sufferer. This is not only having bad effects for the sufferer himself, but also for the people around him. There are several factors that caused Grenouille’s psychological disorder. Genetical and social factors were ascertained to be the main cause of his problems because of these factors happened when Grenouille was in age of mental and physical development.

To be more specific, this research will be limited on the main character’s social problems and his maladaptive and atypical behavior. As an earlier information, the behavior discussed here is the behavior described by the author without deviated

towards assumptions or opinions. Maladaptive behavior is a behavior that appears from an addiction or any pressure that can hurt themselves or others. While atypical behavior is a behavior that departs from the norm or is harmful and distressing for the individual or those around them. These types of behaviors usually violate what society feels is appropriate.

This research can proof that literature is not a study that only learn about its works, but also can be an inter discipline with another studies. Even from the slightest part of a novel can lead us into a new world that we do not know before.

1.2. Problem of the Study

Based on the background of the study above, the problems discussed in this thesis are :

1. How is the social problems affected Jean Baptiste Grenouille's psychology?

2. How are Jean Baptiste Grenouille's maladaptive and atypical behaviors portrayed in Perfume: the Story of a Murderer?

1.3. Objective of the Study

In doing the analysis, there are objectives found in this analysis, they are : 1. To find out how is the social problems affected Jean Baptiste

Grenouille's psychology.

2. To find out how are Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s maladaptive and atypical behavior portrayed in Perfume: the Story of a Murderer.

1.4. Scope of the Study

In doing this analysis, scope is needed to determine the limitation of the problem that will be discussed. In discussing a topic, we found some different things that if we analyzed entirely the result would be too confusing and unfocused.

The study of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer novel are limited by only analyzing the social problems experienced by Grenouille and his psychological disorders which have restricted to maladaptive and atypical behavior.

1.5. Significance of the Study

The writer expects the significance of the study as :

1. This thesis was written to answer the curiosity of the writer towards the problems found in Perfume: the Story of a Murderer, not only for the interest in studying but also for the interest in understanding people. 2. This thesis will add a reference for students in English Department in

analyzing literature with psychology and sociology as an approach. 3. This thesis will broaden the knowledge of the novel’s readers about the

main character in Perfume: the Story of a Murderer, and is to make people understand the characters in this story and then be able to apply it in everyday life.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1.Psychology of Literature

The study of literature that is an interdisciplinary study is growing and eventually unify the study of literature with many other studies, such as Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and others. It creates new approaches in the study of literature, such as the psychology of literature, sociology, and others. And, in that approach, theories are born and developed from the relationship between literature and other various studies, a few examples of those many theories are Psychoanalysis, psychology of the author, psychology of the reader, and others. The psychology of literature was born and created as a form of literary study that is used to read a literary work, interpret the literary work, the author of a literary work, and readers of literary work by using the concepts and theoretical frameworks of Psychology.

Psychology can be used as a support in the research on a literary work. Psychology of literature considers the relationship and the role of Psychology itself. Psychology is commonly known as the science that analyzes human behavior directly on the object, a human. While Psychology in literature analyzing the character that is in the work which is a depiction of the human himself regardless of whether he is a fictional character. Also, not only from its character, psychology of the author and the readers are also important because it can affect the analyzing of a literary work. It stated by Warren and Wellek (1989: 90) that the term psychology has four understandings. The first is to study psychology as a type or as a person. The second is a study of the creative process. The third is the studious type of

psychological law in a literary work. And the fourth is the impact of the literary work towards the psychology of the readers.

Literary works that are no longer considered only as a mere entertainment, invites the readers to understand the characters in the story better. But then it evolved and seen as a connector for humans to understand the real life and all the phenomena that occur in it. In a literary work, a character in the story also has problems in his life, have the same emotional fluctuation with humans in real life, and other relationships that are intertwined with other human beings. So, it is possible to learn a literary work by connecting literature with other sciences.

The term 'psychoanalysis' is often discussed when concerned with human psychology. According to its understanding, Psychoanalysis is a branch of science that was developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers as a psychological study of human behavior. Psychoanalytic theory assumes that literature is a symptom that described by the author. If in real life, patients with hysteria show certain symptoms in the form of such physical disorder, however, a man of letters shows symptoms through the creation of his creative works. With such assumptions, the characters that appearing in a literary work is considered alive and real in the mind of the author and are treated like human beings in general. Conflict experienced by these characters, the psychological conflict described through literary texts will be considered as a reflection and an overview of the author's conflict. Because unconsciously, the author release his hidden personal desire in the literary works he created.

To analyze the literary works with the help of other disciplines besides literature, such as Psychology, for example, a psychological approach must be

considered by the researcher in linking both sciences. The origin and the creation of a literary work made an important point in the research of literature itself. So in other words, psychoanalysis is the study of the laws and the type of psychology applied to the literary works.

2.2. Psychology

The term 'psychology' is derived from the Greek word consisted of two words, namely 'Psyche' which means soul and 'Logos' which means science. In terminology, psychology means the study of the soul, all things that associated with it, its nature, origin, the process and how it works and the consequences thereof. In Pengantar Psikologi Umum, Walgito (2004: 10) states that psychology is a science that investigates and learn about the behavior or activities that are seen as manifestations of human psychic life. It can be said that psychology is the study of human behavior and referred to as the 'Science of Soul’.

Human behavior is not only studied by Psychology, but also from other disciplines such as; Anthropology, Medicine, Sociology, Management and several branches of Linguistics. All of these are grouped into a large family of "Behavioral Sciences". The difference between psychology and other sciences is that psychology is focused more on human behavior as individuals, whereas Anthropology, Sociology and the Management are focused on human behavior as a group. Medicine is also concerned with the behavior of individuals, but more pressing to the physical symptoms and the mental symptoms.

There are two types of psychology, namely; general psychology and specialized psychology. General psychology is a kind of psychology that studies

about human psychic activities that are generally adult human, who is normal and civilized, while the particular psychology is the psychology of learning about things that are more specific in the human psychic activity. There are various types of specialized psychology, namely; current psychology of human development from the start of a new person is born to die, which discusses the social psychology of human behavior and all the activities in social, educational psychology and human discuss activities related to education, psychology of personality and psychopathology are discussed on the state individual psychological abnormalities.

Psychology learned about human psyche started from the day a person was born until the elderly age. At every event that occurs during someone's life can affect his psychological state. To be able to determine a person's psychological state through a psychological study, method that often used are the method of experiment, observation, clinical method, statistical method, life histories, interviews, and psychological examination. However, in selecting the method to be used must first be remembered that many psychological research methods which tend to be medical.

2. 2. 1. Psychological Disorder

Psychological disorders can also be referred to Psychopathology or Mental Disorders. In Psychology, there are major elements in a human which can be a psychological level gauge those are the mind, emotion, and behavior, that in case of irregularities in this element, can cause psychological abnormalities in a person. All of these elements must be in a normal condition and balanced so he can act normally for himself and others around him. Abnormality is something that can be seen that is different from what is considered appropriate or normal. Branch of Psychology that

studies about psychological disorder is Psychopathology or what is often referred to as Abnormal Psychology.

According to Davis (1984:1), "Psychopathology, a branch of science, is that part of psychology that seeks to explain disorders of mental activity and behavior in terms of psychological processes". Psychological disorder involves thought, emotions, and behavior of a man who not only classified as deviant, disruptive, uncomfortable, but also dangerous, disturbing, and also can hurt not only himself, but also those who are around him and can make the person can work or not functioning properly.

Deviant behavior is judged to be not normal because it is not suitable with legal norms and laws in the community where the person is located, relatively unusual behavior in a civilized society, there is an abnormality in the person's cognitive system that makes him unable to act appropriately, the person being in a stress condition that makes him fail to response situation, or his behavior endangering other people around. Because of things like this, the person is often associated with negative terms. However, deviant behavior not only can be done by individuals only, but also can occur in the community itself, such as the 'misunderstanding' to something. Deviant behavior can be divided into two, which are: neurotic disorder, a psychological disorder which is distressing, but the person is still able to think rationally and function socially; and psychotic disorder, a psychological disorder where a person loses touch with reality and experiences irrational thinking and distorted perceptions.

The causes of this disorder are classified into four classes, they are: external agents affecting the brain directly; disease of another organ, degenerative or other

diseases of the brain itself, and events and circumstances outside the person which compose his experiences. If the cause is classified in the first three classes, the disorder can be referred to as an organic psychosis. If the cause is classified in the last class, or if it is circumscribed and the appraisal of the world is unimpaired, called a neurosis (Davis 1984:1).

There are three factors that can bring out the psychological disorders based on its source, they are biological, psycho social, and socio-cultural factor. In biological factor, psychological disorders can appear due to the biological barriers of the patients which cause trouble for him to live his daily life. In the psychosocial factor, which can bring psychological disorders in a person is childhood trauma, parental deprivation, bad relationships with parents and various kinds of problems in the family, and severe stress. And sociocultural factor that can bring psychological disorder is an uncomfortable place to live, forced social role and social prejudice or social discrimination.

The elaboration of the factors above are not enough to describe the overall possible reason, because so many things that can make a person psychologically shaken or disturbed. Factors that cause the occurrence of psychological disorders actually very often happen in everyday life. Like the violence that seems to always occur not only from the outside of the family, but Also from the inside, beating lately happening very much reported in the news media. Violence can be done not only physically, but also can be done emotionally. As many examples that occur on students that are depressed due to the demands of schools that require them to achieve a high score in order to graduate from the school. Intimidation,

discrimination, and humiliation in front of the crowd can be referred to as violence, as well as hitting others.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) by American Psychiatric Association, psychological disorders can be divided into several groups, they are:

• Schizophrenia: a pattern of severely disturbed thoughts, emotion, perception, and behavior that seriously impairs the ability of the sufferer in communicating and relate with others and disrupts most other aspects of daily functioning. Diseases that classified as schizophrenia are paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenics, and residual schizophrenics.

• Anxiety Disorders: involves heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, fear attack, and other nervous signs. Diseases that classified as anxiety disorders are phobia, generealized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

• Somatoform: involves symptoms of bodily disorder, but there is nothing physically wrong. Diseases that classified as somatoform are hysteria, hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, somatoform pain disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder.

• Dissociative Disorders: marked by intense disruptions in memory, identity, or consciousness or perception as a defense mechanism. Diseases that classified as dissociative disorders are fugue reaction, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder.

• Affective Disorders: often called as mood disorder that involves extremes of mood, especially if these extremes are inconsistent with the events happen around the sufferer. Diseases that classified as affective disorders are depressive disorders, dysthymic disorder, suicide and depression, and bipolar disorders.

• Personality Disorders: long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that are not disorders as much as dysfunctional styles of living. The sufferer can create problems for those who display them and for others. Diseases that classified as personality disorders are schizotypal disorders, avoidant personality disorders, and anti-social personality disorder.

Treatment is needed in curing diseases mentioned above. But it would be nice if the causes of the disease was known before healing. Psychological illness is a vulnerable thing because it relates to one's feelings.

2.3. Sociology of Literature

A literary work can be analyzed not only by combining literature with psychology as mentioned in the previous point, but literature can also be combined with sociology. Although it sounds different, a combination of literature and sociology has spawned a new branch of study called Sociology of Literature. Sociology of literature means reviewing the literary work by connecting it with social aspects that exist in the society. Basically, the term sociology of literature is no different with sociological approach or sociocultural approach. The definition above is similar with the statement of Damono (1978: 6) which stated that the sociology of

literature is an objective and scientific study of man in society, the study of social institutions, and social processes.

The relationship between sociology and literature proved by Ian Watt (1954: 300), he classifies about the reciprocal relationship between literature, and this has to do with the author's social position in society with the society of the work's readers. Including the social phenomena, and social factors that affected the ideas in literary works and how it affected its content. The second is the literary work as a reflection of a society. The author could enter his social opinion into the literary works he created; how far he tells about the surrounding society, how does his nature affected him in describing the state of that society, and how far the genre of literature which he uses considered representing the entire community. The third is the social function of literature. There are three main focuses according to Faruk (1994: 4), which is how far a literary work can remodel the society, how far a literary work is regarded as an entertainment, and how far the possibilities between these two.

In analyzing a literary work by using a sociological approach, many things can be gained, such as an understanding of the social structure of a system in a society and other phenomena. By studying the social aspects of a society, then we can get a description of how people adapt to the environment as a concrete unity. In a literary work, the social situation is depicted vividly, but it's not necessarily articulate what people want. Literary work cannot be separated from the environment or culture or civilization that has produced literature as a social product. And if it is separated, it is impossible to understand a literary work.

2. 4. Sociology

The word Sociology must often be heard by everyone, but the understanding of this science is not much understood well. Unconsciously, we more or less know what's what Sociology means. As human beings, it is important to understand Sociology. Humans are social beings who have a close relationship with each other. Etymologically, the word 'sociology' is derived from the Greek word 'socios_{’ which means friend and 'logos' which means science. So}

Sociology is the study of friends. But this is commonly known as a science of society. Society itself means a group of people that have similarities, relationships, and culture. And Sociology studies about the society in terms of its social behavior and its social groups. Sociology learns about the values, norms, social structure, process, and all things which related to human social life.

Sociology was originally limited to the understanding of a society in the wartime, social class, racial conflict and so on. However, as time goes by, this science then developed and became the science of a society at large and complex range. Sociology today learns about the values, norms, social structures, processes, and all things that related to human social life.

Sociology is the study of social structure and social processes, including the social changes. Sociology is a social science that is categorical, pure, abstract, trying to give general understandings, rational and empirical. (Soekanto, 1982:61)

It is human nature to live side by side with humans besides himself because a human is destined to live in a society (zoon politicon). Humans are social beings (homo socialis), and coexistence is a basic requirement that must be fulfilled. Basically, human can not live without the other person in some special ways. And if

this is not fulfilled, there will be problems that can lead to imbalances in the person's life. For example, in a family as the smallest social group, a baby has a basic need that is the attention and affection from both parents so that he can grow well and healthy.

To be able to act as social beings, interaction is important. This interaction is a major factor in a person's social life. If this is not fulfilled, it can be ascertained that the life of a human being will not be balanced. To be able to have this interaction, there must be at least two people as the participants. Social interaction is generally defined as a verbal communication, but it is actually wrong. Although the two participants met, but do not talk to each other and make any reaction, changes in their thoughts and feelings are the signs of an interaction that has occurred. As an example, if a woman and a man meet in silence and no reaction, but they realize that there are people besides them and start interacting unconsciously, like thinking about the shape of the face or clothes they worn at that moment. The impression that created one another that can determine what actions that will be performed. Also, just like a mother's love that expressed by touching her baby gently.

Along with the relationship of individuals in a group with other individuals, problems are often found in it. And since not all social events in the society running smoothly as desired, shocks happens and called Social Problem. As revealed Soerjono Soekarno (1982: 395), “Social problems are closely related to social values as concerned with human relations and in the framework of the parts of normative culture”.

A social problem happens when the reality faced by an individual in a society different from what he expected. This kind of thing is commonly happening in a

society because there are different personalities, lifestyles, perspectives, and other factors and that may raise problems among members of the community. If the society can overcome the problem they face, then the society will 'grow'. Social problems appear to mature the individuals in a society, including parents, government, religious leaders, social organizations and other individuals.

If the society can overcome the problems that exist, the society can be said to be perfect because it successfully through the barriers between them and become a society that lives in harmony. But, if a society does not succeed or having difficulty in dealing with certain social problems, it means that society may be in danger. Social problems can affect every individual in society if it does not quickly address, such as crime or physical or mental changes.

For every social problem occurs, there must be an underlying reason. Soerjono Soekarno differentiates social problems in four factors, they are:

a. Economy: the example of the social problem caused by the economic factor are poverty, jobless, and others. Poverty can push someone to break norms or laws that applicable in the community, usually people who cause problems for reasons of poverty are the ones who were forced because they have to fulfill their needs.

b. Culture: the examples of the cultural factors are family disorganization, individualistic nature of human, juvenile delinquency, and others. Social problems that arise due to cultural factors in society can affect someone's way of thinking and behavior in social interaction and how he obeys norms and existing laws.

c. Biological: the examples of the social problem that arise as a result of biological factors are disability, infectious diseases, and others. Disability of a person can be a reason for other people to stay away from the sufferer for reasons of health and social discrimination can affect the sufferer to do things that violate the rules.

d. Psychological: the examples of the social problem that arise from psychological factors are neurological diseases, misguided beliefs, and others. Psychological factors can affect a person in living daily life, both in terms of thought or action.

In order to solve the social problems in a society, the role of each individual in it is very important. Social problems can be solved if there is a cooperation with the community members and government, social organizations, and other related elements to be able to return things back to normal.

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design

In doing this research, first, there are three things that must be considered, they are; the approach, method, and technique that will be used. In a research, a method is required to set the procedures so as not to cause a confusion. However, in selecting the method first must know the approach that suits the topic of the discussion. The approach used in this study are extrinsic approach. There are kinds of extrinsic approaches and in this research, the approach used is the psychological approach.

The method that is suitable with psychological research is the descriptive method. By using the description of the social situation and all aspects in it through the social phenomena that exists, this method can help make it easier to learn and understand the things related to social life.

The technique applied in this study is the qualitative technique. According to Moleong (1989:2) generally, researchers use the qualitative technique in literary research. This technique differs from the quantitative technique that uses calculative data, but understanding and interpretation of the problems that exist in the literature.

The data that used in this study, taken from several sources. Also, systematic steps are needed in analyzing the problems of this research. In order to determine the psychological disorder and social problems of the main characters in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, first of all in-depth understanding of this novel must be

mastered. The whole story of the novel to be mastered and understood that there are no errors in the main data of this study. At the beginning of the reading of the novel, the problems are found and later became the main topic of this research. To support research into the main character of this novel, of course, related data of the novel must be collected for analysis along with other data. Other data collected to support this research took from books related to the topic written by experts in their respective fields; such as Literature, Psychology, and Sociology. In addition, other supporting data such as from the Internet, journals, papers, and other sources are also collected to add information to this research work.

After collecting the necessary data, the data is interpreted and analyzed by applying qualitative methods psychological approach. By doing so, the final step is to make the conclusion and suggestions obtained from the study as a result. 'Research Design' is a depiction of the structure of the planning and execution of this study in order to facilitate researchers to undertake a study in accordance with the correct sequence. These steps are described as the chart below:

3.2. Data Collection

In this thesis, library research is applied in order to find the supporting data. By applying the system of 'collecting, selecting, and analyzing', the best quality data for the sake of the validity of the result of this research will be obtained. Not only the library research, internet research is also applied to obtain the latest supporting data based on research by experts from within and outside the country that helped the limited data on library research. The overall data that have been collected which related to the topic of research done by the experts from their respective fields or

Internet Book

Novel

DATA COLLECTING :

Literature Sociology

RESEACHER INTERPRETATION

Psychology RESEARCHER

FIND & DECIDE : Promblem(s) READ NOVEL : Perfume : The Story of a

Murderer

SUPPORTING THEORY :

Qualitative Descriptive Method

Psychological Approach

CONCLUSION ANALYZING DATA

Sociological Approach

derived from references to related topics. And as the main data of this study came from Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Suskind. This study aimed to determine the psychological disorders experienced by the main character as the impact of social problems experienced since childhood. Over all of this novel should be read and understood and the necessary data is collected for later analysis using the theory according to topic. Furthermore, all the data that has been collected and analyzed to obtain the desired results.

3.3. Data Analysis

There are three systematic steps of processing data in a research, which are ‘collecting’, ‘selecting’, and finally ‘analyzing’ the data to obtain results in accordance with the topic. Analyzing data occurs only when the data have been collected and selected in accordance with the topic of the research. After the data are collected and selected on the previous point, then the conclusion from the research will be obtained. After the data are collected and selected, the data will be interpreted and then be analyzed and explained the psychological abnormalities main character in the novel as the impact of social problems it has based depiction of the author of the novel by applying the theory of experts.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Social Problems as the Cause of Psychological Disorder

The main character in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Jean Baptiste Grenouille, is an example that describes how the social problems can affect someone's psychologically so that it becomes a danger that cannot left just like that. Grenouille is a character who is described as having a psychological disorder and killed 25 women for the sake of his obsession. Grenouille's social problems experienced since childhood is believed to be the cause of the appearance of his psychological disorder. Children should not be confronted by any problems during his development because it will affect his physical and mental growth. Childhood life is considered as the most important period in the life of a human being.

In this sub-chapter, the social problems experienced by the main character Jean Baptiste Grenouille in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer will be described. However, the social problems that will be described are not just the common problems, but more specifically to the social problems that can cause the appearance of psychological disorders on Grenouille.

Social problems has slightly been explained in the Chapter II. A social problem is a condition or a situation that is contrary and not in accordance with the norms and laws that prevailing in the social community and unwanted by most of the citizens and may damage, disturb, or even endanger the lives in the community. A

social problem that happens must have a certain impact, it could be a positive or negative impact. Social problems, according to Sociologists, sometimes required for the development of the society itself in order to understand one with another in the society. However, it can also cause problems that lead to the existence of social inequality that can make the situation in the society becomes not so harmonious.

The cause of social problems can come from anywhere and can have an impact that is not trivial at all. Besides the positive effects, negative effects can also occur in the members of society, including the presence of certain changes in the person's psychological condition. Psychological condition of a person that determines whether he is able to behave normal and appropriate to others. And the occurrence of psychological deviation in a person can disrupt the activities of his social interactions in the community and can even endanger members of society . But, not all social problems cause negative effects on the psychological aspect of a person. According to Davis, the social problems that can cause psychological abnormalities are poverty, relationships with family, family separation, differences in class and social status, birth order, rejection, social discrimination, parenting mistakes, prejudice, etc.

The first social problem that can be found is the environmental condition in which Grenouille was born and spends half of his life in the city of Paris. Grenouille was born in a market in the Rue aux Fers in Paris, under his mother's fish stall along with rotting fish guts. It is the place where everything is rotten, stink, and certainly not a place for a baby to be born.

Here, then, on the most putrid spot in the whole kingdom, Jean-Baptiste Grenouille was born on July 17, 1738.

... When the labor pains began, Grenouille’s mother was standing at a fish stall in the Rue aux Fers, scaling whiting that she had just gutted

(Süskind, 1986:4)

The environment that described by the author clearly explains that the place is a very bad place for a baby to be born. In fact, the environment has a major role in physical and mental growth of a child. A newborn baby should grow up in a good environment to be able to help the growth and stimulation of its development.

Environmental factors that mentioned here consist of two types, namely pre-natal and post-pre-natal environmental. Pre-pre-natal environmental factors are the environmental factors that can affect the growth and the development of a baby that occurred at the time the baby is still in the mother's womb. Examples of pre-natal environment are the physical and mental condition of the mother during pregnancy and giving birth, and infectious diseases or other circumstances beyond the mother that can affect the baby. While the post-natal environment is the environment that may affect a child's growth and development after the baby is born. Examples of post-natal environment are: biological factors, circumstances factors, psychosocial factors, and family factors.

From the two types of environmental factors that can affect the development of the child that have been mentioned above, Grenouille faces almost all the existing points. Since he was still in his mother's womb, Grenouille's mother has no intention to take care of him. This thought is definitely felt by Grenouille in a certain way, and it can affect his mental state.

She only wanted the pain to stop, she wanted to put this revolting birth behind her as quickly as possible. It was her fifth.

(Süskind, 1986:5)

The mental condition, thought, mind and behavior of a mother can affect the baby inside her womb. That is why mothers are told to be careful not only with their behavior but also their mind. The physical condition of Grenouille's mother is also clearly depicted by the author. Grenouille's mother said as a young woman who is pregnant and in an unhealthy condition. Of course, the health condition of a mother who is pregnant may affect the condition of her baby.

...and Grenouille’s mother, who was still a young woman, barely in her mid-twenties, and who still was quite pretty and had almost all her teeth in her mouth and some hair in her head and—except for gout and syphilis and a touch of consumption—suffered from no serious disease,...

(Süskind, 1986:5)

Aside from the condition of the mother, factors outside the pregnancy of Grenouille's mother also can affect the unborn Grenouille, such as hygienic factors and poverty. If a pregnant woman and a child live and grow in such place, it is possible for them to have an infectious disease. Besides, poverty can also affect the pregnant woman and her unborn baby because that means that she doesn't get enough nutrients for herself and her unborn baby. A pregnant woman should get the adequate nutrition for a maximum growth for her unborn child. Poverty that discussed at this point is poverty that occurred before the French Revolution, where poverty is like a plague that attacks all of the lower classes in France at the time. Everyone should pay high taxes even though they live in poverty, and this creates a pressure that drives

Grenouille's mother to do that unforgivable action, she chooses not to take care of her children that she gave birth.

Only later—on the eve of the Revolution, after several of the grave pits had caved in and the stench had driven the swollen graveyard’s neighbors to more than mere protest and to actual insurrection—was it finally closed and abandoned.

(Süskind, 1986:4)

It is portrayed Paris that populated by poor dirty people with a stench that barely conceivable to the modern people. Poverty afflicts many people, including Grenouille's mother and this dirty environment is a description of her life and how poor she is. For the people at that time, it was common to sell their body parts for living, like teeth, hair, or even become a prostitute to make money. And for Grenouille’s mother, she is described as a woman who already gives birth to five children but there is no description about the father of those children mentioned.

... who was still was quite pretty and had almost all her teeth in her mouth and some hair on her head and—except for gout and syphilis and a touch of consumption...

(Süskind, 1986:5)

The circumstances described by the author about the situation and the state of Grenouille's mother is not too obvious, but this description is able to make the readers understand about the reason of her action. The environment as outlined above is closely related to poverty. Poverty is the next social problem that is found in the life of Grenouille that can cause psychological disorders on him. Poverty is a determining factor before Grenouille was born and after he was born. For Grenouille who is still a baby, poverty is not directly have an impact on his psychological. However, poverty is affecting his mother in taking decisions in caring for the baby

Grenouille that will later have an impact on Grenouille's psychological. Because of this poverty his mother decides to dump him without bothering to take care of him until he grows up. She is so poor, she has difficulties even in supporting herself and with the occurrence of pregnancy on her, poverty makes she is unable to raise her children in a way that is more appropriate. Poverty that leads her to a thought that the children born to her are not an obligation or duty that she must carry, care and protect. It is almost impossible for her to raise children, with poor health and weak economic condition in which she is only a fishmonger who does not have enough power to raise a child. Because of this poverty, she ignores her duty as a mother and has a thought to dump and kill her children. But not that she has no conscience or does not want to become a mother, it is just if only she is able and has the opportunity she wants to have a normal life and want to raise a child one day. Therefore, with the decision she made, poverty can indirectly affect the growth and the development of Grenouille's psychological in a negative way.

...who still hoped to live a little while yet, perhaps a good five or ten years, and perhaps even to marry one day and as the honorable wife of a widower with a trade or some such to bear real children. . .

(Süskind, 1986:5)

The decision of Grenouille's mother to dump her children is caused by the poverty she has and later caused a new problem for baby Grenouille, it is also caused him a psychological disorder, that problem is a family disorganization. Family disorganization is a condition in which the occurrence of a disharmony in the family, which is the smallest unit of society, because they fail in carrying out their respective duties in the family. In Indonesian society today, the term is more commonly known by the term 'broken home'. The role of parents in a child's psychological development

is very huge and important, it should not be regarded as a trivial thing. And rejection obtained from the parents of a child has more severe impact than the various problems that the child get from others. The family is a haven for a child in facing outside world that can be very cruel and dangerous.

In case that experienced by Jean Baptiste Grenouille, his mother does not want to raise her child herself as the other mothers. At this point, family disorganization occurs. The mother does not carry out her role in taking care and pay attention to her child's growth. Grenouille grows into a violent person who does not know the warmth of affection and love from his parents.

Grenouille's mother neglected her children not just once. Four babies before Grenouille was born were her victims. It is believed due to the cruel attitude of his mother, Grenouille holds huge grudge against her and grows up to be a serial killer with psychological disorders. "The bastard of that woman from the rue aux Fers who killed her babies!" (Suskind, 1986: 8)

The next social problem that afflicts Grenouille is a problem that brings the most significant impact on Grenouille's life and his psychological disorder, which is biological abnormality. It's not described how this biological abnormality appears and originate, this abnormality was never found anywhere and not normal and reasonable. Jean Baptiste Grenouille is described as a man who was born without body odor and has the sense of smell that is beyond human in general. It's said that he has no body odor, because literally Grenouille does not have any smell at his body. This biological disorder caused many social problems occurred in Grenouille's life and caused him a psychological disorder.

He could not smell anything in his armpits, nor on his feet, not around his genitals when he bent down to them as far as he possibly could. It was grotesque: he, Grenouille, who could smell other people from miles away, was incapable of smelling his own genitals not a handspan away!

(Süskind, 1986:135)

Grenouille himself claims his nose as the best nose in Paris, he literally can smell anything, such as glass, irons, walls, etc. This extremely keen sense of smell that belongs to Grenouille is described makes him look like a weirdo. Not just weird for some people, but also frightening because his abnormality literally never seen or experienced by the people around so it looks strange and not normal. Grenouille never build a social relationship with anyone, he only answers the questions that asked to him. Grenouille has unusual behavior and he prefers not to blend with the people. He spends most of his time working and immersed in his own world, the world of smell. As described in the novel, Grenouille is born with this ability. These abnormalities even has been seen since he was a baby and it makes him grow in a state of alienation because people are afraid of him and assume the absence of body odor of Grenouille is because he is possessed by the devil.

The child with no smell was smelling at him shamelessly, that was it! It was establishing his scent!

... The child seemed to be smelling right through his skin, into his innards.

(Süskind, 1986:17)

With this biological state, Grenouille that is very different from most other human makes him receive other social problems, they are rejection, social discrimination and prejudice among others in his surroundings. Since he was a baby, Grenouille is always considered 'unusual' by the wet-nurses who breastfed him.

Many times they refused to continue to feed Grenouille because they feel there is something strange and frightening from him.

I don’t want any money, period,” said the wet nurse. “I want this bastard out of my house.”

... “He's possessed by the devil.” “He doesn’t smell at all.” (Süskind, 1986:10)

The absence of odor on his own at first is not recognized by Grenouille himself, but the people around him notice this thing and they always feel a strange sensation whenever they are close to him. The same thing goes to his super sense of smell that is beyond other human in general. Grenouille who has never blend in with other people is always alone and spent his time to smell all sorts of things he finds in his surroundings. However, because this case has never happened and is not a normal thing, people do not know the reason of his strange behavior. In the absence of body odor and strange sniffing behavior, people think he is possessed by the devil and they avoid him. Grenouille's behavior even literally frightens Madame Gaillard who known as a woman who lacks of emotion.

What made her more nervous still was the unbearable thought of living under the same roof with someone who had the gift of spotting hidden money behind walls and beams; and once she discovered that Grenouille possessed this dreadful ability, she set about getting rid of him.

(Süskind, 1986:28)

Because of such a magical assumption, Grenouille repeatedly experienced rejections in his life. At a very young age, so many people who do not want to take care of him, many times he finally has to keep moved from one orphanage to another

orphanage. Even for a pastor, Father Terrier, he feels Grenouille is not like the other children, and he refuses to take care of him.

Terrier wrenched himself to his feet and set the the basket on the table. He wanted to get rid of this thing, as quickly as possible, right away if possible, immediately if possible. (Süskind, 1986:17)

Such prejudice continues until Grenouille's teen age. At this point, Grenouille does not show any reaction to the social problems that he had faced, but although he does not respond it verbally, psychologically he indicates that the problem was very influential for him and gives a very bad impact to his psychological. At his teen age, he is supposed to spends his time playing with other teenager. But in the case of Grenouille, the children in the orphanage stay away from him and discriminate him because they think there is something strange about him.

They did not hate him. They weren’t jealous of him either, nor did they begrudge him the food he ate.

... They could not stand the nonsmell of him. They were afraid of him.

(Süskind, 1986:23)

Grenouille spends his teenage years in the orphanage of Madame Gaillard, after surviving the various kinds of problems and even various kinds of attempted murder committed by other children. Many social problems happen to him, but Grenouille does not directly show the impact of those problems. As he grows older, Grenouille finds himself holding a grudge over what he got during his lifetime and begins to have a huge obsession to control of the world, even though he have to kill innocent people.

In a special interview at the launching of the film version of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, when asked about could he understand the passion of Grenouille to try to find this 'ultimate scent', Alan Rickman who acts as Antoine Richis-the father of one of Grenouille’s victim, Laure Richis, he said that like most of other serial killers, the perpetrators must first be understood from the background of their reasons. Because if we do not understand that, then we will never understand about ourselves as a society.

For whatever reason that may exist, Grenouille's crimes cannot be justified. Because of his behavior is a form of crime that endanger and eliminate the lives of others. The causes can come from anywhere; physical, mental, family, environment, and others. As Lee Ann Hoff stated that there are more than one that caused a criminal action. And that crime wouldn't happen if every individual in society, the family as the smallest unit of society and the people outside the family, can run their respective roles properly. No man is born with an evil nature, but the things going on around Grenouille that make him become a man with heinous behaviors. Grenouille is a product of what has been done by his mother and the community so that he grows into someone who is able to kill innocent people. Jean Baptiste Grenouille was a baby, a boy, a human that never ever felt the beauty of love or being loved, survived from every obstacle that a little human could barely hold. This was the start of the famous perfume maker in Paris. “A man who was one of the most gifted and abominable personages in an era that knew lack of gifted and abominable personages.” (Süskind, 1986:3)

4.2. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Maladaptive and Atypical Behavior

In the previous chapter (Chapter II) has been briefly explained about the psychological disorder. Basically, all of the elements in human beings must be in a normal condition and perfect for a balance so that each of human being can play their roles properly in the society. When a person experiences an imbalance in these elements, it is likely he will make mistakes in his daily life.

In Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Suskind, described its main character is a young man who shows no signs of normal behavior, and it is presumably has something to do with his psychological. Jean Baptiste Grenouille, is a young man who killed 25 women in order to fulfill his obsession as the best perfume maker in the world. This vile behavior is a sign that indicates the presence of abnormalities within Grenouille that eventually endanger the innocents. In this sub-chapter, will be further explained about Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s psychological disorder and any of his maladaptive and atypical behaviors.

a. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Disorder

Grenouille was born and grows in a harsh life at a very young age, Grenouille has to undergo series of problems that are very hard for people at his age. These problems then lead to the emergence of the psychological disorders in Grenouille. As what Davis says in Psychopathology, the actions toward the experience a sufferer goes through are describing his mental processes, and it is an important thing to know in analyzing someone’s mental and behavior.

To be able to know what kind of psychological disorders experienced by Grenouille, descriptions retrieved from the portrayal of the character in the novel. Causes and symptoms which he shows to be adjusted to the symptoms of the psychological disease based on the DSM-IV.

Grenouille's psychological disorder is classified in the third class of four classes of the causes of a psychological disorder by Davis. Based on the description of the author, Grenouille does not have any disease in his nervous system or his brain. But he has experiences outside himself that can impair his psychosis. That means he has no significance symptoms, his appearance was rather fine, he does not seem like having a mental issue. He makes so little interaction, he shows no interest except for smells. He seems like a man with lack of emotions. This happens because he grows up in a situation where he does not know love and affection, which he neglected by his mother since birth so that he is able to commit murder without fear, pity, and guilt.

In Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Grenouille is said as a man who is obsessed with scent. He has an obsession to create 'the ultimate scent' that can control the people who smelled it. He is a genius perfumer who uses young women as the main ingredient of the perfume he creates. The murder of those young girls that he commits, he does it with no guilty or sorry. He does not feel the insistence of the pity while doing that heinous action.

The sound of the blow was a dull, grinding thud. He hated it. ...

He could bear that gruesome sound only by cleching his teeth, and, after it was all over...his body fell back to a pliable ease.

(Süskind, 1986:216)

From the signs that portrayed by Süskind as above and if those signs adjusted with the symptoms or signs of psychological illness that exists in the theory of Abnormal Psychology and DSM-IV, the closest disease of which is shown by Grenouille in the novel is a personality disorder. Personality disorder is a psychological disorder that does not too striking if it seems from the appearance of the sufferer. Personality disorders result in the abnormal aggressive or seriously irresponsible behavior that commonly known as psychopathic disorder. The disease is included in 'other non-psychotic mental conditions'. Personality disorder itself is applied to those who cannot able to follow the society’s code and act inadequate, eccentric, and excitable. The sufferer’s behavior can be harmful and they show the signs start at the early age.

Personality disorder is a disease that will not interfere with the way the sufferer in running his life. But if the disease is 'shown', it can disrupt not only themselves but also others. From the quotation above, Davis said that the symptoms that allow the emergence of personality disorder must have been shown ever since the sufferer is still in childhood. So that happened with Grenouille, since childhood he has been showing signs that imply the existence of abnormalities in his personality. These symptoms may appeared since he is neglected by his own mother, and then continues to have difficulties and experienced social problems until that personality disorder continues to grow and getting stronger.

There are three different clusters in personality disorder and Grenouille belongs to the 'dramatic-erratic' cluster, which is he is an anti-social, with the tendency of an introvert. In the social life of human, someone with the anti-social is the most dangerous to public safety. This disease can be experienced in a long time. They do not feel the emotions and feelings of a normal human being; they will feel no fear in any law, no guilt, no remorse, no sense of anxiety and lack of a sense of responsibility as a human being. In anti social personality disorder, one shows a long term pattern of irresponsible, impulsive, unscrupulous behavior beginning in early life, anti-social is what used to be called as psychopath or sociopath.

Almost like in most of psychological problems, the role of the parent is not able to be separated for any reason. Starting from a child is born, he learned of what he saw and felt, what he saw based on what other people do and what he felt through the treatment he got. When the child gets and see positive things, then it is very likely he or she will grow well. However, the opposite is also possible.

According to Davis and other psychologists, people with anti-social personality disorder are often claimed to be abused as children. Child abuse can be associated with crime and anti-social personality disorder, strongly suggested that abuse can be one of the causes of this disorder. Childhood abuse is not only about physical violence, but also verbal. In Grenouille’s case, his mother neglected him. At that moment, it is possible for Grenouille realizes that his mother does not love him. Even after being adopted, Grenouille keep getting bad treatment from the surrounding people, he is bullied verbally which can be regarded as child abuse.

b. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Atypical Behavior

For someone who suffering from psychological disorder, abnormal behavior is often shown as the symptom of the disease he has. Grenouille who suffers abnormalities in his psychology shows abnormal behaviors and maladaptive behavior that can hurt the surrounding people. Here, will be described the events that show the abnormal behavior of Grenouille in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer.

Atypical behavior can be defined as a behavior that is not normal, not usual, or even inappropriate for other people who sees it because this behavior is not suitable to the people’s opinion or society’s norm, this behavior can also cause confusion or even frightened some people. Just as maladaptive behavior, abnormality is therefore seen as the development of behavior patterns that can be considered harmful not only for the individual but also for others.

In Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, the main character Jean Baptiste Grenouille is not only has peculiarities in terms of his biological side, his sensing ability that is more than an ordinary man, but also there is an abnormality in the way he behaves in everyday life. Abnormal behavior surfaced even he was a child.

The tiny wings of flesh around the two tiny holes in the child’s face swelled like a bud opening to bloom. Or rather, like the cups of that small meat-eating plant that was kept in the royal botanical gardens. It seemed to Terrier as if the chid saw him with its nostrils...

(Süskind, 1986:17)

Some of his abnormal behavior can be considered frightening even for adults. Grenouille’s gestures does not match with infant behaviors in general and it frightened the people around him. Grenouille's atypical behavior above is caused by

his special ability and that's what makes him 'see' with his nose. But still, for ordinary people his behavior can be considered strange and weird.

Grenouille is described as someone with a closed personality. He is almost never communicate with others. It is also a symptom that shows abnormalities within Grenouille. When Grenouille grows up into a teenager, he locks himself out of the world that is supposed to be experienced by the child in his age. He does not care about the other children in his age, games, laughter, and so on.

He lived encapsulated in himself and waited for better times. He gave the world nothing but his dung—no smile, non cry, no glimmer in the eye, not even his own scent.

(Süskind, 1986:22)

Grenouille is more interested in anything other than the human beings, it shows that he is an introvert. It can also be said to be unreasonable because humans are social beings who cannot live without the other by human in her life, but Grenouille breaks that the theoretical statement by living in his own world, the world of scent.

And when the last a puff of air would toss a delicate thread of scent his way, he would lunge it and not let go. Then he would smell at onlly this one odor, holding it tight, pulling himself and preserving it for all time.

(Süskind, 1986:34)

Instead of communication with humans, Grenouille spends more time to breathe free air around him without any human presence other than himself. Grenouille avoids any contact with humans because it is said that he hates the smell of humans who he had been smelled all the time. He feels a magical calmness when

does not with other human and just smell the odors that exist, such as trees, sea, land, and others.

Long before any visible sign indicate that he was in the vicinity of a city, Grenouille sensed a condensation of human stuff in the air and, reversing his orignial plan, decide to avoid Orleans.

(Süskind, 1986:116)

Grenouille does not like the smell of the human body which he considered bad, except for some specific kind of human who have very beautiful smell to him. The scent of a woman's body, for the ordinary human might be considered normal, it means that there is nothing very special about it. However, for someone like Grenouille, the best nose in Paris, that scent is what he wants to be his own body scent so that he can be loved others.

Here he stopped, gathering his forces, and smelled. He had it. He had hold of it tight. The odor came rolling down the rue de Seine like a ribbon, unmistakably clear, and yet as before very delicate and very fine.

(Süskind, 1986:39)

Grenouille who is actually a social being, decides to live without other people around. He chooses to alienate himself into a cave that has no single human scent at all. This proves that Grenouille is not someone who can assimilate himself into a group of people because since he was young, he was used to the loneliness created by people who know him. When he once again finds the scent of a very beautiful girl, he decides to look for a way to be able to make a perfume that is the same as that woman's body odor. It is done because he has an obsession that he wants to be loved by those who were previously unaware of his presence, and never appreciated him.

This is a proof that Grenouille is actually holding a grudge for the behaviors that he had got since birth. And that grudge that makes him become a serial killer.

Grenouille never showed any response to the treatment he has ever received. And in the mission of realizing his obssesion, he decides to make people think that he is just an obedient worker, he is able to create the impression of a worker who is willing to work all day without ever complaining. This behavior is shown by Grenouille so that he can continue his plan. As a serial killer, Grenouille has a neat way and strategies in running his action. And this describes how bis is Grenouille's obsession in creating 'the ultimate scent'.

He left it to the other journeyman to find his society dull and unprofitable. He was a master in the art of spreading boredom and playing might enjoy making fun of him or use him as the butt of some crude practicial joke inside the guild. He succeeded in being considerable totally uninteresting. People left him alone. And that was all he wanted.

(Süskind, 1986:182)

Grenouille, that in every act of killing that he did, he has never even feel guilty or even feel sorry for his victims. Instead, he feels he is getting closer to his ultimate goal and it makes him very happy and proud of himself. Apparently, the result that he expected does not happen at all. After he reached the goal that he desired, but it does not make him feel love and be loved. He still is not a perfect man, and even the most powerful perfume that he created cannot cover up that fact that perfume is simply becomes a mask to fool the people. His last abnormal behavior is something that can never be done by humans with normal psychology, Grenouille finally shows how vulnerable he really is.

That was the first thing that any of them could recall: that he had stood there and unstoppered a bottle.

... Each of them want to touch him, wanted to have a piece of him... they attacked him like hyenas.

(Süskind, 1986:254)

Jean Baptiste Grenouille, a man who was born without love and never be loved, the most vile human on earth but also the saddest man ever. He is a product of what have been done by the people to him. His mother, who supposedly to be the only person who could prevent it all, neglected him and it makes him fall into this cruel world with no shelter. His mother and those people of France who made him grow as an obsessed man, a very bad obsession yet innocent of making people loved him. He chooses his final step, he does not want to live anymore. And when those humanly cannibal hyenas finished their feast, “For the first time they had done something out of love.” (Süskind: 1986:255)

c. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Maladaptive Behavior

Maladaptive behavior is a behavior that indicates the inability of the patients to adjust to the norms, laws and demands that exist and prevailing in a society where he is. Maladaptive behavior is characterized by a slow cognitive development, lack of confidence, destructive behavior toward self or others, the absence of a sense of responsibility for acts committed, there is no sense of empathy for others, and so on. In social life, this behavior can be said to be dangerous and threatening because the sufferer is not only slow to adapt himself to the rules and norms that exist, but also can hurt or even harm people because basically the rules are created for the common good among individuals in society.

Maladaptive Behavior committed by Jean Baptiste Grenouille in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer appeared because of the social problems that he experienced so he had a deviance in his personality. He receives lots of traumatic treatment so he builds a 'defense' to get rid of those memories. He did not get the love and affection he needs from his parents and treated differently by the people because of his oddity, makes Grenouille wants to change people's perception about him, he does everything he can to get what he did not back then. This maladaptive behavior that could harm himself and others triggered by his obsession. He kills his victims with no worry or even feeling guilty, he regards those girls as flowers that could only plucked by himself. This is one of the symptoms of psychological disorders that can hurt anyone, humans or even animals.

The first maladaptive behavior that Grenouille shows is an accident. He kills a woman who he follows because she has a very captivating scent. Due to lack of understanding of people and lack of experience in social interaction, Grenouille finally kills the woman accidentally.

She was so frozen with terror at the sight of him that he had plenty of time to put his hands to her throat. He in turn, did not look at her, did not see her delicate, freckled face, her red

lips, her large sparkling eyes, keeping his eyes closed tight as he strangled her, for he had only one concern--not to

lose the least trace of her scent. (Süskind, 1986:42)

Maladaptive behavior of Grenouille not only shown to human beings, but also to the other creatures around him. He did not feel hesitate to kill humans and animals to be the objects of his experiments in finding the most effective way to keep scents. This deadly behavior of Grenouille is done solely for the sake of achieving his goals.

APPENDICES

i. Author’s Biography and Works

Born in 1949, Süskind was born and raised in Ambach am Strarnberger See, Germany. He is the son of Wilhelm Emanuel Süskind, a writer and journalist of Süddeusche Zeitung best known in Germany for his collection of essays on language, Aus dem Wörterbuch des Unmenschen, a critical collection of essays on the language of the Nazi Era. His mother worked as a sports trainer and his older brother is also a journalist. Süskind went to school in Holzhausen, a little Bavarian village. In 1968 Süskind entered the University of Munich to study Modern History. He later completed a Master of Arts degree at the University of Aix-en- Provence, France, in 1974. While studying in the perfume-producing country of southern France, Süskind traveled and gathered material for what eventually became the novel Perfume. Meanwhile, in the fall of 1981, Süskind's play The Double Bass premiered,

establishing him as one of the most popular playwrights of German theatre. Originally conceived as prose piece that was repeatedly rejected for publication, The Double Bass eventually appeared in novella form in 1984. In the 1984-1985 theatrical season, the play was performed more than 500 times. It became one of the most popular German plays of the decade. Around the same time, Süskind began collaborating with Helmut Dietl on the hit German television series, Monaco Franze. In late 1984 the newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung contracted Süskind to serially publish his first prose work, Perfume. Published in book form the following year, Perfume immediately became a German best-seller and subsequently sold over six million copies worldwide by 1991. Wary of his newfound celebrity, Süskind declined a five-thousand dollar prize for best first novel from Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in 1986, vowing to never again accept awards for writing. That same year, Süskind resumed his collaboration with Dietl by co-writing the script for another popular television series, Kir Royal, which revolved around the adventures of a titular Munich gossip columnist. In 1987 Süskind published the novella Die Taube (The Pigeon) which, though critically well received, failed to attain the popular success of Perfume. Süskind and Dietl reteamed again in 1996 to write the screenplay for the film Rossini: oder die mörderische Frage, wer mit wem schlief, which follows the careers of a variety of characters in the German film industry as their lives intersect in a Munich restaurant.

He later achieved international popular and critical acclaim for his first novel Das Parfum: Die Geschichte eines Mörders (1985; Perfume: The Story of a Murderer), a historical fable about a murderous perfume-maker with a keen sense of smell, who oddly lacks any human odor himself. In his fiction, Süskind typically

explores the effects of obsessive behavior upon an individual's life. The dense allusiveness and pastiche style that mark his narrative technique have yielded richly diverse interpretations, including readings that variously study Perfume as a detective story, bildungsroman, and picaresque novel. Although critics have often classified all of Süskind's slender output as definitive contributions to the development of German literary postmodernism, the majority of scholarship has focused on Perfume, which poses for some scholars the dilemma of reconciling the novel's literary merits with its hugely popular appeal.

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer was made into a film in 2006 by Tom Tykwer under the same title. Süskind lives as a recluse in Munich, in Seeheim (Lake Starnberg), and in France. The public knows a little about him currently. He has withdrawn from the literary scene in Germany and never grants interviews or allow photos.

ii. Summary of the Novel

Perfume: The Story of a Murderer is a fiction novel. As shown in the title, this novel tells the story of someone who has a strong ambition in his life. His ambition is, he wants to make a perfect perfume in the world and get the perfume he should kill 25 virgins. The background of the novel is French in 18th century. At the moment, French is a stench country with people who do not care with their body’s odor.

This story begins with the birth of a baby in the 18th century in France. He was born without an odor like a human body in general. Since he was born, he had brought misfortune to people nearby. His mother, who actually wanted his death, was

hanged to death because she had killed her 4 babies before the birth of the baby and tried to kill him. The baby is named Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, after he was baptized. Because of his luck, he was fostered by Father Terrier. Because his mother died, Grenouille was given milk by other women, but none of them survived because the child is so greedy and has no body odor.

Starting from the Father Terrier, Grenouille's childhood was in the foster of Madame Gaillard. She was a disciplined person in managing foster children. Grenouille was considered as a little strange child by his friends, because his face was not handsome and he was slightly stooped. But they did not hate him; it was just that they were feelings of discomfort because they could not smell his body’s odor. Grenouille was often more silent, he preferred the smell of new things around him. His sense of smell was very sharp, he could smell the smells that could not be smelled by humans in general. So, he regretted that there were no words which could describe all the scent as he was recognized.

As a teenager, he worked with Monsieur Grimal because Madame Gaillard has been sold him. Madame Gaillard's death ended tragically with throat cancer and had experienced a bankruptcy. Monsieur Grimal was an expert tanner. Grenouille worked diligently and did not talk too much. He always obeys with his master’s order. When he was 13 years, Grenouille left the house on Sunday afternoon. He used this chance to continue his penchant recognize that there were any odors. He wanted to keep all the scent that he had inhaled at the time. One time on the anniversary of the coronation of the king of France, Grenouille smelled a scent that really caught his attention and he really liked the smell of it. Apparently, the smell was coming from a girl who was 14 years old. Starting from there, the killings were

begun, because he wanted to kiss the scent of the girl’s body, he accidentally killed her. After the death, he kissed every part of her body. None have passed because every part of her body has own flavor.

When delivering the skin on Giuseppe Baldini, a famous perfume maker, he was very interested to learn how to catch a scent. Baldini finally allowed him to become his disciple. Unexpectedly, Grenouille’s perfumes made very well liked, so helped the career of Baldini that originally was going bankrupt. Grenouille had become an expert distillation. But, he decided to leave Baldini and went to South to learn how to make perfume. Then, he lived in seclusion in a mountain, which no one dared to place it. He was just eating and roughing it. Grenouille met the Marquis who changed his life and brought him to town, he created perfumes that make people attracted to the previous approach because the people had never thought of his presence.

Grenouille moves to the city of Grasse, the place where the center of production and sales of perfumes which is comfortable area. Here, he learns the various techniques of making perfumes. At Madame Arnulfi, he is free to make a lot of varieties of perfumes and perform distillation. His first interest to scent the bodies of a virgin girl get in excited to catch the human scent. 25 tubes of perfume he provides, the hunt is begun. When a girl alone, he hit her head with the wood. Then he shaves her head, strip off her clothes and her body smeared with fat and then wraps it in cloth. The smell of the girl, he finally gets it. He does so until the girl number 24.

This case uproar in the town that there is a sadistic killer which then force the parents to keep their daughters. For the 25thbottle, his destiny is a girl named Laure

Richis, Richis’s father realizes that his daughter become the target of the killer therefore he leaves the city of Grasse and tries to distract the killer. But in vain, the killer with a keen sense of smell might eventually take the girl's scent. However, criminals are finally caught, Grenouille gets hanged. When the citizens of the whole city come to witness his death, he spread a perfume from the scent of the 25th virgins. Unexpectedly on the ground, all people having sex, there is a mass of sex. The scent is so drugged people. Grenouille releases and escapes.

The end story of Grenouille is tragic, he comes close a bunch of people, where he spreads the perfume on all of his own body, and then one by one, people are approaching Grenouille and begin to eat parts of his body with greedily.