Genre REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Genre

According to L. Gerot and P. Wignell 1994:17 that “genre is one of the most important and influential concepts in language. A genre can be defined as a culturally specific text-type which results from using language written or spoken to help accomplish something.” So, genres are cultural specific, and have associated with them: a. Particular purposes b. Particular stages : distinctive beginnings, middle and ends c. Particular linguistic features Students are taught these features and a language for talking about language in the context of learning how these features contribute to the overall meaning of texts they are reading or writing. Most people appreciate the fact that narratives stories and procedures a set of instructions for doing something, for example, differ in purpose and in the way they begin, develop and end. The significance of characteristic linguistic features that unfortunately seems least understood. 2.1.1 Teaching narrative text effectively “Because learning process comes though experience” Martin’s 1984 taken from Making Sense of Functional Grammar; L. Gerot and P. Wignell;1994:231. By sharing knowledge, experience and giving information, directions, or ideas, so through learning narrative the students can share the story, 6 give information related to the topic include describing events of the story and the students can be able to develop their ideas particularly. 2.1.2 Genre-Based Writing Teaching Genre-based teaching is concerned with what learners do when they write. This concept allows writing teachers to identify the kinds of texts that students will have to write in their target occupational, academic, or social contexts and to organize their courses to meet these needs. Curriculum materials and activities are therefore devised to support learners by drawing on texts and tasks directly related to the skills they need to participate effectively in the world outside the classroom. 2.1.3 Advantages of Genre-Based Writing Moreover, Ken Hyland 2004:10-11 states that “a number of advantages are often given for the use of genre-based writing instruction. The main advantages can be summarized as follows.” Genre teaching is: a. Explicit: makes clear what is to be learned to facilitate the acquisition of writing skills. b. Systematic: provides a coherent framework for focusing on both language and contexts. c. Needs-Based: ensures that course objectives and content are derived from student needs. d. Supportive: gives teachers a central role in scaffolding student learning and activity. e. Empowering: provides access to the patterns and possibilities of variation in valued discourses. 7 f. Critical: provides the resources for students to understand and challenge valued discourses. g. Consciousness raising: increases teacher awareness of texts to confidently advise students on their writing. 2.1.4 Genre across the Curriculum Martin’s 1984 taken from Making Sense of Functional Grammar; L. Gerot and P. Wignell;1994:231 By using the chart was explained that learning process comes through from experience. In CBC, the students allow to improve their spoken skill in order to the students can be able to speak fluently and their language can be understood easily. So, in this case the teacher pursued for using idioms which is used by native speakers in the teaching learning process. It means that the students are getting accustomed to listen and imitate the idioms. Hopefully the students were able to practice their spoken skill. Using this scale to interpret shifts in genre and in language, there is a general shift from text into action. In other words, students are situated close to the action to texts which interpret action. Genres chosen are taken from Abelson and Pateman 1988 by L. Gerot and P. Wignell 1994; 231: Action reflection Doing procedure protocol report argument Action reflection 8 Thus the patterns of genres will be determined by what the discourse is fundamentally trying to ‘do’ and trying to get students to do. 2.1.5 Implications for Learning and Teaching a. Student Learning Students need not only to be able to handle individual genres but also to be able to read and in the more advanced years of education, to write across genres. To do this effectively they need to be able to understand the purpose of each genre and its place in a set of genres. Therefore, they need to be able to cope with shifts in a language of various kinds. For example, typically in class the narrative end of the scale is often the focus: classroom writing tasks are often geared towards the students recreating historical events and imaging themselves as participants, L. Gerot and P. Wignell; 1994: 249. In other words, students need to be able to decide what to do or not to do independent of simply following instructions. So the ability to move from written instructions to action is essential. b. Teaching L. Gerot and P. Wignell; 1994: 250 stated that “explicit knowledge about the role of language in a subject area helps teachers in the design of materials and in the structure of units and courses.” In other words, when we teach in subject area, we can use textbooks or other materials and try to develop a picture of the key genres and how they fit together in our subject area in order to the materials can be understood by the students as subject area as clear as possible. 9

2.2 List of Texts type in Competency Based Curriculum CBC for Senior High School