Lowered pitch and narrowing of range—shame and disapproval

200 510 6.049 30 130 In te ns it y d B P it ch H z Waro: yapa Acormapa Orqushpa maytse:– cruskaqpa tumaramu: na:da ni huk imanpis Time s Figure 2. Pitch and intensity traces for lines D79–80.

2.3 Lowered pitch and narrowing of range—shame and disapproval

Williams and Stevens 1972:1249 find that for English-speaking actors: “The average fundamental frequency observed for the actors speaking in sorrow situations was considerably lower than that for neutral situations and the range of F0 was usually quite narrow.” Couper-Kuhlen 1986:181 also reports that the prosodic structure of sorrow in English includes a low pitch level and a narrow range. Chafe 2002:298 finds that “negatively evaluated or discouraging speech” may be quoted with a “lowered baseline and a narrowed range” in English conversation. In lines 27–29 of 3, Rita and Guillermo are finishing a topic of conversation. Then in line 30, Rita begins the abstract to a narrative centered on finding out who stole some belongings from a drunken person. Her tone, starting with suwaskapuya:na: ‘stole’, the last word of line 31, conveys hurt, shame, and disapproval. She lowers her pitch at that point and also narrows the pitch range as she tells what happened, using the narrative past. The pitch traces in figure 3 show the contrasting patterns. Lowering of pitch and narrowing the range, together with use of the narrative past, help to communicate the negative affect of shame and disapproval. The intensity trace shows that though the pitch drops dramatically, the intensity is constant. As Rita continued to talk about these events for the next minute and 50 seconds, her pitch stayed low and the range was narrow. When she finished, both she and Guillermo were quiet for a while. When she opened a new topic of conversation, her pitch range was about the same as it was before she started to talk about the theft. 3 Lowered pitch and narrowed range—shame and disapproval S31–33 shinqiruwan.mp3 1 27 R: Due to the alcoholic beverage the night before, on the main day of the festival people greeted PAST the morning all sprawled out, 28 sleeping in the corners. 29 G: Oh my. How awful. 30 R: And in addition um [word search] um, 31 they stole NARRATIVE PAST Walter’s shoes. 32 Also a man, Ernesto Garay’s son, 33 from him someone stole NARRATIVE PAST his jacket and his poncho. 27 R: Shinqiru-wan runa pas diya-man-na-qa wara:-mu-ra-n hot.drink- COM person very day- ALL - NOW - TOP dawn- FAR - PST -3 mashta-ra-r-ra:-cha:, spread.out- DUR - SS - YET - MUT 28 […kuchu-kuna-chu punu-r]. border- PL . N - LOC sleep- SS 29 G: [Achya: bes=cha:]. surely how.awful 30 R: ...I= nirkur a na-pa-ta este=, and in.addition um thing- GEN - OBJ um 31 Walter-pa-ta sapatu-n-ta suwa-ska-pu-ya:-na:. Walter- GEN - OBJ shoe-3- OBJ steal- PFV - BEN - PL . V - PST . N 32 ...Nirkur huk runa-sh Ernesto Garay-pa tsuri-n, in.addition one person- RPT Ernesto Garay- GEN child-3 33 ...tsay-pa-ta-na kasa:ka-n-ta ponchu-n-ta suwa-ya:-na: mas, that- GEN - OBJ - NOW jacket-3- OBJ poncho-3- OBJ steal- PL . V - PST . N more 1 Names in the sound files have been muffled to protect the identities of the people. Names in the texts have been replaced by pseudonyms. Int ens it y dB 70 500 Time s 19.34 30 130 Lines 27 - 29 Lines 30-31 Line 32 Line 33 P it ch H z Figure 3. Pitch and intensity traces for lines 27–33. Work by Lieberman 1967 shows that pitch declines gradually as an utterance progresses. He claims that pitch is dependent on subglottal air pressure. Subglottal pressure tends to be low at the beginning of an utterance. It peaks shortly after the utterance onset and gradually declines after that. The illustration in figure 4 is from Lieberman 1967, as reproduced in Ohala 1977:148. The top trace is of fundamental frequency. The bottom one shows the subglottal pressure. We typically see this kind of a F0 decline across intonation units. F Hz P S cm H 2 O Figure 4. Pitch and subglottal pressure traces Lieberman 1967 Figure 4 and the accompanying explanation are included in order to clarify that this is not the main thing happening in figure 3. Lines 27–29 comprise a whole grammatical sentence. The pitch range and height is about the same through the whole sentence. In lines 30–31, which is also a complete grammatical sentence, at the point when Rita utters the word suwaskapuya:na: ‘stole’, she drops the pitch and lowers the range. Her next sentence, with more details about the stealing, has lowered pitch and narrowed range.

2.4 Marked high pitch followed by drop—suspenseful apprehension