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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter explains the theories that are used to identify and analyze the data, which related to A Error, B Error Analysis, C Noun, and D Plural of
Noun.
A. Error
Learning the second or foreign language is a process that involves the making of mistakes, and even errors. In the new system of language, learner will directly
connect with such a new vocabulary, a new grammatical pattern and foreign pronunciation which are different from the learner‟s native language.
1. Definition of Error
According to Jeremy Harmer, the errors are part of the learner interlanguage that is the version of the language which a learner has at one
stage of development, and which is continually reshaped as she or he aims toward full mastery.
1
Dullay defined error as “the flawed side of learner speech or writing.”
2
They are those parts of conversation or composition that deviate from
11
Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching, London: Pearson Education Limited, 2001, p. 34
2
Heidi Dulay , Marina Burt and Stephen Krashen. Language Two. Oxford: Oxford University Press.,1982, p. 138
selected norm of nature language performance. Meanwhile, Brown defined error as “a noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of the native speaker,
reflecting the interlanguage competence of the learner.”
3
From the various definitions above, the writer has her own opinion about error. Error is wrong forms that the pupil could not correct even if their
mistakes were to be pointed out. Error is usually compared with mistake. Corder was careful to
distinguish between them. “Mistakes are akin to slips of the tongue. That is, they are generally one-time-only events. The speaker who makes a mistake is
able to recognize it is a mistake and correct it if necessary. An error, on the other hand, is systematic. That is, it is likely to occur repeatedly and is not
recognized by the learner as an error.”
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It is caused by lack of knowledge about target language English or by incorrect hypothesis about it.
Corder also differentiates three kinds of errors made by native learner, they are :
a Lapses, it is an error that occur because of the speakers change the way
how they say it before they finish the sentence, and also because of the slip of the tongue or we can also call it slip of the pen. Lapses can arise
out tiredness, nervousness; or false starts confusion of structure, etc. b
Error, it is an error that occurs because of the speakers broke the language rules, such as ; the speakers do not use the appropriate
tenses, and the appropriate words.
3
H. Douglas Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 3
rd
ed., New York: Prentice Hall, Inc,.1994, p. 205
4
Susan M. Gass and Larry Selingker, Second Language Acquisition an Introductory Course, 3
rd
Ed., New York and London: Routledge Taylor Francis Group, 2008, p.102
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