Coleridge gives description of Holy River that flow over the hills and cave which turn into the sea with no living spirits there. On the other words this poem take set on the
nature and brought the core of romantic idea. In “The Nightingale” and “Frost at Midnight” Coleridge visits the themes of
Childhood, and the poetry relation to nature. As in “Frost at midnight”, the success of “The Nightingale” rests on evocation of a dramatic setting, in this case “The
Nightingale” take the setting on the old mossy bridge where the speaker and his friend hear the nightingale song
12
. While “Frost at Midnight” set the scene in the cold and silent February night. Everyone in the household is sleeping except the poet, who
is sitting by a dying fire
13
. Referring to the explanations above, the writer interested to analyze imagery
used on three Samuel Taylor Coleridge Poems, the poems are: Kubla Khan, Frost at Midnight, and the Nightingale. Three poems reflect imaginative power, and essential
idea of romanticism.
G. Focus of the Study
This research focuses on the imagery of “Kubla Khan”, “The Nightingale”, and “Frost at Midnight” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge through imagery analysis, and
explanations of imagery development.
12
http:www.sparknotes.compoetrycoleridgesection4.rhtml August13th 2006
13
http:www.eliteskills.comc4689 August 13th 2006
H. Research Question
The Question of the research consists of: 1. What kinds of imageries do Samuel Taylor Coleridge use in Kubla
Khan, Frost at midnight, and The Nightingale? 2. How does Samuel Taylor Coleridge develop imagery in Kubla Khan,
Frost at midnight, and The Nightingale?
I. Significance of the Research
The writer hopes this research will enrich the literary studies especially in understanding poetry. This research hoped to be useful for anyone who wants to
know more about Coleridge’s poems. The writer also hopes that the research can give information to all the people that have some interest to analyze Coleridge’s poems
more intensively.
J. Research Methodology 1. The objective of the research
The objectives of the research are: a. To know about the kinds of imageries appear on Samuel Taylor
Coleridge poems Kubla Khan, The Nightingale, and Frost at Midnight.
b. To know about the way of Samuel Taylor Coleridge develops imageries on his poems Kubla Khan, The Nightingale, and Frost
at Midnight.
2. The method of the research
This research is a descriptive qualitative method with descriptive analysis explanations. It describes kinds of imageries appear on Samuel Taylor Coleridge
poems. The analysis includes imagery analysis, which contains explanation about kinds of imagery that Coleridge uses in the poems.
3. The instrument of the research
The writer would be the instrument on this research. He obtains the data by reading any books such as Northon Anthology of Modern Poetry, The poetic
image, Romance Mode of Literature Saries and other resources that related to this research such as online reference, article, and journal.
4. Unit analysis
The unit analysis of this research is three poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The poems taken from Northon Anthology of Modern Poetry by
Richard Elman, 1973. 1
Kubla Khan 2
The Nightingale 3
Frost at Midnight
5. Place and Time
This research had been done at The State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. It was for 9th
-
10
th
semester, 20062007.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
D. Imagery 3. Imagery Definition
In poetry, an image was presentation of word that the poet has perceived. Imagery is the collective word we use for a group of images. The description could be
of an object seen, sound, smells, taste, touch or other physical sensation of human body
14
. Imagery in a poem appeals to our senses including sensations of heat, sight,
smell, taste, touch, sound are imagery
15
. Perrine defines imagery as the representation of sense experience through language. Poetry appeals directly to our
sense of course through music and rhythm which we actually hear when it is read aloud, but directly it appeals to our senses through imagery as the representation to
the imagination of sense experience
16
. Imagery usually called mental picture in a poem, where the readers can
experience what the poem said. Essentially the true ‘meaning’ of a poem lies in the total response effect that is upon the readers. That effect often stimulate a response
14
Ellman, Richard and O’clair, Robert. Modern poem An Introduction to Poetry. New York: W. W. Northon and Company, Inc,1976 P. Xl
15
Barnett, Sylvan and Bergman, monren and Burto, William.Literature for Composition second Edition.Boston: ,1988 P. 729
16
Perrine, Lawrence and R, ARP, Tomas. sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry.New York: Brace Harcuort and World, Inc,1992 P. 56
which is not just reaction to what the poet has to say, but it also draws on the readers own intellectual and emotional experience. Imagery can be central importance in
creating this response within the readers
17
. Pradopo defines imagery as images which appear on poem. Those images
relate to the reader’s mind and sense experience. According to Siswantoro, imagery is mental picture or imagination which
appears as the reaction of creative readers when understanding and exploring the poems. Imagery presents if readers involving cognitively and emotionally in poems
18
. Imagery refers to the pictures which we perceive with our minds, eyes, ears,
nose, tongue, skin, and through which we experience the duplicate world created by poetic language. Imagery evokes the meaning and truth of human experiences not in
abstract terms as in philosophy, but in more perceptible and tangible forms. This is a device by which the poet makes his meaning strong, clear and sure
19
. Imagery is poetic reference to the five senses sight, touch, smell, hearing,
and taste. Essentially, imagery is a group of words creating mental image. People have clear image of those experienced things, which they can recall at will
20
.
17
Ibid
18
Siswantoro, Op Cit. P. 49
19
Christine Abriza, http:www.realliteraturedir.comread_book-4290-26-Poetry-C.html November 6th 2006
20
http:www.answers.comIMAGERYafter_ad9November 6th 2006
From the definitions above the writer identifies imagery is the poetic device that refers to the senses experience in order to make the readers participate in the
world of poem.
4. Kinds of Imagery a. Visual Imagery
Visual imagery is an imagery which relates to the visual imagination. Example:
Continous as the star that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance Tossing their head in sprightly dance
“Daffodils”, William Wordsworth These lines of poems proceed visual imagination into the
readers’ mind. The poem experiences visualization the daffodils which grows continuously.
b. Auditory Imagery
Auditory imagery is an imagery which relates to the auditory imagination.
Example: Hear the sledges with the bells—
Silver bells What a world of merriment their melody foretells
How they tinkle,tinkle, tinkle In the icy air of night
“The Bells”, Edgar Allen Poe These lines of Poe’s poem are auditory imagery. Here, Poe
raises the auditory experience of the readers by describing the sledges of bells were ringing on the snowy night, and it has been stirred up
tinkle-tinkle sound.
c. Organic Imagery
Organic imagery is an imagery which relates to the internal sensations of human body, such hunger, thirst, pain, drunk, and others.
Example: “O where have ya been, Lord randall, my son?”
O where have ye been, my hansome young man?” “I here been to the wild; mother, make my bed soon,
For I,m weary will haunting. And fain wald laid down”. “Where gat ye your dinner, Lord Randall, my son?
Where gat ye your dinner, my handsome young man?” “I dined will my true-love; mother, make my bed son,
For I’m weary will haunting, and fain wald laid down”. “Lord Randall”
The lines of poem above describe organic imagery. The readers may experience, and feel the tiredness of Lord Randall when he
answers his mother question whilst he lied upon a bad.
d. Olfactory Imagery
Old factory is an imagery which relates to the olfactory or smelling sense.
Example: The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard
And male dust and dropped stove-length sticks of wood, Sweet-scanted stuff when the breeze drew across it.
“Out Out”, Robert Frost These lines of poem describe about the sweet fragrant from the wood
dust blows with the wind. These lines were old factory imagery.
e. Tactile Imagery
Tactile imagery is an imagery which relates to the temperature or heat senses such cold, and warm.
Example: How like a winter hath my absence been
From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year “Winter”, Shakespeare
These two lines of poem created imagination of winter scene. The writer describes the cold of winter, and his loneliness.
f. Kinesthetic imagery
Kinesthetic imagery or movement imagery is an imagery that always associates to any motion
21
.
21
Pradopo, R Djoko. Op Cit. P.87
g. gustatory imagery
Gustatory imagery is imagery which relates to the taste, such a sweet, and briny
22
. From explanation above the writer considers seven kinds imagery which
relate to the sense of human body. They are Visual imagery, auditory imagery, Organic imagery, Old factory imagery, tactile imagery, kinesthetic imagery, and
gustatory imagery.
E. Imagery Description Imagery Development Technique
