Creating knowledge from Imagery

© ISO 2001 All rights reserved 13

7.4.3.3 Imagery distribution

policies WMO Resolution 40 --WMO Policy and Practice for the Exchange of Meteorological and Related Data and Products Including Guidelines on Relationships in Commercial Meteorological Activities – to be published as an ITU-R Handbook

7.4.3.4 Enterprise development

policies A policy of standardization for data and interfaces is one of the essential building blocks of the Information Society. There should be particular emphasis on the development and adoption of international standards. The development and use of open, interoperable, non-discriminatory and demand-driven standards that take into account needs of users and consumers is a basic element for the development and greater diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies and more affordable access to them. [World Summit on the Information Society, 12 December 2003, Declaration B.44] 8 Information viewpoint – knowledge based decisions

8.1 Introduction to information viewpoint

8.1.1 Creating knowledge from Imagery

The geographic imagery information viewpoint in this Technical Specification identifies the various types of geographic information and shows the relationships of raw sensed data to higher semantic content information and knowledge. As defined in ISOIEC 10746-1, an information viewpoint specification of an ODP system focuses on the semantics of information and information processing. The information viewpoint is structured following a semiotic approach to geographic imagery. The resulting structure of the viewpoint is reflected in the UML packages Figure 4. The contents of these packages are addressed in the following clauses of this viewpoint. Figure 4 - Information viewpoint packages Geographic images are used to signify something about the environment; as such images are signs. Semiotics is the systematic investigation of the nature, properties and kinds of signs in general. Images are non-linguistics signs, i.e., © ISO 2001 All rights reserved 14 icons. Elements of semiotics form the approach of this information viewpoint on geographic imagery. Semiotics comprises the syntactics, semantics and pragmatics of signs. Figure 5 presents the semiotic-derived structure for the information viewpoint 2 . Decisions Knowledge Information Data Data with meaning assigned Integrated model of information Pragmatic application of knowledge Representation subject to interpretation Compression of redundancies Representation is described Goals of multipl e stakeholders Figure 5 – Semiotic derivation of the information viewpoint Data Figure 5, bottom layer is a reinterpretable representation of information in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing [ISOIEC 2382-1]. For imagery, data is the result of a measurement by a sensor at a location. Applying conventions or agreed-upon codes is the transition from data to information. Structuring the sensor data in a standard syntax allows for transmission of the data to entities in the open distributed processing system. Information then is meaning currently assigned to data by means of the conventions applied to these data Editors note: ISO 19118 uses this definition of Information: knowledge concerning objects, such as facts, events, things, processes, or ideas, including concepts, that within a certain context has a particular meaning [ISOIEC 2382- 1]. ISO 19118 defines information as a type of knowledge whereas this Technical Specification explicitly separates information and knowledge. As information is gathered, regularities that are observed, are generalized and models are developed forming the transition to knowledge. Knowledge is an organized, integrated collection of facts and generalizations. Imagery can be interpreted based on a model of feature types that correspond to a universe of discourse. The resulting feature-based description of a scene is described in the General feature model clause.