Ela o ati g o these p i iples is of so e fu the i te est, as the dis ussio tou hes su je ts of s ale. The height of a e hi o th of the o e at poi t O eed e lo e tha the o igi al e hi
at O. A highe e hi fo ale da pu poses is u e essa . Thus, a e hi ust e o side ed ale da - ise su o di ate to the o igi al e hi at poi t O, a d ust e lo e i
height tha H. O the othe ha d, the opposite holds fo a e hi south of the o igi al at O. It ust e talle a d thus do i a t o e the o igi al. These a e
i t a- o u e t s ale elatio ships, li ki g heights of the o u e t’s a ious o po e ts a d thei sizes as ell as
dista es a o g the . We shall see the pla out i the ase of “to ehe ge i late se tio s. A e hi o atte its height to the o th of
R, is ot ele a t to the e hi aised at poi t
O, as it falls outside its a ket a ea. O the othe ha d, it ust e oted that this e hi ’s a ket a ea is ope a le i -d. It is so that, a e hi to the south of
R ould fall i side the g ou d ased
ale da use of, at poi t O lo ated, e hi – that is, it falls ithi its a ket a ea, if a d o l if
it is suffi ie tl high at the spe ifi poi t aised. These o ditio s of ou se depe d o the o u e t’s lo atio o the Ea th’s su fa e.
This a al sis pote tiall ties up the latitude of a o u e t to its s ale size . Mo e spe ifi all ,
if the shado s pal a ole i the desig of a o u e t, the the i itial s ale of so e fi st pla ed fo pilla e hi , o thostat, olu et . i tu dete i es the di e sio s a d s ale
of the e ti e o u e t. To a deg ee
, this i itial pilla ’s size, o its ele a t su di isio , is the o u e t’s odulus. The su di isio is di e tl elated to the dista e a d size of the othe
o po e ts e hi s of the o u e t, a d thei elati e dista e f o the ase e hi . A ief ote is e essa at this poi t to de o st ate the ele a e of the a o e fi di g,
ega di g a othe Neolithi o u e t. I ie of the a o e a al sis, o e a o u de sta d the shape of the st i gs of sto es at Le G a d Me e , at Ca a , dis ussed i efe e e [ . ] a d
also i [ . ]. Mo e spe ifi all , the e hi dis ussed o p. , sho i the se ue e of Figu e A . - of [ . ], ould e i st u e tal i ide tif i g the lo atio of at least th ee st i gs of sto es
to the No th a d oth East a d West of it, as falli g ithi its a ket a ea at diffe e t ti es of the da o e possi l th ee diffe e t ke ? da s of the ea .
We o lude this se tio of the pape ith a efe e e to the lo g dista e f o a a o-
la ds ape, a o-topog aph , o a o-Geog aph , that is a o-spatial i te a tio li ki g the spe ifi site of a o u e t to its oade su ou di g E i o e t. These li kages, if the e ist,
o e a out f o the e lo g le gths of the shado s lose to the poi ts B, C, F, G, D, a d E of Figu e . Alo g the a s defi ed these poi ts, a BD a d a CE , a d at the e te ded
ho izo as the adius of the i le ith e te at poi t O, a d deli eati g the ho izo , i eases the a ious sk li e featu es fou d at the e d of the ho izo a e tou hed the e lo g shado s
ast off the e hi at poi t O. Thus, these poi ts o the ho izo a t as the idges li ki g the o u e t to its la ge-s ale su ou di gs. This is di e tl elated to the alig e t-shado
e ui ale dis ussed ea lie i this se tio .
O the A hite tu e of Sto ehe ge
Mu h has ee said a d itte a out the A hite tu e of “to ehe ge, a d this se tio ’s ai is ot to eithe epeat o su e that e te si e lite atu e. The o je ti e he e is to add a e a gle
to that od of o k, a off-shot of the autho ’s e te sio of Ale a de Tho ’s theo o the desig of Neolithi sto e e losu es. U de this e a gle, e ill li k the o te ts of this
se tio to the pape ’s ai goal, hi h is the stud of the “to ehe ge’s “u i du ed ast-off shado s, thei otio du i g the da a d th oughout the ea , a d the ole these otio s e
likel pla ed i the desig of “to ehe ge’s t o ke st u tu es: the sa se s i le, a d the T ilitho s uasi-ellipti al a .
The e a e u e ous sou es he e data a d espe iall the floo a d site pla s o tai i g the
A hite tu al detail of “to ehe ge a e fou d, o e ei g the E glish He itage efe e e i [ . ] a d its ited efe e es. The ge e all a epted site pla fo “to ehe ge is that of Figu e . O
it, a u e i g of sto es also ge e all a epted is fou d – a u e i g hi h i ol es the sa se s of the oute i le, the uasi-ellipti al a of the T ilitho s, a d the t o Bluesto e i gs.
Mo eo e , i the lege d, a eakdo is offe ed a o di g to thei u e t state sto e t pe. A e ui k des iptio , of the asi t o o po e ts the sa se s oute i le a d the T ilitho s’
a of “to ehe ge that e shall add ess i this pape , follo s. This diag a ill e used as a luep i t i the p ese t stud . Co se ue tl , the a u a of the fi di gs iti all hi ge upo
the a u a of the floo pla i Figu e . “to ehe ge Phase II i a
– BC , o tai s a i ula s ste of sa se s out of
hi h e e e e ted as o thostats pilla s , suppo ti g a othe sa se s as a i g of li tels. A ope esea h uestio e ists, as to hethe the e ti e i le as e e o pleted, o that it
as e e pla ed a d desig ed to e o pleted as des i ed; see this issue ei g dis ussed i the autho ’s pape [ . ]. This uestio is of di e t ele a e he e, fo the follo i g easo : if the
oute i g as o pleted at a diffe e t ti e tha the i e a of the T ilitho s as e e ted i the t o e tu ies pe iod, the the
i e uasi-ellipti al e losu e ust had ee e e ted fi st
a d the the sa se s i le e e aised. This se ue e e o es of i po t, he the odula st u tu e of the o u e t is to e dis ussed, as it ill e o e o ious f o the a al sis that
follo s. All sa se s o thostats a d li tels had u de go e the uilde s of the o u e t d essi g ,
i.e., so e fo of p o essi g. This i luded, as it is ell do u e ted i the e isti g lite atu e, a slight e di g of the li tels to follo the o e all i ula st u tu e, a d the slightl up a dl
ide i g of the o thostats to o e t fo g ou d pe spe ti e. A hite to i all , oth of these fo s of d essi g e e o st u tio i o atio s at the ti e this Phase of the o u e t as
o st u ted. Be di g of li tels is of ou se e ou te ed i the ase of the ea lie Maltese Te ples; ut o e ti g fo g ou d pe spe ti e is a sig ifi a t i o atio that o u ed at
“to ehe ge II.
Figu e . “to ehe ge sa se s: the oute a d T ilitho s i gs a d the Bluesto es i les. The floo
pla a d its lege d a e due to A to Θoh so ho holds a op ight o it, see [ . ] . The
sto es’ u e i g follo s the o e tio al F. Pet ie s ste . Nu e s - depi t the
sa se s oute i g o thostats; -
the sa se s li tels; - the sta di g T ilitho s; a- a the T ilitho li tels; - the oute Bluesto e i le; a d - the i e Bluesto e i le. The
t o Bluesto e i les a e post BC additio s o stituti g Phases III a d IV . The e t al
poi t a e te of the o u e t is e a tl he e the oss is at the diag a a o e. Ho e e , as the diag a i Figu e sho s, the e te of the T ilitho s’ uasi-ellipse is ot at that poi t. I
the a o e diag a , to e i di ates state of the sto e sta di g o falle a d sto e t pe.
The sa se s’ oute i g itals . These sta di g sto es fo a app o i ate - ete i dia ete
i.e., ith a adius of a out . ete s a d a i u fe e e of al ost . ete s pe fe t
i le, ith its e te ei g the
o phalos of the o u e t, see diag a i Figu e . That i le
is d a goi g th ough the e e te of the sta di g sa se s. The a e age sta di g sa se is app o i atel . ete s i height a o e g ou d i total, the easu e a out . ete s i
height , . ete s thi k, a d . ete s ide. Thus, the sta di g sa se s fo the ski of a hollo li de ith i e su fa e dia ete of a out . ete s a d a oute ski su fa e of
a out . ete s i dia ete . The li tel i g has a thi k ess of a out . ete s ea h li tel is . . , thus the total height of the st u tu e a o e g ou d is lose to fi e ete s.
Ho the st u tu e is u e tl e isio ed the o se sus of a heologists is sho i Figu e N i Note see se tio o Notes at the e d of the pape .
With a pe i ete at the ski ’s e te of a out . ete s, a a e age le gth at thei e te
of a out . ete s, a d assu i g o pletio of the i le, the sa se s a e spa ed o the a e age at a dista e of a out . ete s. The fa t that the e isti g su i i g in situ dista es
a o g the sta di g sa se s is slightl o e tha a ete , adds o e uestio s as to hethe the o u e t as desig ed to e p e isel uilt a d o pleted as des i ed. A ote-
pa e thesis is a a ted he e, o atte the spe ulatio ega di g o igi al i te t the a hite t s of “to ehe ge Phase II. The le gth of . ete s is p e isel the odulus fou d
the autho to ha e ee used i the Kasta Tu ulus pe i ete all o st u tio , see efe e e [ . ]. I Note , o e ela o atio is p o ided o this issue. The Note a e ds a d e te ds the
o k o this topi fou d i the autho ’s p io pape s o the su je t. I Figu e , the N-“ a d E-W a es f o the e e te of “to ehe ge a e d a . O the , the
u e t azi uths a e esti ated. It is oted that due to shifts i the Ea th’s a is of otatio de li atio , the u e t azi uths a e off f o those at the ti e of “to ehe ge Phase II
o st u tio app o i atel to . A tuall , o o e is e a tl su e hat p e isel is this de iatio , see Note . Mo e o this topi i a it, follo i g the ief outli e of the T ilitho s.
Fi all , it is oted that o the su fa e of sa se s , a d a i gs of a e-heads ha e ee fou d. The i po ta e of this ill e fu the dis ussed he the alig e ts of that se tio of
“to ehe ge ill e add essed a it late . We o tu to the T ilitho s’ uasi-ellipti al a . We shall atte pt to e o st u t this pa t of
the st u tu e, a d doi g so a i o ati e pe spe ti e o “to ehe ge e e ges.
The T ilitho s e se le . Let us e ie hat is k o a out the T ilitho s a , d a f o the
p e ious sou es as ell. The spe ifi uasi-ellipti al o pholog of this a ill e a al zed sho tl , afte the itals of the sto es o tai ed he ei a e p ese ted. The T ilitho s e se le is
o ga ized so that the e a e fi e sets of th ee sa se s, pla ed so that ea h t ilitho set o tai s t o sta di g o thostats ith a li tel o top, i.e., ea h set fo s a t iple, hi h is o
o l efe ed to as a t ilitho Ρ -
Ο . He e, i total, the e a e fiftee sa se s i this uasi- ellipti al a , o ga ized i a s
et i patte , alig ed o a a is a d fa i g to a ds the su e
solsti e at su ise a d at the a k e d fa i g the i te solsti e at su set.
Figu e . The N-“ a d E-W a es of “to ehe ge, at p ese t azi uths ith the e te of the pla e
dete i i g the azi uths at the e e te of the oute i g i le – this ei g the o u e t’s
o phalos. The possi le azi uth of these t o a es at the ti e of Phase II o st u tio is also
sho . The N-“ a d E-W a es a e iti al i dis ussi g the la out of the oade site a d floo pla a d i spe ifi sto es , , a d . “ee fo o e dis ussio o this topi the se tio
of the pape o azi uths, as the e e the a d o , a d Note . “ou e: the autho .
The height of the te up ight sto es elo gi g to this e se le is ot u ifo . The tallest t o o thostats a e fou d at the south- este t ilitho set of the uasi-ellipti al T ilitho s e se le;
the ould ha e had a height of a out . ete s a o e g ou d ith a total height of a out te ete s , although at p ese t the o l sta di g sa se of this set is a out . ete s i height
a o e the g ou d le el. Whe eas the t o pai s of up ight sa se s at the o th-easte ost
t iples ha e a height of app o i atel si ete s. The pai of the t iple et ee the t o has a height of a out . ete s. Ho shado s a e li ked to this height diffe e tials ould e of
i te est to po de . No a e age thi k ess o le gth easu e is a aila le fo the te up ights.
The athe ati al odulus at Sto ehe ge . O iousl , gi e the asi s of the desig i Phase
II, o e o ludes that the o u e t at this stage as uilt o the asis of u e a d the p i e u e s a d , a d of ou se thei ultiples. The u e of sa se s i the oute i g is
; the u e of sa se s i the i e T ilitho s e se le uasi-ellipse is . We he e
ust o lude that the egi i g of a odulus is p ese t he e, ased o the p i e u e s a d . The s all a is of the uasi-ellipti al T ilitho s e se le i e ski a out ete s is
half the oute i g’s i e ski dia ete of app o i atel ete s. It is oted that the total height of the oute sa se s i le a out fi e ete s is o e si th
of the i le’s dia ete . Mo eo e , the total height of the sho test sa se i the uasi-ellipti al a of the T ilitho s
e se le si ete s is a out o e fifth of the oute i g’s dia ete as ell. The tallest sa se esti ated to ha e ee a out . ete s a o e g ou d is lose to a out o e fou th its
dia ete , a d a out half of the uasi-ellipti al a ’s i o a is. These atios a e e t al i u de sta di g the asis o hi h the o u e t’s Phase II as o st u ted. Ho this odulus
as li ked to the ast-off shado s at “to ehe ge, a d he e ho shado s a d thus, alig e ts pla ed i to the e desig of the o u e t is add essed i the e t se tio of the
pape , follo i g the p ese tatio of the e fi di gs a out “to ehe ge’s A hite tu e.
The T ilitho s uasi-ellipti al a . I Figu e , The luep i t of the T ilitho s a desig is sho .
That desig o sists of t o al ost pe fe t se i i les, sepa ated a dista e of a out .
ete s. The diago als AB a d CD of these app o i ate se i i les u pa allel to ea h othe . The se i i les ha e a adius of a out . ete s, easu ed at a out the iddle poi t of the
T ilitho s’ sa se s ski . Whe eas the “outh- este se i i le is uite o ious, the No th- easte is ’t uite as o ious, thus its dete tio has es aped the a hite to i a al sis of the
e se le so fa . Ho e e , the p ese e of the No th-easte se i i le is hi ted the slight i a d e di g of the No the
ost sa se s i the T ilitho s e se le, sto es a d . I Figu e , the e te of the oute i g of + sa se s up ight o thostats a d thei li tels is also
the a e te of the e ti e “to ehe ge Phase II o u e t. This is the o phalos of this
se tio of the o u e t at “to ehe ge. Fo desig pu poses, it is fa o e i po ta t tha the spot he e the so alled alta sto e is lo ated – i f o t of sa se s a , o falle , a d
still sta di g .
Figu e . The ajo alig e ts ith O as the o u e t’s o phalos. The A hite tu e a d
Ast o o of “to ehe ge Phase II o tai s the sa se s i le a d the T ilitho s’ uasi-ellipti al o pholog . The T ilitho s’ sto e e losu e o figu atio o sists of t o se i i les ith
pa allel dia ete s AB a d CD sepa ated a dista e of a out . ete s. It o tai s the st u tu e’s ai alig e t the su
e solsti e su ise as its ajo a is. It is si ila to the sto e e losu e ide tified the autho as the luep i t of Go ekli Tepe st u tu e D, La e III, see [ . ],
[ . ]. Both a e si ple e sio s of the Tho ’s sto e e losu e lassifi atio s he e fo Neolithi o u e ts i B itta a d the B itish Isles fou d i [ . ]. “ou e: the autho .
Up ight sto e a d do sto e oke i to th ee pie es - a, , se e as the t o
pa allel li ks et ee the t o app o i ate se i i les. Of ote is the lo atio of these se i i les’ e te : the o e to the “outh-east, lies at a out the e a e te of the e ti e
o u e t as sho i Figu e a d slightl to the “outh- est, off a s all dista e f o the diago al AB . Due to u a oida le app o i atio s i o posi g the asi site pla the B itish
He itage, a d o st u tio i pe fe tio s, plus the ti e that has elapsed a d the effe ts of ea a d tea of the o u e t o e the ille ia, the e is o easo to dou t a d easo to a ept
that the e te of this se i i le as i te ded to e at the diago al sho i Figu e . Whe eas, the e te of the No th-easte app o i ate se i i le is fou d e a tl o the diago al CD .
He e, e dete t i the T ilitho s e se le a fa ilia patte , f o the Tho ’s lassifi atio
s he e: t o sepa ated ut li ked se i i les fo i g a uasi-ellipti al st u tu e. This uasi-
ellipti al fo has as a i o a is dia ete of the o stitue t i le of a out . ete s, a d a total le gth ajo a is of a out . ete s. Noti e, the total le gth of the ajo ellipti al
a is is sho t a s all f a tio of the su . + . = . due to the fa to s al ead
e tio ed. Although the T ilitho s e se le is positio ed so that it is s et i al i efe e e
to the su e solsti e azi uth li e, it is ’t s
et i all lo ated i efe e e to the a e te of the e ti e st u tu e, poi t O i Figu e , the o u e t’s
o phalos. Ho e e , the o phalos
is at the sa e lo atio as the e te of the -sa se oute i le e ause the de sit of T ilitho e se le sa se s is ’t u ifo alo g the uasi-ellipse.
The oute edge of the T ilitho s sto e e losu e is at a dista e of a out . ete s f o the
i e su fa e of the sa se s i le at its i i u app oa h i the No th-east; it is at a out a d o less tha si ete s a a f o the i e su fa e of the sa se s’ oute i g at the othe e d
“outh- est . It tu s out that this - ete dista e is a ke le gth fo the e ti e “to ehe ge
II desig , as it ill e poi ted out i a it. It is also oted that the so- alled alta sto e la i g i f o t of the “outh este t ilitho set is pa allel to the i te solsti e su ise – su
e solsti e su set a is at the
to
azi uth li e see, p. i [ . ] .
The desig has deep oots i sto e e losu e o pholog . Ale a de Tho a d his so A hi ald “. Tho i efe e e [ . ] offe ed a i sightful a d ge e al lassifi atio s he e fo sto e
e losu es e ou te ed i the B itish Isles a d B itta . This s he e as e te ded this autho i [ . ] a d [ . ], so that it a ui ed a te po al di e sio , ased o the p i iple of i eased
o ple it i the E olutio of Fo . “i pl stated, si ple fo s ust ha e appea ed efo e o e o ple e sio s of a pa ti ula fo
a e a out. Fu the o e, e tai ti e pe iods ust elapse i the fo atio of o ple a iatio s of a o igi al si ple fo , the o e o highe
deg ee of o ple it e ui i g p opo tio all lo ge ti e pe iods. Mo eo e , the autho e og ized the p ese e of si ila sto e e losu es falli g u de the
Tho ’s lassifi atio s he e i othe Neolithi sites, i ludi g Go ekli Tepe a d Malta. A o di g to this theo eti al, i ol i g te po al d a i s t pe pe spe ti e, it as gauged that
La e III, st u tu e D the oldest thus fa e a ated e losu e at Go ekli Tepe as a late Mesolithi to ea l Neolithi st u tu e, a d that Go ekli Tepe as u ied so eti e a ou d the
egi i g of the B o ze Age the app o i ate ti e of Phase II at “to ehe ge , see [ . ]. I additio , t ilitho fo atio s the su je t of i te est i this su se tio a e e ou te ed i the
Maltese Haga Qi te ples of the Gga tija Phase o the isla d of Malta, see [ . ]. It is esta lished that the patte a d ot o l , as sto e sizes as ell as e losu e di e sio s a e
e si ila too as dis ussed he e fo the T ilitho s e se le at “to ehe ge, is hat the autho des i ed st u tu e D, La e III at Go ekli Tepe to e, see efe e es [ . ] a d its p e u so [ . ].
This fi di g is a ajo o e, si e it di e tl li ks the A hite tu e of Sto ehe ge to that of the
Fe tile C es e t. This o e tio i desig has ee i itiall e plo ed i [ . ], he e it as
suggested that the o pholog of the T ilitho s e se le as o siste t ith a Bull Cult desig . That C es e t Moo a d ull ho o i atio desig patte has ee i p i ted i the
a hite to i s of all st u tu es ea i g the shape of a a o apse , si e ea l Mesolithi . It has ee ide tified i a ultipli it of o te ts, su h as the ea l Natufia Fe tile C es e t
A hite tu e, the Maltese A hipelago Neolithi egalithi Te ples of the Gga tija a d Ta ie phases, to the Ri e Bo e passage to s Ne g a ge , do to “to ehe ge.
I the T ilitho s e se le, e fi d a NE-“W ai lo g a is of the uasi-ellipti al a at a azi uth of the lue li e i Figu e . This li e uts a oss ight i the iddle the dista e
et ee sto es a d at p ese t, ise ti g the e ti e o u e t. It i te se ts at e a tl
the AB a d CD i o a es. I Figu e , the azi uth li e is d a ; it tou hes off the e southe poi t sa se . Thus, the i do defi ed the azi uths a d is the
su e solsti e su ise i do at “to ehe ge. The fa t that this e e t is still possi le to
o se e, offe s st o g suppo t to the p opositio that the azi uth o e e t the p e essio si e the o st u tio date of “to ehe ge Phase II a out . K a has ee i o possi l o
o e tha to . , possi l less, a o di g to A. Tho i [ . ] . The eade should keep i i d that o e-deg ee of azi uth is a out the idth of t o “u disks
at the ho izo . The eade should also keep i i d that the u e t azi uths ha e o ed lo k ise f o the Neolithi o es. Putti g it slightl diffe e t te s, the Neolithi N-“ a is as
slightl to the left of the u e t N-“ a is. Fi all , it is oted that the e te sio of the azi uth fo the su
e solsti e su ise, is the i te solsti e a s at su set. Co se ue tl , at the “outh- este uad a t of Figu e , o e sees the di e tio s a d azi uths of the su set at i te
solsti e. It follo s i e e se the paths outli ed fo the su ise a s at su e solsti e the
su ise azi uths plus
. “i ila a i gs to those o sa se s , a d f o the oute i ula e losu e, a dagge
a d fou tee a e-heads ha e ee fou d a ed o sto e of the T ilitho s e se le. Gi e the elati el good o ditio of this sa se elati e to its eigh o i g to the south sa se ,
o e a spe ulate that o oth the e ould e a i gs. The i po t he e is the lo atio of sto e a d pote tiall i the o te t of the alig e ts i ol ed at “to ehe ge’s i e
sa tu – i o i atio ith sto es , , a d .
Alig e ts at Sto ehe ge e o d the su e solsti e su ise
. The idsu e solsti e date’s
su ise is ot the o l although the ost i po ta t gi e the o u e t’s o e all o pholog of floo a d site pla alig e t a ked the A hite tu e of the t o sa se s’ i gs-e losu es
at “to ehe ge. Although it a ha e justifia l att a ted the o e hel i g atte tio of the
th
e tu “to ehe ge a al sts, it e tai l as ot the o l o e, although lea l gi e the site pla of the o u e t, see Figu e N , as ell as the spe ifi floo pla of the Phase II sto e
e losu es, sho i Figu e it ight ha e ee o e a o g the t o ost i po ta t o es. Wo k i the se o d de ade of the
st
e tu has offe ed e i sights i to the atu e p ope of “to ehe ge. “i e the o k Ge ald Ha ki s, C. A. Pete Ne ha , F ed Ho le, Ale a de Tho
– a d fo a e te tai i g e ie of this lite atu e see R. Hill [ . ] a d fo a o e e e t a al sis a out sol i g “to ehe ge see [ . ] – u h e o k has take pla e. This e o k, see fo
e a ple T. Maede [ . ], [ . ], a d the g oup i [ . ], does ot fo us o the pote tiall e essi e lai s of these ea l a haeo-ast o o e s, ega di g o pli ated lu isola les – les that
e ui e oth athe ati al a d ast o o i al sophisti atio lea l e o d these Neolithi a hite ts a d ast o o e s’ apa it fo e o d keepi g. Alo g ith o k this autho [ . ],
[ . ], [ . ] et ., this o k is ’t la gel ased o the i ta gi le otio of a alig e t o the e t ao di a app o i atio s e ui ed to a o
odate its lai s. I stead, although of e ual athe ati al a d ast o o i al igo , this e o k fo uses o
ta gi le su je ts hi h lea e little dou t as to thei pote tial ole i the o u e t’s desig : thei ast-off shado s a d the shado s’ ho eog aph du i g the da o ight. As this pape
asse ts, the e a e of ou se st o g o e tio s et ee shado s a d spe ifi ajo a d o ious alig e ts i p i ted i to the o u e ts’ a hite tu al desig . This e o k does e plo
so e ajo featu es f o the ea l a haeo-ast o o lite atu e ho e e , like fo e a ple the Tho ’s lassifi atio s he e of sto e e losu es. Mo e o this su je t of ou se is fou d i the
e t se tio of this pape . A lose look at the East-West a d the No th-“outh a es allo s fo a deepe app e iatio of the
a e t i poi t O a d these t o a es, a d the othe sola - elated alig e ts at “to ehe ge. Although i the u e t lite atu e o “to ehe ge, the alta sto e i f o t of the “outh este
t ilitho set is o side ed to e the o phalos of the e ti e o u e t, the i po t of a e te O should ot e u de esti ated. I effe t, the a is of the e ui o es, e eals that the u e t
e ui o su ise a s hit sto e , a d do ot pe et ate the i e sa tu of the T ilitho s e se le fo a o se e sta di g at g ou d ze o, poi t O, “to ehe ge’s a e te . To this e d,
up ight oute su fa e ust had held so e sig ifi a e fo the a hite t s , e gi ee s , ast o o e s , uilde s a d afts e of “to ehe ge II. He e e a e og ize the
i po ta e of the a i gs o that pa ti ula sa se , as ell the eigh o i g sto es a d . Ho e e , ed li e i Figu e holds so e iti al i fo atio ; goi g th ough the o u e t’s
a e te poi t O , it e eals that a app o i ate -de iatio to the No th a a gle uite lose to the the e ui o azi uth , th ough sto e a d , tou hi g the o thostat , the
su ise a s ould pass to the No th of sa se , pass o thostat a d pe et ate just off
its “outhe tip the e ti e set of t o sto e e losu es. This alig e t of up ights e likel is ’t a do , a d offe s so e al eit eak suppo t to the a gu e t that the o li uit of the
e lipti i that . K ti e i te al a ha e esulted i su h a a gula ha ge i the e ui o es’ azi uth.
It ust e e phasized that a ha ge ould e ell a o odated the o u e t’s floo
la out, fo it allo s the su e solsti e su ise a s to still pe et ate th ough up ights a d
a d hit the gap et ee sa se s a a d of the T ilitho s e se le a o e the alta sto e, a d ea h the gap et ee the oute i g sa se s a d . Up ight sto es a d
i o i atio ith sto es a d ould fo i do s th ough hi h the e al a d autu al e ui o es su ise a d su set a s ould allo fo light to pe et ate the e ti e
o u e t. Of ou se, the i po t of e o di g the su e solsti e su ise has ee idel
a al zed i the e isti g a haeo-ast o o lite atu e a d ot u h ill e added he e. The i po ta e ho e e of o ito i g the e ui o es is ot so idel dis ussed. But it is a al zed i
Note , at the e d of the pape f o a o el pe spe ti e. I ase the up ight sto e as i the a of the e ui o es’ su ise, the its i te io su fa e ust ha e had a spe ial ea i g to the
uilde s of “to ehe ge II, ei g the e epto of the last glea at e ui o . Fi all , ega di g the ai su
e solsti e su ise alig e t, a poi t eed e ade: the
o e it of the T ilitho s e se le i e ei i g the fi st su a s of the da , is also the o a it
of the e se le i epulsi g the i te solsti e last glea . Thus, a dualit i the alig e ts is dete ted, desig ati g diffe e t oles pla ed the up ights at diffe e t ti es of the ea .
No , a look i to the i te solsti e alig e ts ill e take . Of ou se, si e the su e solsti e
azi uth is at a out i.e., - , the i te solsti e ust e at
+ , i di ated the g ee li e at that azi uth i Figu e . He e, the i te solsti e su set is at
+
.
Fo a o se e at a e te O, the su ise a s at i te solsti e ould e lo ked assu i g all fa to s e tio ed ea lie ei g ope a le he e o thostat . Ho e e , at p ese t, the fi st
i te solsti e a s do pe et ate the o u e t’s i e sa tu , tou hi g the southe tip of up ight sa se , a d like ise sa se of the T ilitho s e se le.
The o ti ue th ough the gap et ee the No the ost set of t ilitho s, “outh of sa se
a , a d No th of sa se ; a d e d up ea hi g the gap et ee oute i g sa se s a d – thus totall pe et ati g the t o sto e e losu es. The a gle sho the t o
g ee li es i Figu e , depi t the fou o se uti e i do s allo i g the su of the i te solsti e to o k its a th ough the o u e t, as at these i sta es the o u e t’s t o sto e
e losu es e o e t a slu e t. The o ious o lusio is that the floo pla of “to ehe ge Phase II as apa le of a o
odati g all si ajo Su - elated alig e ts at the site.
Co se ue tl , it has ee de o st ated that “to ehe ge II has ee a fa o e o ple o u e t i its desig a d fu tio s, tha the si ple ope to the su
e solsti e su ise o u e t po t a ed thus fa i the lite atu e.
O the shado s of Sto ehe ge a d thei o e e t i spa e-ti e
I hat follo s, so e use is ade of ast o o i al i fo atio a d te s, although the pape is add essed to a ge e al audie e. The athe ati all i li ed eade is di e ted to a lassi al
efe e e f o o su je ts o e ed he e, see “i o Ne o [ . ]. Fo o e o the
efe e e, see Note . Mu h has ee itte o “to ehe ge’s Ast o o , see fo a ief e ie the autho ’s efe e e i [ . ]. A ke od of o k i this dis ussio is Ale a de Tho ’s iti gs
i [ . ], that has i spi ed a e eed of a haeo-ast o o e s ith a spe ial fo us o Neolithi o u e ts of the B itish Isles a d B itta like fo e a ple, Au e Bu l, see [ . ] .
Figu e .a. Google Ea th ap of “to ehe ge, take o August , . The photo is f o a
altitude of a out feet; “to ehe ge’s ele atio is app o i atel
feet. Its ap poi te oo di ates a e: ’
N, ’ W. This oo di ate i plies that at su
e solsti e oo ti e the “u ’s a gle f o the ho izo the e is a out see te t fo a o e a u ate esti ate .
O the spe ifi su je t of shado s at “to ehe ge, the eade is di e ted to the o k dis ussed i [ . ]. Of spe ial i po ta e is the o k T. Meade i [ . ], he e the otio of ΡΟ
Α Ο is ad a ed as ei g at o k at “to ehe ge a d D o eg, see efe e e i [ . ]. A si ila o ditio , depi ted the ast-off shado s of the t o e t al pilla s o ea h othe , as
ide tified also i the ase of Go ekli Tepe’s st u tu es C a d D, a d possi l othe st u tu es ithi the Go ekli Tepe o ple ith e t al pilla s i the , as a al zed the autho i
efe e e [ . ] a d [ . ]. I Figu e , a Google Ea th ap s apshot is sho . It as take o August ,
a o di g to Google Ea th ap e o ds. B usi g the lo k-azi uth e ui ale e, o e a i fe that the shot
as take et ee i e a d te o’ lo k i the o i g. The le gths of the shado s ast the diffe e t sto es a e easu ed at so e app o i atio f o the ap . “i e the a tual
heights a d idths of the sto es a e k o see the su se tio o the sto es’ itals , o e a esti ate at hat a gle a o e the ho izo the “u as, he the shot as take .
Of i te est i this pape is the a gle
ω a o e the ho izo the “u is at, du i g oo ti e at
su e a i u , at e ui o es, a d du i g i te
i i u solsti e. This a gle ω is of
ou se a fu tio of the Ea th’s a ial tilt u e tl esti ated to e lose to ’ , a d the
latitude of “to ehe ge ’ . At oo ti e du i g e ui o , this a gle is:
ω E = - ’ = ’
; at oo ti e du i g su
e solsti e, the a gle is:
ω ““ = ’ + ’
= ’ ;
a d at oo ti e du i g i te solsti e:
ω W“ = ’ - ’
= ’ .
F o these a gles a d the k o height of the sa se s oute i le, e a esti ate the sha p edges le gth of the ast-off shado f o sa se a d its li tel , al eit falle at p ese t, the
“outhe ost up ight o thostat of the “to ehe ge II oute i g. Gi e the height
H i ludi g
its li tel a total of a out fi e ete s o e the ou se of a ea , a d at these th ee iti al dates a d at oo ti e, o e a o pute di e tl the sha p le gth
L. F o T igo o et , it is k o
