The diction of Shakespeare poem above is ordinary words, but Shakespeare composed an imagery that brought us into the winter of sixteenth century.
4. Figurative Description
Imagery is an effective method in awaking sense experience, but still restricted by the roles of poetry which obliged the use of minimal words with
maximal meaning. The poet had to choose short effective language to express imagery. As the alternative way, the poet had to use figurative language.
Example: Oh my luve, is like a red, red rose,
“”A red, red rose” Robert Burns Here Robert Burns uses visual imagery and simile to describe his feelings
about love. He describes his love is like a red rose.
F. Figurative Language 1. Figurative Language Definition
According to Croft figure of speech is a symbolic language or metaphorical and not meant to be literally
27
. Wren and Martin suggest that figure of speech is departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in
27
Croft, steven and Cross, Hellen.Op Cit. P. 56
order to produce a greater effect
28
. Figurative language is the figure of speech to said something other than ordinary way
29
.
2. Kinds of figure of speech a. Metaphor
According to Barnett a metaphor emphasizes the figurative language without using a connective such as “like” or verb such as “appears” of a terms
that are literary incompatible
30
. According to Perrine metaphor is a figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two things essentially
unlike
31
. Those definitions explain that metaphor is figure of speech which compare two different thing directly without using connective word such, as,
as if, similar to, etc.
b. Simile
Like metaphor, simile also compares two different things, but it uses a connective word. According to Perrine simile is explicit comparison made
between two things essentially unlike
32
. The comparison is made explicit by using some word or phrase as likes, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems.
Example: Like a thunderbolt.
28
Ibid
29
Perrine, Lawrence and R, ARP, Tomas. Op Cit. P. 54
30
Barnett, Sylvan and Bergman, monren and Burto, William. Op Cit. P. 63
31
Perrine, Lawrence and R, ARP, Tomas. Op Cit. P. 61
32
Ibid
c. Personification
Personification is type of metaphor in which distinct human qualities, e.g., honesty, emotion, volition, etc., are attributed to an animal object or idea.
Personification gives the attribute of human to being animal, an object or a concept. It is really a subtype of metaphor; an implied comparison always a
human being
33
. Example : the sun smile to earth.
d. Symbol
Symbol is thing could be an object, person, situation or action, which stands for something else more abstract. For example our flag is the symbol of
our country. According to Perrine in a literature a symbol may be defined as something that means more than what it is
34
. Example: Old dog symbolized unproductive person
e. Allegory
Allegory is narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface. Although the surface story or description may have its own
interest, the author’s major interest is in the ulterior meaning. Allegory has been defined sometimes as an extended metaphor and sometimes as a series of
related symbols
35
.
33
Ibid. P. 64
34
Ibid. P. 80
35
Ibid. P. 88
f. Apostrophe
Apostrophe is figure of speech in which the narrator or the speaker addresses something nonhuman as if it is present or alive. According to
Perrine, closely related to Personifications is apostrophe, which consists of addressing someone absent or something nonhuman as if that person or
something were present and alive and could reply to what is being said. This definition is in accordance with what Barnet said that apostrophe is an address
to a person or thing not literally listening
36
.
g. Paradox
Paradox is figure of speech which contains a contradiction statement. According to Perrine, paradox is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless
somehow true. The value of paradox is its sock value
37
.
h. Hyperbole or Overstatement
Hyperbole is a figure of speech that is in intentional exaggeration for emphasis or comic effect. According to Perrine, Overstatement, or Hyperbole,
is a simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service of truth
38
.
i. Understatement
Under statement is a figure of speech in which the presentation of thing with underemphasizes, in order to achieve a greater effect
39
.
36
Barnett, Sylvan and Bergman, monren and Burto, William. Op Cit. P. 72
37
Croft, steven and Cross, Hellen.Op Cit. P. 57
38
Perrine, Lawrence and R, ARP, Tomas. Op Cit. P. 100
39
Anonymous. The Poetic of Robert Frost, www.frostfreinds.orgfigurative.html, 2004. P. 4
j. Synecdoche and Metonymy
Synecdoche is figure of speech which mentions a part of something, to suggest the whole. As in, “all hands in deck,” means that all sailors to report
for duty. Hands = sailors. While metonymy is figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to the thing actually meant. The substitution makes the
analogy more vivid and meaningful
40
.
k. Irony
Irony is a situation involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy. Like paradox, irony has meaning that extends beyond its use merely as a
figure of speech
41
. There are two kinds of irony: •
Verbal irony is a figure of speech that expresses the opposite thought of the speaker’s mind, thus convey a meaning that contradicts the
literal definition
42
. •
Dramatic irony is a literary or theatrical device of having a character speech which the reader or audience understands to have a different
meaning
43
.
40
Ibid
41
Perrine, Lawrence and R, ARP, Tomas. Op Cit.
42
Ibid
43
Ibid
CHAPTER III RESERCH FINDING
A. Imagery Analysis 1. Kubla Khan
