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meaning of the base to which it applies O’Grady Dobrovolsky, 1989:99. In this, the prefixes ante-, fore-, post-, pre- create new words without changing the category
of the stems. Second, from the thesis’s discussion about the meanings of the prefixes, especially by referring to the additional meanings this research found out that those
prefixes does not merely show the time. The meanings are in some extent showing the sequence of place, instead of the sequence of time. Third, concerning the
morphophonemic process, the prefixes ante-, fore-, post-, pre- only undergo the stress shifts. Yet the stress shifting is with no definite rules to each of the derived words
with those prefixes. The current research is similar to the thesis composed by Artasari. First, the
research is about morphological analysis. Second, the discussion is about the English prefixes derived from Latin. However, the current research developed another
English prefixes that show measurement, namely prefixes of mega-, macro- , poly- and multi- which are still widely used and still possible to be formed new words.
2.2 Review of Related Theories
This section presents the theories concerning the affixation, word classes and meaning. The theories are as the followings:
1. Affixation A morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there
is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed Fromkin, Blair, Collins, 1991: 67. As the smallest meaningful unit, a morpheme
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cannot be furtherly divided without destroying the meaning Gleason, 1958: 53. For instance, the words table cannot be separated into ta and ble or beautiful into beau
and ti and ful. Those fragments are meaningless as it talks about the morpheme and not syllable instead.
In general, English morphemes are divided into bo und and free morphemes. Bound morphemes consist of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes attaching to the
beginning of stems, while suffixes are added at the end of stems http: cla.calpoly.edu~jrubbamorphmorph.over.htmtop. In short, bound morpheme is a
morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word. A bound morpheme must be attached to another morpheme or words. Free morpheme, on the other hand, is a
morpheme that is able to stand alone as an independent without attaching to another morpheme or words.
Affixes belong to bound morphemes. Based on their function, affixes can be further distinguished into two classifications, namely inflectional and derivational
morphemes. Both the inflectional and derivational morphemes form words in different ways. Inflectional morpheme do not change the meaning of the stems,
instead it can only modify the form of a word so that it can fit syntactically Katamba, 1993: 51. For example, the suffix –s means plural, in books; present tense in sleeps;
or a third person singular in he walks. Unlike the inflectional morphemes, the derivational morphemes form words
either first by changing the meaning of the base to which the morphemes are attached for example the adjectives kind and unkind, which has the opposite meaning; or the
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verbs obey and disobey, which also has the opposite meaning. Or second by changing the word-class that a base belongs to, for instance the adjectives kind and simple
added by the suffix –ly will be producing the adverbs kindly and simply Katamba, 1993: 47-51. The first way means that the word classes of the stem is similar to those
of the derived words, while the second way means that the general meaning of the word is the same but the word class of the stem is no longer similar to those of the
derived words. The elements of an affixation is the affixation process namely the process of
word formation by way of adding prefix, infix, circumfix, and suffix Gleason, 1958: 59. Most of English words are formed through an affixation process. The derived
words can be nouns, verbs, adjectives and also adverbs. Nominalization is a process of the formation of a noun from a verb or an adjective. Some of English
nominalization are suffixes –al in approval, -ment in department, -ity in ability, -ship in friendship, -ism in dualism, -ion in ration. Verbalization is a process of the
formation of a verb from a noun or an adjective. The examples of derivational morphemes that form verbs are the suffixes –ify in modify, -en in deep en, -ize in
verbalize or prefixes dis- in disable and en- in enable. Adjectivization is a process of the formation of an adjective from a noun or a verb Several English suffixes function
to form adjectives are -able in comfortable, -ful in helpful, -ish in boyish; or prefixes in-
in inaccurate, un- in undo. Adverbialization is a process of the formation of an adverb from an adjective. Most of English adverbs are derived words that are formed
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from an adjective by adding the suffix –ly for instance expressive ly, consciously, adequately. Dwijatmoko, 2004: 13.
2. Word Classes Word classes or lexical categories are the specifications of the word’s lexical
entry. There are four major lexical categories in English namely, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Those lexical categories can be differentiated based on their
specific characteristics, like the followings: The first category, a noun is a word that can be used at certain points in the
structure of a sentence. The word work is a noun since it can fill the gap in He always did the his_____ perfectly
. A noun may be a proper noun like George, George Lamb, New York or common noun like friends, desk, birds or inanimate as New York, desk,
wing. A noun can be combined with a demonstrative such as this, that, these, those like in this chair, that man, these books, those people Close, 1975: 3. Most nouns
have a special form for the plural engine- engines, and can be preceded by definite article the or indefinite article a or an Radford, Atkinson, Britain Clahen, 1999:
147-148. A verb, the second category, is a word that can fill the gap in the sentence His
brothers _____ in a factory Close, 1975: 3. A verb usually refers to activities and
have many forms based on the tenses of the sentences. The word work for example, has forms works-worked-working. A verb cannot be preceded by either definite or
indefinite article Radford, Atkinson, Britain Clahen, 1999: 147-148. There are
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various ways in classifying the verbs. Relating to the different types of object and complement, there are intensive, extensive, transitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
as well as monotransitive verbs. Third category, an adjective typically refers to properties or things posses and
is used to modify nouns, for example happy man; noisy engine Radford, Atkinson, Britain Clahen, 1999:148. Mostly, adjectives can be modified by the intensifier
very, like The children are very happy. Also, most can take comparative and superlative forms. The comparison may be used inflections, for example The children
are happier now, They are the happiest people I know or by using the intensifier more
or most as in These students are more diligent or They are the most beautiful paintings I have ever seen
Quirk Greenbaum, 1973: 114. Relating to the meaning, adjectives contain several meanings. Some adjectives express a condition or
quality of which there are degrees; in which case is called gradable, e.g., good there are degrees goodness. Then, a high degree very good, an excessive good too
good, a sufficient degree good enough, or insufficient good not good enough. Also, a comparison of good, namely a positive good good, a comparative good
better, and a superlative good best. Certain adjectives referring to shape round,
tall or size big, narrow that can only modify nouns. Like verbs, adjectives can refer to action, although they are more often stative, like foolish in George was being
rather foolish Close, 1975: 20.
The last category, an adverb, typically modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. An adverb indicates how, when or why something happened or the degree to
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which a property characterizes an individual or event Radford, Atkinson, Britain Clahen, 1999:148. The most common characteristic of the adverb is morphological
since the majority of adverbs have the derivational suffix –ly. There are two types syntactic function that give characteristics to the adverbs, which are adverbial and
modifier of adjective and adverb. As an adverbial, adverbs function as an element other than subject, verb, object and complement in a sentence. While as a modifier,
adverbs can only modify adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, noun phrase Quirk Greenbaum, 1973: 125-128.
3. Meaning The meaning in linguistic is primarily concerned with two meanings. First, it
refers to meanings attached to linguistic units and second, meanings attached to patterns or arrangements of units. The division of meanings is due to the difference
between lexical and grammatical meaning. Lexical meanings are usually considered to be the meanings of word, while grammatical meanings are usually concerned with
the relation between words and the things the words denote. Different arrangement of same words can convey different meaning. The meaning of dog hates cat will be
different from cat hates do Dineen, 1967: 15
2.3 Theoretical Framework
