Research Design Participant of the Study Types of the Data

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CHAPTER III METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

This chapter discusses about research design, participants of the study, types of the data, unit of analysis, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The research design of the present study is descriptive qualitative. Qualitative research presents data and research in the form of qualitative description. Analysis of this type was done with the words to describe conclusion, so the qualitative study obtained the descriptive data either spoken or written. In addition, Eichelberg 1989 as quoted by Mauludin 2010: 34 states that qualitative data are nonnumeric concerned with quality or meaning. They are often to as subjective, in this sense, are viewed as biased, determined by the whim of the researcher. Furthermore, descriptive research has purpose to describe systematically the fact and characteristic of given population, or area of interest, factually and accurately Issac and Michael, 1980 in Mauludin 2010: 34. They also mention that descriptive research is used in literal sense of describing situation or event. It is the accumulation of the data base that is solely descriptive. It does not necessarily seek or explain relationship, test hypothesis, make predictions or get at meanings and implication. So, this research does not present numeric data as the main subject of the study. The results of study are described systematically to give explanation about the most refusal strategies used by undergraduate students of the English Department of State University of Semarang as the participants.

3.2 Participant of the Study

The participants of the study in this research are five male and five female undergraduate students of the English Department of State University of Semarang who have learnt English at least since they were at secondary school.

3.3 Types of the Data

The data used in the present study is the participants’ realization of refusals. The situations are distinguished in ten different situations, with different settings dealing with social distance, gender, imposition, and power. The data collected are in form of written elicitation, which are the participants’ realization of refusals based on the situations given to them. Pursuing the validity of the data, I choose not to give the situations in the English but in Bahasa Indonesia with the consideration that English situation raises the possibility of confusions andor misunderstanding which are risky.

3.4 Unit of Analysis