There was no one inside the house. inside emphasize the
containment On
: Put the dishes on the table. on indicates the surface of
something-a floor, a wall, a ceiling, a desk, a street
On top of-He`s standing on top of the desk. on top of
emphasizes the uppermost horizontal surface. It is used with an object that has some height
At : He`s at school at church, at the store. at refers to a
general vicinity. Mere presence att a place is indicated
At is also used for addresses with street numbers-He lives At 200 Park Avenue but he lives on Park Avenue
b. Higher or lower than a point
Higher Over
: The plane flew over the mountains. over is felt to be
generally higher than a point Above
: He lives on the floor above us. above is felt to be directly
higher than a point
This distinction between over and above is not always
carefully observed. Lower
Under : A subway runs under this street. under is felt to be
generally lower than a point Underneath
: He swept the dirth underneath the rug. underneath express the idea of close under, especially so as to be
hidden Beneath
: Beneath a tree lay a dog fast asleep. beneath express the
idea of directly under, with some space between Below
: He live on the floor below us. below is felt to be directly
lower than appoint
c. Neighboring the point
Near : He lives near the university. near has the most general
meaning of neighboring a point. By is synonym for near.
Close to mean very near. Alongside
: The tug pulled up alongside the tanker. adjoining person
or things considered as line up, or side by side Beside
: He sat beside his two sons. on each side of person or
thing has two side if more than two person or things are
positioned around a point, among is used-He sat among
all his grandchildren. Opposite
: The museum is just opposite the post office. directly
facing someone or something else
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B. Contextual Teaching and Learning
1. The Understanding of CTL
According to Elaine B. Johnson in his book Contextual Teaching and Learning; what is it and why is it here?
said that: “The CTL system is an educational process that aims to help students see meaning in the academic
material they are studying by connecting academic subject with the context of their daily lives, that is, with the context of their personal, social, and cultural
circumstances ”
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. In this understanding, by using CTL system, a teacher should be able to help his or her students connect the subject material with the
context of their daily lives. It means the subject materials should go along with daily needs.
On the other hand, The Washington State Consortium for Contextual Teaching and Learning gives the definition: “Contextual teaching is teaching
that enables students to reinforce, expand, and apply their academic
9
Marcella Frank, Modern English: a practical reference guide,.......p.165- 166
10
Elaine B. Johnson, Contextual Teaching and Learning: What it is and why it is here to stay, Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press, Inc, 2006.p.25
