Papillae, tiny dome shaped nodule that consist of hyperemic central core blood vessels of the conjunctiva that protrude up and perpendicular to the
tarsal plate surrounded by edema and inflammatory cells Giant Papillae, polygonal shaped, flat and coukd be found in vernal
conjunctivitis, superior limbic keratitis, and iatrogenic conjunctivitis. Cicatriks, in trachoma usually the direction of the cicatriks is parallel with
eyelids margin. Simblepharon, stickyness of tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva and kornea. Can
be found in chemical trauma or Steven Johnson Syndromes Hordeolum or Stye
Chalazion.
Inferior tarsal conjunctiva Konjungtiva tarsal inferior The abnormalities could be:
Cobble stone follicles. Papil.
cicatriks Hordeolum or Stye.
Chalazion.
Bulbar conjunctiva The abnormalities could be:
Discharge Conjunctival Injection, vasodilatation of superior conjunctival arteries
Cilliary Injection, vasodilatation of pericorneal arteries or anterior cilliaris arteries.
Episcleral injection, vasodilatation of episcleral vessels Subconjunctival bleeding.
Flickten, inflammatory surrounded with neovascularization on conjunctiva Simblepharon.
Degeneration plaque Pinguecula, conjunctival degeneration plaque in palpebral fissure area,
triangular shape in nasal and temporal cornea Pterygium, proliferation of fibrous tissues process with neovascularization on
conjunctiva, triangular shape with the apeks toward the cornea Pseudopterygium.
Flickten, inflammatory cells and neovascularization on the cornea.
3. Sclera
Abnormalities that coulb be found in sclera: Local or diffuse episcleral injection.
Nodulle.
4. Lacrimal Apparatus
The abnormalities includes: Epifora.
Stenosis or obstruction of lacrimal punctum Lacrmal sac inflammation Peradangan di sakus lakrimal.
Yellowish discharge or pus in lacrimal punctum
5. Pupil
Pupil abnormalities: Isokoria, similarities of shape and size of pupil in both eyes
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Anisokoria, the size of both pupil is different, found in monocular granuloma uveitis and Afferent pupillary defect
Midriasis, happened as a results of parasympatolitik drugs atropine, skopolamine atau sympatomimetik adrenaline and cocaine.
Miosis, happened in miotic spastics meningitis, ensephalitis dan ventrikel haemorraghe, morfine and antikolinesterase intoxication. In miotic paralitic
or simpatic parese as Horner syndrome, miosis, ptosis dan anhidrosis were the Trias.
Hippus, also known as pupillary athetosis, is spasmodic, rhythmic, but irregular dilating and contracting
pupillary movements between the sphincter
and dilator muscles
Pupil occlusion, pupil covered by inflammatory tissues in front of the lens Seklusi pupil, the whole pupil is attached to anterior lens
Leukokoria, white pupil or whitish reflex of the pupil. Can be found in cataract, retrolental fibroplasia, endophthalmitis, vitreous hyperplasia, high
myopia, retinal detachment andretinal tumour as retinoblastoma No pupil reaction, can be found in intoxication of mydriatics and miotic drug,
sphincter pupil rupture, posterior sinekia, blind
Light reflex and convergence
Positive light reflex, miotic effect when pupil get exposed to the light Negative light reflex, happened on sphincter pupillae rupture, no Light
perception patient, parasympatic abnormalities, drug induced angd posterior synekia
Convergence reflex consist of accommodation, miosis and convergence if there is a changes focus from far point to near point.
Kornea
Abnormalities of the cornea: Normal corneal diameter is 12 mm
Macrocornea: diameter of the corena is larger than normal Microcornea: diameter of the cornea is smaller than normal
Arkus senilis, whitish or grey ring in outer segement of cornea Corneal edema, the cornea is unclear and thickened, happened in congenital
glaucoma as well as acute glaucoma, after intra ocular surgeries, endothelial decompensation, trauma and corneal infection
Erosion, corneal epithelial detachment, give rise to positive fluourescein test Infiltrat, deposit of inflammatory cells on the cornea that makes cornea
unclear and positive placido test Pannus, inflammatory cells with neovascularization, usually at the superior
limbal area of the cornea, happened in trachoma, contact lens warpage, flicten, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis and corneal burn
Corneal Ulcer, loss half of corneal layer due to necrosis in infection or allergic condition
Corneal Xerosis, the dryness of the corneal surface and unclear cornea. Keratomalasia, softened and protruded cornea
Cicatriks, scar on the cornea, consist of nebula, macula and lecoma Leukoma adheren, cornea is attached to the iris
Corneal Staphyloma, protrusion of the cornea due to corneal ulcer or cornea become thin with exposed uvea in the back of the cornea
Keratik presipitat, inflammatory cell in the corneal endothel
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6. Anterior Chamber
