EXTERNAL INSPECTION Functional color blindness.
560,460,360,260,160 respectively or CF=counting finger 1m, CF 2m, CF 3m,CF 4m, CF 5m
• If patient not able to count examiner finger close to face then examiner waves or
moves his hand in about 25 cm from the patient eye and asks patient whether he is able to see hand movement or not. Visual acuity then recorded as HM+ or 1300.
• When patient cannot distinguish hand movements, the examiner use penlight in front
of the patient eye ± 20 – 25cm and notes whether the patient can perceive light or not. If he perceive light it is noted as LP light perception +ve otherwise as LP-ve.
The examiner then reflect the penlight from four directions nasal, superior, temporal, inferior and asked the patient to mention the direction of the light.
• Record accordingly if present patient perceive light from all directions it is marked as
PR Projection of rays present or else mark as absent or defective. The test is repeated for the other eye in similar fashion
Pin hole test Method
• Place the pin hole occluder in front of the eye with reduced vision
• Ask the patient to move their eye and head until some letters can be read on the
letter chart •
Ask the patient to read the lowest line of letters he can see looking through the pinhol
Interpretation
• If patient vision is improved with pin hole it means the poor acuity is due to
refractive errors. eg. 612 PH 66 means visual acuity 612 can be improved with pinhole until 66
• If static acuity means may be due to structural or organic cause.eg.612 NI PH =
non improved PH means the visual acuity still 612 with non improvement with pin hole
• If reduced the poor visual acuity may be due to corneal opacity or lenticular
opacity occupying papillary area or macular pathology. Charts for testing near vision are :
1 Snellen near vision chart 2 Jaeger chart
3 Roman test type
Method of recording near vision
• Ask the patient to sit with his back to the light
• If the patient is using glasses for distance the same number will be put on the
trial frame. Occlude one eye with an occulder •
Ask the patient to hold the near vision by his right hand at a distance of 25 to 33 cms.
• Note the near vision as per the letter read
• Repeat the test for the other eye.