15 motivated. If they perceive something as interesting, they will be motivated. It can
be said that if the students have negative perception, they will have no or be less motivated. Otherwise, if the students have positive perception, they will have high
motivation. Thus, perception, motivation, and learning are affecting by the other two.
Not only motivation predisposes learning but also learning affects motivation likewise perception influences motivation.
3. Theory of Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is the children‟s process of making sense of the world around them based on the function of age and experience; it seeks to
explain the intellectual abilities that occur during the development. Jean Piaget as cited in Slavin 1991 divides the children progress through four stages. These
four stages are:
a. Sensorimotor Stage
A child is from birth to two years is included in this stage. During this age, babies and young children explore their world by using their senses and motor
skills. Their thought derives from sensation and movement. They recognize the surrounding through appearance, sound, and touch of object one another. They
also begin to make use of imitation, memory, and thought in very simple way.
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16
b. Preoperational Stage
The approximate age is two to seven years. In this stage, children gradually develop the use of language and ability to think in symbolic form. Their
thinking is influenced by fantasy. They create their own imagination. For example, they can pretend their toy car across the couch as a bridge. They also
learn to represent ideas and thought in ways of imitation, drawing, mental image, and through spoken language. They also have difficulties to see another person‟s
point of view.
c. Concrete Operational Stage The age is about seven to eleven years old. The children at this stage
develop the capacity for logical reasoning. They begin to think abstractly and conceptualize. They create logical structures that explain his or her physical
experiences. The fundamental difference between preoperational and concrete operational stage is that the children in preoperational stage respond to perceived
appearances, whereas, the children in concrete operational stage respond to inferred reality.
d. Formal Operational Stage
The operational stage begins in most people at age eleven and continues into adulthood. It means that Senior high school students as the participants of the
research are included in formal operational stage: children or adolescents in this stage have ability to think hypothetically and use logic to solve problems such as
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17 consider alternatives, identify all possible combinations, and analyze one‟s own
thinking. Moreover, they become very focused on their own ideas. Although, they also do not deny that other people may have different perception and belief. Piaget
as cited in Woolfolk 1995 also adds that adult may be able to use this formal- operational thought in areas in which they have greatest experience or interest. It
means that teachers should be able to facilitate fun learning or attractive teaching- learning process to their students. In addition, teaching children or adolescents in
this stage may be wide ranging because heshe will be able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives.
4. Theory of Learning English using the Internet a.
