text, and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the target language to preserve its meaning. Further, strategies of domesticating or foreignizing a TL
a a o g t a slato s, depe di g o the t a slato s goal, the lie t s pu pose, the genre of the text and its nature, but the judgment and vision of the
translator are still primary factors. There are some kind of domestication and foreignization. Here, the
researcher chooses translation strategy which are categorized into domestication and foreignization proposed by Davies in Judic
kaitė 9: .
Those strategies
can be seen in the table 1 below:
Table 2.1 Do esti atio a d Foreig izatio y Judi kaitė
9: 5 Domestication
Foreignization
Cultural Equivalent Preservation
Omission Addition
Globalization Naturalization
Translation by a more concretespecific word
Literal Translation Creation
Equivalent
From the table above, it is seen that there are six domesticating strategy. The explanation can be seen below:
a. Cultural Equivalent
Newmark 2003: 83 defines cultural equivalent as the replacement of a SL term with a target language one which is not accurate. In other words, it
means an act of translating a source language term with a roughly equivalent term of a target language. It is sometimes used to replace a SL term by a similar
term of the TL, when the SL term is difficult to understand in the culture of TL. For example:
SL
: Diana is trying her white wedding dress.
TL : Diana sedang mencoba kebaya putihnya.
Wedding dress is the clothing that worn by the bride in a wedding
ceremony. In Western cultures, the bride usually wears a white gown. However,
i I do esia, kebaya is a atio al lothes that is o o l o e a ide. The
epla e e t of eddi g d ess ith kebaya is not the most accurate
translation. However, it is easier to understand for Indonesian readers who are not very familiar with Western cultures.
b. Omission
Baker 1992: 40 states that it does not harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. Baker also claims that sometimes it is better to
omit a non-vital item that can be a distraction for the audience because of its lengthy explanation. Davies in Jaleniausk
ie ė a d Čičel tė 9: add that
omission can be justified when a translator cannot convey any meaning in the translation. Furthermore, he argues that, when the inclusion of a problematic
culture-specific item might create a confusing or inconsistent effect, it is better to omit it.
For example: SL
: This delicious dessert is made from yam, sweet potato and pumpkin.
TL : Hidangan penutup yang enak ini terbuat dari ubi jalar dan labu.
In this sentence, the word sweet potato is not realized into the TL. It is may be cause by the confusion of the translator. There are many people who
think that yam and sweet potato is the same thing, but actually there are some differences between them. Yams come from different plant all together -- theyre
of the family Dioscoreacea, while sweet potatoes belong to the family Convolvulaceae. The two veggies also originate from different parts of the world.
Yams from Asia and Africa and sweet potatoes from the tropical Americas http:www.aol.comarticle20151123yams-and-sweet-potatoes-are-not-
the-same-thing-heres-why21271105. c.
Globalization Davies in
Judi kaitė 9:
states that glo alization refers to the process of replacing culture-specific references with one which are more natural
or general, in the sense that they are accessible to audience from a wider range of cultural background. However, globalization may cause loss of effect in
translation, because the source language term is replaced by the one that has more general meaning.
For example: SL
: Many children like cupcake because it is sweet.
TL : Banyak anak-anak menyukai kue karena rasanya manis.
According to O ford Advanced Learner s Dictionar 2002: 323, a cupcake
or fairy cake in American English, means a small cake, baked in paper container shaped like a cup and often with icing on top. In this case, it translated into
Bahasa Indon esia as kue . I I do esia, kue is a general term to describe snack
and dessert foods. Therefore, the translator only translated a part of the meaning of the original word.
d. Translation by a more concretespecific word
This strategy is the opposite of globalization. This strategy is less popular, it is caused by the fact that it is easier to search for general term than a specific
one. So, the translator uses the hyponym of the word. For example:
SL : Rumah berlantai tiga itu sudah terjual kemarin.
TL : The three-story mansion sold yesterday.
According to O ford Advanced Learner s Dictionar 2002: 759, the word
a sio means a large impressive house. Because the house has three stories, it is assu ed that the house is la ge. The efo e, the o d mansio is used in the
se te e. The o d a sio is o e spe ifi that the o d u ah si e the t a slatio of the o d u ah is ho e o house .
e. Creation
Creation means the recreation of a SL term. In other words, creation means a creation of a SL term which is firmly or totally different from the ST or is
ot p ese t i the e Da ies, i Jale iauskie ė a d Čičel tė, 9:
. Da ies states that there are cases when translator creates term that are not found in
the original text. It means, the target text may contain references that are not present in the original text.
For example: SL
: ... ha e dis o e ed the delights of the Mirror of Erised. TL
: ... telah e e uka kesea ga a g isa didapat da i Cermin Tarsah. The e a ple is take f o Harry Potter and the Sorcerer s Stone . In the
o el, J.K. ‘o li g eates the o d e ised si pl writes it backward. The o d is desi e . The t a slato of the o el de ides to use the same method to
t a slate the o d e ised , usi g the o d ta sah , hi h is the backward e sio of the o d has at .
f. Equivalent
Vi a a d Da el et i Judi kaitė, 9: 9 state that e ui ale t o
established equivalent occurs when the same situation is rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. Equivalent
translation is the most domesticating strategy as it replaces the SL term with its TL equivalent.
For example: SL
: Mr. Smith likes rowing the boat.
TL : Tuan Smith suka mengayuh perahu.
The e a ple sho s that the “L boat is t a slated i to its TL e ui ale t, which is perahu.
Next, the foreignization also divides into five strategy. They are: a
Preservation Da ies i Judi kaitė,
9: des i es p ese atio as the st ateg
hi h is used he a e tit i the “T has o lose e ui ale t i the ta get culture. In such cases a translator may decide to keep the ST in translation. It
means, when preservation is used by a translator, the SL concepts are transferred exactly the same to the TL.
Preservation also can be used if the translated term carries different connotations but would be recognized more easily in its original meaning in the
SL. However, in some cases, there are times when a translator preserves the ST in order to maintain the effect of the original.
For example: SL
: It ould e like goi g up to a top A e i a usi ess a a d sa i g, T- bone steak
TL : Itu sama seperti menghampiri businessman
A e ika, da e kata, T- bone steak
The easo of the t a slato to p ese e the o d T- o e steak ight happen because there is no close equivalent in Bahasa Indonesia. There is a
possi ilit that the eade s a ot k o hat T- o e steak is, a d that could be another reason why the translator preserve the word to show there are many
kinds of steak available. b
Addition According to Davies
i Titišk tė 9:
additio o u s he a translator chooses to keep the original item but supplement the text with
whatever information is judged necessary. It means when the ST item is transferred to the TT, additional information is added by the translator, which
se es as a e pla atio of “T to the TT eade . Da ies i Jale iauskie ė a d Čičel tė
9: adds that t a slato s […] eed a good k o ledge of the
a kg ou d of thei ta get audie e if the a e to gauge a u atel […] hat supplementary information it is necessary included. Furthermore, Aixela in
Jale iauskie ė a d Čičel tė 9:
defi es additio as i fo atio that a be inserted within the text or in a footnote, gloss, introduction, and notes.
For example: SL
: I make my tea and fill a bowl with Shreddies.
TL : Aku menyeduh teh dan mengisi mangkuk dengan sereal Shreddies.
“h eddies is a popula a d of eakfast e eal i E gla d. “i e i Indonesia, cereal is not the main option for breakfast, the possibility of the
readers in Indonesia not knowing this brand of cereal is very high. Therefore, the o d se eal is added as the e pla atio of the p ope ou , “h eddies .
c Naturalization
Naturalization involved the process of adaptation of source item with respect to phonological andor morphological rules of the target language
Newmark, 2003: 82. In other words, naturalization basically transference in which a translator apply target language spelling and morphology and
pronunciation to the expression. For example:
SL : A week in an Italian villa and a top-salon haircut, and a Harvey Nichols
voucher... TL
: Menginap di vila di Italia selama seminggu, potong rambut di salon terkenal, dan voucher Harvey Nichols...
In the example, the word villa is naturalized in the translation by phonologically adapting it. The meanings of both words are the same, which
means a large and luxurious country residence. d
Literal Translation Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti 2000: 86 define literal translation as the
direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatical and idiomatically appropriate to TL text. However, some scholars consider literal translation to be more harmful
than useful, because it may present the target language audience with strange and odd expressions that actually are not in used in the TL. In response to this,
Vinay and Darbelnet 2000:78 say that literal translation is useful when the languages have more or less the same language systems and similar meanings
for certain expressions. For example:
SL
: Poppies ell-known dish is fish and chips.
TL : Masakan terkenal di Poppies adalah ikan dan keripik kentang.
I this e a ple, the t a slato lite all t a slated the o d fish a d hips i to ika da ke ipik ke ta g . The o d fish is e ui ale t ith ika i Bahasa
In do esia a d the o d hips is e ui ale t ith ke ipik ke ta g i Bahasa
Indonesia. The message of this term is successfully transferred although the o d hips is plu al a d a tuall is t a slated si gula i Bahasa I do esia.
2.5 Ecology Word
