v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
List of Abbreviations, Symbols, and Nomenclatures xiv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study
1 1.2
Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective
4 1.4
Scope 4
1.5 Project Potential
5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Durian
6
2.1.1 Durian shell 7
2.1.1.1 Pore distribution 7
2.1.1.2 Pore characteristic 8
vi
2.1.1.3 Chemical composition of durian shell 11
2.2 Pulping
12 2.2.1 Chemical pulping
12 2.2.1.1 Soda pulping
13 2.3
Green Magnetic Sheet 13
2.3.1 Lumen loaded method 14
2.4 Superhydrophobic
14 2.4.1 Technique 1: dip coating technique using stearic acid
16 2.4.2 Technique 2: blending polymer via disintegration technique
18 2.4.3 Technique 3: drop coating using modified silica
19 particles and polystyrene PS emulsion
2.5 Material Characterization and Analysis
20 2.5.1 Scanning electron microscopy SEM
20 2.5.2 X-ray diffraction XRD
21 2.5.3 Contact angle meter
22 2.5.4 Tensile strength test
24 2.5.5 Tear strength test
25
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 26
3.1 Introduction
26 3.2
Experimental Materials 28
3.2.1 Raw material 28
vii
3.2.2 Chemicals and other materials 29
3.2.3 Experimental equipment 29
3.3 Experimental Methods
29 3.3.1 Sample preparation
29 3.3.2 Pulping
30 3.3.3 Preparation of green magnetic sheet by using
31 lumen loading method
3.3.4 Preparation for superhydrophobic green magnetic sheet 31
3.3.4.1 Technique 1: dip coating technique using stearic acid 31
3.3.4.2 Technique 2: blending polymer via disintegration 32
technique 3.3.4.3 Technique 3: drop coating using modified silica
32 and polystyrene PS emulsion technique
3.3.5 Characterization of superhydrophobic green magnetic sheet 33
3.3.5.1 Morphological analysis 33
3.3.5.2 Water absorption analysis 34
3.3.5.3 Mechanical testing 34
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 36
4.1 Introduction
36 4.2
Surface Morphology of Green Magnetic Sheet From 36
Different Technique
viii
4.2.1 Technique 1: dip coating technique using stearic acid 37
4.2.2 Technique 2: blending polymer via disintegration technique 39
4.2.3 Technique 3: drop coating using modified silica 41
particles and polystyrene emulsion technique 4.3
Water Contact Angle of Superhydrophobic Green Magnetic Sheet
43
4.3.1 Technique 1: dip coating technique using stearic acid 44
4.3.2 Technique 2: blending polymer via disintegration technique
44 4.3.3
Technique 3: drop coating using modified silica particles 45
and polystyrene emulsion technique 4.4
The Mechanism of Technique Used in Superhydrophobic Green 45
Magnetic Sheet Making 4.4.1
Technique 1: dip coating technique using stearic acid 46
4.4.1.1 Effect of stearic acid on superhydrophobicity of 46
green magnetic sheet 4.4.1.2 Effect of polymer latex on green magnetic coated
47 sheet
4.4.1.3 The influence of dipping treatment on water 47
contact angle 4.4.2 Technique 2: blending polymer via disintegration technique
48 technique
4.4.2.1 The effect of polyethylene PE in disintegration 48
technique
ix
4.4.3 Technique 3: using modified silica particles and polystyrene 49
emulsion technique 4.4.3.1 Effect of silica particles and polystyrene emulsion
49 4.4.3.2 Effect of polystyrene particles
51 4.5
The Best of Superhydrophobic Surface Technique In Green 51
Magnetic Sheet Making 4.6
Mechanical Properties of The Best Superhydrophobic Surface 52
of Green Magnetic Sheet 4.6.1 Tensile properties of green magnetic sheet using technique 1:
52 dip coating with stearic acid
4.6.2 Tear properties of green magnetic sheet using technique 1: 54
dip coating with stearic acid
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 56
