The summary of the number of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other lexical categories that used within intrasentential switch cases and its percentage could be
seen in the table below:
No. Lexical Category
Frequency Percentage
1. Nouns
37 53
2. Verbs
18 26
3. Adjectives
13 18
4. Others
2 3
The total number and percentage 70
100 Table 4.3: The Summary of the Frequency of Lexical Category in
Intrasentential Switch From the table above, the data resulted that noun was the most frequent
lexical category that Facebook users used within the intrasentential switch, which resulted with 38 numbers of evidences and the percentage of its occurrence was
53 of the total occurrence.
B. Identification of the Possible Reasons for Code Switching
In order to identify the reasons for employing code switching within a social networking website Facebook, it was important for the researcher to
interpret the data collected, in this context was the data recorded from the participants. Since this was a qualitative research, thus, one of characteristic of
this type of research was interpretative. Rossman and Rallis 2003 as cited by Marshall and Rossman 2006, p. 2 discussed further about this:
They say that qualitative research a is naturalistic, b draws on multiple methods that respect the humanity of participants in the study, c focuses
on context, d is emergent and evolving, and e is fundamentally interpretive.
The fact that interpretation was needed as one of main key in a qualitative research was also asserted by Merriam. Merriam 2002, p. 3-4 stated about this:
The key to understand qualitative research lies with the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individuals in interaction with their world. There
are multiple constructions and interpretations of reality that are flux and change over time. And qualitative research tries to understand what those
interpretations are at a particular point in time and in a particular context.
Therefore, in order to comprehend a qualitative research, the process to interpret of what being studied was significantly needed. Since it was significant to
interpret the data, it was also important for the researcher to have a good interpretation skill. A good interpretation skill possessed by the qualitative
researcher would lead better analysis of the data. Marshall and Rossman 2006 supported this basic capacity in order to identify and to analyze the data. They
stated that the qualitative researcher must have an immense interpretive capacity and an instict to construe the data collected from the participants.
The main focus of the interpretive process in this research was to obtain in-depth comprehension toward the language phenomenon through the
identification of it reasons. There were theories from linguists and purposes of employing code switching stated by Facebook users that being studied. Their data
of their purposes of employing code switching in a social networking Facebook were documented in the form of data recorded, which, later, translated and
transcripted into written texts. The researcher could conclude that there were three possible reasons why they employed code switching within their writings. First,
they employed code switching because of their lingustic deficiency. Second, code
switching was employed within their Facebook pages in order to get social recognition. Third, it was employed because they wanted to be closer to the
readers. 1.
Linguistic deficiency
Many Facebook users mixed their language because they did not find appropriate words in Bahasa Indonesia to express what they wanted to tell.
Moreover, the employment of English words or phrases would closely express the meaning of the information they made. This reason was appropriate with one of
reason stated by Crystal 1987 as cited by Skiba 1997 which stated that the speaker might not be able to communicate her or his expression in one language,
therefore, she or he switched the language in order to fill up the linguistic deficiency problem. The existences of linguistic deficiency were presented in the
terms like software bookmark, browser, drop, and wedges. They explained that they faced difficulties to find the right meaning in Bahasa Indonesia of such
English terms, and by switched their linguistic repertoire into English, they could find the more precise meaning of sentences that they had. The following were the
examples of code switching cases that written by Facebook users because of their linguistic deficiency
a. ada yang tau software bookmark yang jitu....tanpa terpengaruh sama
browser-nya...??? Participant 13, 22 November 2009, 21.00 WIB
b. Hape mati. Btrei nge-drop. Buang aja lah Participant 25, 24 November
2009, 11.45 WIB c.
Ga konsen Pikiran gw penuh dengan wedges : Participant 27, 25
November 2009, 08.00 WIB
The English terms that showed above were difficult to be translated into Bahasa Indonesia, and if it were translated into Bahasa Indonesia then the
meaning would be awkward to be read. Therefore, the Facebook users switched the words in the sentences they wanted to share with other users into English
words or terms. 2.
Social recognition
Facebook users juxtaposed English words, phrases, and or full sentences within their writings because they wanted to be seen as well-educated by other
Facebook users. This reason arose since many Facebook features could be seen by other Facebook users and possibly, it was not because of the limited vocabulary of
Bahasa Indonesia. This particular motive was also supported by Wardaugh 1992 who stated that people switched their code because they wanted to distinguish
social and cultural distance. Although they wanted to be seen as educated by other Facebook users, they also made some errors within their utterances. However,
those utterances which were inappropriate in the usage could be understood by other Facebook users.The examples below were the evidences made by some
Facebook users. a.
ahayyy...akhirnya chip-chip ku sedikit2 kembali Participant 45, 29
November 2009, 16.33 WIB b.
salut buat band band yg dilanda LDR para personilnya... : Participant
18, 4 December 2009, 08.15 WIB From the examples above, it was shown that Facebook users employed
noun reduplication and juxtaposed them with Indonesian utterances. Noun reduplication was allowed in Bahasa Indonesia to indicate the plural form of noun.
For instance, when saying ‘planets’, Indonesian tended to reduplicate the noun. The examples of the noun redulication were shown below.
a. planet-planet itu mengelilingi matahari.
b. benda-benda ruang angkasa itu jatuh di Laut Jawa.
It was also clear that English language rules did not allow employ the same nouns simultaneously. Instead of employing double nouns, Longman
Dictionary of Grammar and Usage suggested that in order to indicate plural noun, the form of nouns should be formed by adding –s or –es in the end of the singular
form. Therefore, the corrected nouns should be ‘chips’ and ‘bands’. Facebook users also made other errors when employing code switching
within their sentences. Those errors were 1 misplacing the order of noun group, 2 lacking one letter in word, 3 misplacing the adjective after noun, and 4 using
inappropriate word. The evidence of those errors were as follows: a.
ada yang tau software bookmark yang jitu....tanpa terpengaruh sama
browser-nya...???Participant 13, 22 November 2009, 21.00 WIB b.
baru nge-upload barang baru di album import..di liat2 ya teman2, kalo ada
yang di suka lansung sms aja ke no hp eva ato kirim pesan ke inbox...stock terbatas, jangan ampe kehabisan..happy shopping... Participant 23, 24
November 2009, 11.15 WIB c.
kapan yak shoping bareng2 lagi... Participant 68, December 3
rd
, 2009, 12.06 WIB
d. kerja sambil makan rujak yang puedees sambil dengerin musik dgn
volume full, terbukti ampuh ngilangin ngantuk... : Participant 83,
December 4
th
, 2009, 18.05 WIB
From the examples of evidences, Facebook users misplaced the order of noun group as shown in example a and b. The noun group of ‘software
bookmark’ and ‘album import’ should be corrected with ‘bookmark software’ and ‘import album’. Example c shown that Facebook users employed an English
word but the user failed to type the correct word. The proper English word of ‘shoping’ was ‘shopping’. While in the example d, the Facebook users
misplaced the adjective after noun. According to Longman Dictionary of Grammar and Usage, the adjectives were normally placed before the relevant
noun. Therefore, the adjective phrase should be ‘full volume’.
3. The choice of topic
The third reason was the choice of topic. The Facebook users had special terms related to the topic under discussion that should be used. Every topic might
have some specific terms which were sometimes very difficult to be translated to another language. The examples of the choice of topic were as follows:
a. ayah n bagus d rumah ya...bunda mau ke salon dulu....facial treatment...
Participant 38, November 29
th
, 2009, 17.05 WIB b.
menikmati hair spa..indahnya menjadi wanita.. Participant 47, November
29
th
, 17.14 WIB From the examples above, we could conclude that the topic under
discussion was about salon or something related to female special treatment. Bahasa Indonesia did not have an exact term to describe the term ‘facial
treatment’ and ‘hair spa’. Therefore, Facebook users switched the special terms into English and juxtaposed them with Bahasa Indonesia.
The summary of the number of possible reason for doing code switching within social networking website Facebook and its percentages could be seen in
the table below:
No. Reason
Number of Participant
Percentage
1. Linguistic Deficiency
11 55
2. Social Recognition
6 30
3. The Choice of Topic
3 15
The total number and percentage 20
100 Table 4.4: The Summary of the Number of Possible Reason for Doing
Code Switching within Social Networking Website Facebook From the table above, the data resulted that 11 of 20 participant affirmed
that linguistic defiency was the reason why they are doing code switching mostly within their pages, with the percentage of the reason was 53 of total participants.
53
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter intended to accommodate final results of this research and some suggestions for this research. The final results were the answers to the research
questions of this study. The research questions were 1 what types of code switching occur in social networking website Facebook? 2 what are the reasons
for code switching within social networking website Facebook? The suggestions were presented for future research of code switching.
A. Conclusions
1. The Types of Code Switching in Social Networking Website Facebook
The reseacher identified that there were three types of code switching which existed within social networking Facebook. The three types of code
switching occurring in social networking website Facebook are as follows: a.
Tag-switching The component like tags, sentence fillers, or interjections of one language
placed within sentence in another language. b.
Intersentential switch The switch occurred between a clause or sentence boundary.
c. Intrasentential switch
The language switch happened within the sentence and its variety could be in the form of words, phrases, and or clauses.
