For
Verb account
admire allow
bargain beg
blame bound
bless bid
book compete
dance deliver
deserve except
fight fish
forage forgive
feel insure
last look
long lust
leave make
neglect owe
pine pity
prepare punish
qualify rent
reward run
sacrifice scavenge
search sell
start thank
vote wait
walk wish
watch yearn
Adjectives unappropri
ate bound
certain convenient
eager famous
fit free
unfit hard
hungry important
late necessary
unprepared qualified
unready real
ripe unsuitable
sure sorry
sufficient useful
Nouns admiration
affection affinity
appreciation application
argument battle
contempt claim
case candidate
contender competition
campaign disdain
dislike disregard
disrespect distaste
design demand
desire enthusiasm
fight hatred
love Lust
mania nostalgia
partiality passion
predilection plan
proposal plea
petition request
struggle wish
weakness vote
b. Preposition to
As a preposition, the basic spatial meaning of to is used to express certain verbs of giving and sending such as transmit, forward, redirect, communicate,
distribute, transfer, grant, etc. – as well as with verbs of intended or potential giving or sending such as allot and assign Lindstromberg, 2010: 233. Moreover,
according to Close 1975: 166, the preposition to expresses relationship in space. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The following are the views of preposition to referring to movement or position in space.
i. In relation to a point, or dimension unspecified
X Go to X
Y X
Go from X to Y Y
Go back to Y
ii. Analysis of going to X
X We are cominggetting to X
iii. In relation to a surface, two dimensions
Go on to the platform
iv. In relation to a space, three dimension
Come in to my office
Furthermore, to make a better understanding of the use of preposition to, the researcher provides the functions of preposition to along with the examples of each
function according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8
th
Edition as follows.
Table 2.3 The Functions of Preposition to taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8
th
Edition
No. Functions
Examples
1. To show the direction of something;
towards something
I walked to the office.
He’s going to Paris.
It was my first visit to Africa.
He pointed to something on the opposite bank.
2.
to the something of something located in the direction mentioned
from something
Place the cursor to the left of the first word.
There are mountains to the north.
3. To show something is as far as
something
The meadows lead down to the river.
Her hair fell to her waist.
No. Functions
Examples
4. To reach a particular state
The vegetables were cooked to perfection.
The letter reduced her to tears
5. To show the end or limit of a range or
period of time
A drop in profits from 105 million to around 75 million.
I like all kinds of music from opera to reggae.
I watched the programs from the
beginning to end.
6. To show something before the start
of something
How long is it to lunch?
It’s five to ten = five minutes before ten o’clock.
7. To show the person or thing that
receives something
He gave it to his sister.
I will explain to you where everything goes.
I am deeply grateful to my parents.
To whom did she address the letter?
8. To show the person or thing that is
affected by an action
She is devoted to her family.
What have you done to your hair?
9. To show that two things are attached
or connected
Attach this rope to front of the car.
10. To show a relationship between one
person or thing and another
She is married to an Italian.
The key to the door.
The solution to this problem.
11. To show something is directed toward;
concerning
It was a threat to world peace.
She made a reference to her recent book.
12. To introduce the second part of a
comparison or ratio
I prefer walking to climbing.
The industry today is nothing to what it once was.
13. To show a quantity or rate
There are 2.54 centimeters to an inch.
This car does 30 miles to the gallon.
14. To show an honor towards
somebodysomething
A monument to the soldiers who died in the war.
Let’s drink to Julia and her new job.
15. To show something happens while
something else is happening or being done.
He left the stage to prolonged applause.
16. To show somebody’s attitude or
reaction to something
His music is not really to my taste.
To her astonishment, he smiled.
17. To show what somebody’s opinion or
feeling about something is
It sounded like crying to me.
In this part, some examples of words verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns that are typically associated with preposition to are also provided. The following is the
list of each group of words.
Table 2.4 The List of Words Typically Associated with Preposition to
To
Verbs announce
apologize allot
assert attribute
appear attract
assign admit
attach beckon
boast brag
belong come
chat complain
change convert
communicate connect
correspond compare
confess conform
consent degenerate
distribute draw
redirect describe
explain fall
forward grant
give go
happen hasten
increase invite
join lead
lend lie
listen mention
object offer
present report
return relate
respond refer
remark repeat
reply report
sentence say
show speak
sell state
seem sound
submit supply
surrender talk
turn transmit
transfer taste
travel wave
write
Adjectives accustomed
adjacent allergic
answerable attentive
averse available
accessible close
courteous cruel
central comparable
contrary disloyal
deaf dear
due equal
equivalent essential
evident fair
faithful friendly
friendly generous
grateful harmful
hostile helpful
indifferent identical
immune impervious
indebted inferior
irrelevant kind
known loyal
liable nice
obedient obvious
open partial
parallel preferable
proportional peculiar
plain prone
rude sacred
sympathetic subordinate
superior susceptible
subject thankful
true unfair
unfaithful unkind
unaccustomed used
useful vital
vulnerable
Adverbs across
along away
back down
round
Noun friendliness
hostility helpfulness
mystery surprise
c. Indonesian Preposition untuk, kepada, ke, buat and bagi
The following are the theories of Indonesian prepositions untuk, kepada, ke, buat and bagi, which are provided to see the influence of the source language
Indonesian in the process of learning the second language English.
i. Indonesian Preposition untuk
Chaer states that the preposition untuk is used to reveal “aim” or “intended action” which precedes pronoun, as in a Beliau membawakan oleh-oleh untuk
kami, b Pupuk dikirim untuk para petani, c Ayah membeli sepatu untuk kami 2011: 136. Moreover, Ramlan 1980: 116 explains that the preposition untuk is
used to indicate “functions” of something, as in a Sampah lain yang masih tersisa diproses menjadi kompos yang dapat dijual untuk pupuk, b Bagian tengah
lapangan itu dibiarkan kosong untuk upacara.
ii. Indonesian Preposition kepada
The Indonesian preposition kepada is used to indicate “intended recipient”. It occurs before the object in a sentence in which the predicate of the sentence
means “directed towards something”, as in a Persoalan itu telah dilaporkan kepada gubernur, b harus melapor dulu kepada bagian keamanan Chaer, 2011:
131. Meanwhile, Ramlan 1980: 77 explains further about the use of Indonesian
preposition kepada according to its rules which can be seen as follows. a Kepada is used to indicate the “recipient”, meaning that the recipient
“receives” something form the “agent”. For examples: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
