Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field
i
OPTICAL REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS OF
ARICE FIELD
SYARA ILA FIRDA
DEPARTEMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
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THE THESISSTATEMENTAND
SOURCES OFINFORMATION
Herewith I declare that the thesis entitled Optical Reflectance
Analysis of a Rice Field is true of my work under the guidance of the
supervisor committee and has not been published in any form to any
college. Resources derived or quoted from works published and unpublished
from other writers mentioned in the text and listed in the References at the
end of this thesis.
Bogor, July 2013
Syara Ila Firda
NIM G74090031
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ABSTRACT
Syara Ila Firda.Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field. Supervised by
MUH. NUR INDRO and MAHMUD RAIMADOYA.
Basic of physics concept for applied by remote sensing as a lidar is the
basic concept of electromagnetic wave that have a relationship with light speed,
wavelength, and frequency. That component usually used to describe travel
energy in the sinusoidal wave form. The wavelength of electromagnetic wave can
show optical reflectance of the lidar data. It used to analyze the age of paddy and
rice field classification. The method of this research is analyze lidar data from the
NEST and Fugro-viewer Software. Rice field classification can be determine by
using reflectance wavelength in basic physics theory. In this research,
electromagnetic region of rice field wavelength for all band are ultraviolet region,
visible region, and near-infrared until middle-infrared region. The wavelength of
each paddy plot has range of 170-3580 nm with all of lidar band in aerial photo.
Keyword: Lidar data, Paddy, Reflectance, Wavelength
ABSTRAK
Syara Ila Firda. Analisis Pemantulan Optik Pada Lahan Sawah. Dibimbing
oleh MUH. NUR INDROdan MAHMUD RAIMADOYA.
Konsep dasar fisika dalam aplikasi penginderaan jauh seperti lidar
merupakan suatu konsep dasar gelombang elektromagnetik yang memiliki
hubungan antara kecepatan cahaya, panjang gelombang, dan frekuensi.
Komponen tersebut biasanya digambarkan sebagai bentuk energi berjalan dalam
gelombang sinosuidal. Panjang gelombang pada gelombang elektromagnetik
dapat memperlihatkan pemantulan optik pada data lidar. Data lidar ini digunakan
untuk menganalisis umur padi dan klasifikasi lahan sawah. Metode yang
dilakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis data lidar menggunakan
perangkat lunak NEST dan Fugro-viewer. Klasifikasi lahan sawah dapat diketahui
menggunakan pemantulan panjang gelombang dalam teori dasar fisika. Pada
penelitian ini, daerah elektromagnetik dari panjang gelombang pada lahan sawah
untuk semua kanal berada di daerah ultraviolet, daerah cahaya tampak, dan daerah
inframerah dekat hingga tengah. Panjang gelombang dari setiap plot padi
memiliki nilai sekitar 170-3580 nm berdasarkan semua kanal lidar di foto
permukaannya.
Kata Kunci:Data lidar, Padi,Panjang gelombang, Pemantulan
i
OPTICAL REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS OF
A RICE FIELD
The Thesis
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of
SarjanaSains
at The Department of Physics
DEPARTEMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
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ivi
Title
Name
NIM
:Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field
: Syara Ila Firda
: G740900031
Approved by,
Drs. Muh. Nur Indro, M.sc
Supervisor I
Ir. Mahmud Raimadoya, M.si
Supervisor II
Known by,
Dr. Ir.Irmansyah, M.si
Head of Applied Physics Division
Date:
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PREFACE
Praise and thankfulness to Allah SWT for giving bless, power, and
wonderful life that given to author for finished this research proposal named
“Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field”. Greeting also send to the
prophet Muhammad SAW becauseof his legacy had inspired author to get better
in every each day of life.
On this preface, I want to thankful to everybody that has supported me for
this research proposal. First, I would like to thank you to my parents which have
support me from the beginning of my life, thank you so much for advice and
motivation. I’m also want to thanks to my supervisor, Drs. Muh. NurIndro for the
every support and helpful my research. Next, I would like to thanks to Ir.
Mahmud Raimadoya for his support of my research process and method. And
then for my friend in Geophysical Department that help me for using remote
sensing software.
Thanks to all of my friends in Physics Department of IPB for support and
motivation that makes a spirit to finish this research proposal when the author
want to give up, especially for my beloved friend, nadia, kania, upri, helen, vina,
and indri. For the last, I want to thank you to my partner of my life,
Mawardiansyah that always give me a support and motivation.
Finally, I hope this research can more forward and developed in science and
technology. This research is far for perfect therefore author wants critic and
suggestion that build on this research to be better.
Bogor,July2013
Syara Ila Firda
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
Problem Formulation
2
Research Purpose
2
METHOD
2
Study Area
2
The Instrument of Research
2
Research Procedure
2
Intensity of Reflectance
3
Physic Formulation
3
The Area of Each Rice Terraces
4
RESULTANDDISCUSSION
5
The Electromagnetic Region
5
The Classification of a Rice Field
8
CONCLUSIONAND SUGGESTION
10
Conclusion
10
Suggestion
10
REFERENCES
11
CURRICULUM VITAE
20
THE LIST OF FIGURE
1 Wave Propagation
4
2 The Flow Chart of Research
5
3 Intensityversus thewavelengthreflectanceatband1
6
4 Intensityversus thewavelengthreflectanceatband2
7
5 Intensityversus thewavelengthreflectanceatband3
7
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THE LIST OF TABLE
1
Band Classification
5
2
The Reference Paddy Information
6
3
Rice Field Classification
8
THE LIST OF APPENDIX
1 Observation Location Map (Area of Interest)
12
2 Digitization System in TheNEST software
13
3 Rice Field Overview in The Fugro-Viewer software
19
1
INTRODUCTION
Background
Remote sensing data can offer a powerful information source on vegetation
parameters, which are needed in all sort models describing processes at the
Earth’s surface. This research is using active sensor type of remote sensing,there
is Laser Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar). Mapping technology utilizes a laser
light detection and ranging (lidar) system and an airborne navigation system that
accurately tracks platform location and attitude to produce a dense array of
geographic coordinates from points where laser pulses are reflected off a surface.1
Lidar has grown in popularity for remote sensing from airborne platforms. It
works on the same principle as radar with pulses of laser light, which are
illuminate the Earth’s surface. The conventional version of lidar requires a laser
transmitter to launch short pulses of coherent light, and scattered from terrestrial
targets. Then records the return time to calculate based on the distance between a
sensor and the Earth’s surface.2
In each case, lidar systems possessing different wavelengths are selected to
record the elevation or depth (in bathymetric applications) of features. Typically,
lidar operates within eye-safe ranges and power levels in the visible and near- to
short-wave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by using laser.
The laser pulse does not travel with the speed of light,but with a packet
velocity of the coherent light packet, which is a little less than the speed of
light.3Since the packet velocity of the laser pulse can be considered invariant for
the distances commonly used ALS (Airbone Laser Scanning) practise, this return
time measurement can easily be converted to a distance by multiplying it with the
speed of the light packet.
Characteristic wavelength of the optical signals dependence allows the
measurement of the vegetation parameter in the rice field. This characteristic
wavelength can be analyzed using the basic theory of electromagnetic wave. The
basic of physics concept for applied by remote sensing are a relationship with
light speed, wavelength, and frequency that usually used to describe travel energy
in the sinusoidal wave form.4
Wavelength that are low in energy will complicate the process of sensing
and sensors operating. Therefore these wavelengths are relative to the large area
viewed of the Earth’s surface in order to obtain a detectable energy signal.2
Effective use of an electromagnetic radiation measured by a sensor. It is
depend on understanding the physical processes that control the transmission of
the electromagnetic radiation from the source to the target. The intensity of the
lidar transmission is determined objects reflectance.
The spectrum of electromagnetic wave is commonly divided into region for
convenience and by tradition within the field of remote sensing. Electromagnetic
waves is used for remote sensing at ultraviolet (UV) to middle infrared (MIR)
wavelength.
Ultraviolet region (100-380 nm) is very narrow zone of electromagnetic
radiation that lies between the X-rays region and visible region. Visible region
(380-780 nm) is narrow but well-used region since the short wavelength are of
2
high frequency and high energy. Near infrared (780-1500 nm) start of the region
beyond the red wavelength. Its like the visible region, and frequently used in
remote sensing. Middle infrared comprises two main portion: shortwave infrared
(SWIR, 1500-3000 nm) and MIR (3000-5000). Middle infrared radiation
measured by sensors can comprise a mixed signal of reflected radiation and
radiation emitted from the earth's surface.5,6
Problem Formulation
Based on the background described, the author propose problem
formulation in this research is how can Lidar data estimate the wavelength of
paddy by using the physical basis formulation about electromagnetic energy?
Research Purpose
The purpose of this study is determine the wavelength of paddy using Lidar
data with the physical basis formulation about electromagnetic energyfor geting
rice field classification.
METHOD
Study Area
The study was conducted in a west Bayah in Banten, close to Cilograng
Street. (Appendix 1) The study site had been scanned by laser for study purposes
several time in 25 March 2012. Source of data taken from PT. ASI Pudjiastuti
Geosurvey as a Lidar data.
The Instrument of Research
Lidar data used the laser scanner surveys. This provided a point cloud were
taken by ALS 70 (Airbone Laser Scanning) and aerial photo captured by Leica
RCD30 Medium Format Camera. The both of that instrument were on the Piratus
Porter PC6 plane. The aerial photo and point cloud of lidar data can be analysis by
using the NEST and Fugro-viewer Software. The every area of the rice plot can be
get by using ArcMap Software.
Research Procedure
The method of this research cunducted to analyze aerial photo and point
cloud of lidar data by using the NEST and Fugro-viewer Software.The
classification of a rice field can be determine by using reflectance wavelength in
basic physics theory. The intensity of the lidar transmission which is determined
objects reflectance that be show by the NEST program. The Area of each rice
terraces can be show with Arcmap program. It is a variabel to find the wavelength
using electromagnetic energy formulation combine the power energy and travel
energy formulation.
3
Intensity of Reflectance
First, paddy fields divided into 10 different plots using digitization
system in the NEST program. (Appendix 2) In every each plot of paddy field, the
intensity analysis of reflectance value is using by NEST program. The point cloud
of lidar data can be show every point in the form of LAS format by using Fugroviewer software. Intensity value for each paddy plot is searching for the average,
median and standard deviation value. Based on those value which are not much
different form paddy plot can be grouped.
Physic Formulation
Electromagnetic radiation provides the link between each component of
remote sensing system. It is a form one target to another through space and media
and behaves in two inseparable ways: as regular waves of energy and as rapidly
moving and indivisible particles or photons.4 The former is described by the basic
wave theory that combine with power energy and travel energy formulation.
Power is the rate of energy conversion per unit of time.7 Power, P, is determined
by
(1)
In the system, intensity (I) develops when power is distributed over area.8
Specifically, intensity is equal to power per unit area, or power divided by area
(A), or, conversely
(2)
The unit of power is watt. Thus,
. 6,9
(3)
Now this equation can be rewritten in a slightly different form,
(4)
Quantum theory describes electromagnetic radiation as composed of many
discrete units called quanta or photon. The use of the basic wave and quantum
theory of electromagnetic radiation are complementary and useful for
understanding the physical basis of remote sensing.4The radiant energy is
expressed as,
(5)
where h = Planck's contant, 6.62 x 10-34 J sec, and c = the velocity of light, 3 x
108.
is a wavelength of the electromagnetic wave that can be get with
substituted equation (4) and (5), so
(6)
4
Since the packet velocity of the laser pulse can be considered invariant for
the distances commonly used ALS (Airbone Laser Scanning) practise, this return
time measurement can easily be converted to a distance by multiplying it with the
speed of the light packet:
(7)
Note the number two in the denominator, which is due to the fact that the
laser pulse travels the distance between scattering element and emitter/receiver
twice (Figure 1).
is a little less than the speed of light, but can in most
computations be exchanged for the real speed of the light. 3 Subtitue equation (6)
to (7) and the equation given by,
(8)
Power
Transmite
Pulse
Received
Pulse
Optical and
Electronic Noise
Time
Range
Waveform
Samples
Figure 1. Wave Propagation 2
The Area of Each Rice Terraces
The area of each paddy plot was analyzed by using ArcMap program with
GeoTiff format. The analysis is used a digitation method, that must get the real
geoposition and geocoding first. The wavelength can be characterized through a
number of variables:4
(i) Speed: all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (c)
(ii) Planck constant describes the behavior of particle and waves at atomic
level as well as the particle nature of light.
(iii) The intensity (I) refers to the amount of object reflectance
(iv) Area is size of a surface part of the rice field
(v) Distance represents the range between the airbone plane and the target (z
or D)
5
Physic Formulation
The
electromagnetic
energy
LiDAR Data
Get the
intensity of
reflectance
from NEST
program
The power
energy
Digitization of
each paddy plot
in Arcmap
software for get
area value
Paddy field
overview
in FugroViewer
Software
Get the wavelength
formulation
Get
wavelength
Analysis with
the reference
Figure 2. The Flow Chart of Research
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Electromagnetic Region
In this research, electromagnetic region of reflectance wavelength for a rice
field to all band are ultaraviolet region (100-380 nm), visible region (380-780
nm), and near-infrared until middle-infrared region. The influence of each band on
the physic formulation result is investigated by reflectance wavelength using each
of the ten paddy plot. The third band classification had different wavelength
transmision and function. There is show in the Table 1.
Table 1. Band Classification
Band
Color
Band 1
Wavelength
Transmition
620-780 nm
Band 2
500-550 nm
Green
Band 3
440-500 nm
Blue
Red
The Function10
Absorb
chlorophyll,
Prediction
ofplant
classification
The measurement of light reflectance value or
chlorophyll absorption plant
For water and vegetation penetration and
mapping for coastal and land.
6
Table 2. The Reference Paddy Information
The Wavelength of
Paddy
649-665 nm
550 nm
554 nm
675 nm
>750 nm
804, 849, and 1074 nm
974 and 1219 nm
1633 and 2194 nm
2200 nm
Paddy Information
The age of paddy is 21 days11
related to chlorophyll content when a paddy field can be
regarded as a big leaf.12
chlorophyll reflection is maximal.15
corresponds to the absorption maximum of chlorophyll a in
the red spectrum. 15
leaf reflectance is not related to leaf chlorophyll but to leaf
sructure.13
determined by the arrangement of cells within the mesophyll
layer of leaves and by canopy structure, especially the number
of leaf layers along the vertical.15
associated with narrow water absorption regions, which are
sensitive to moisture content in leaves. 15
sensitive to ligninand related to protein absorption. 15
content of lignin, cellulose and protein (enzyme). This
enzyme is the most abundant nitrogen-bearing compound in
the green leaves and has a critical role in photosynthesis.12
The wavelength of band 1 has range of 620-780 nm with a red spectrum.
However the reflection for each paddy plot has a different range is 181-2525 nm
(Figure 3). This band serves to absorb chlorophyll, which can be used to help the
grouping of plants. Prediction of plant classification based on the absorption of
light by chlorophyll.10
Figure 3. Intensity versus the wavelength reflectance at band 1
7
Figure 4. Intensity versus the wavelength reflectance at band 2
Band 1 have different range of wavelength and function than another band.
The wavelength of band 2 has a range of 500-550 nm with green spectrum.
However the reflection for each paddy plot has a different range is 170-2148 nm
(Figure 4).This band is for the measurement of light reflectance value or
chlorophyll absorption plant as well as measurement of plant condition. 10
Figure 5. Intensity versus the wavelength reflectance at band 3
8
The wavelength of band 3 has a range of 440-500 nm with blue spectrum.
Whereas the wavelength reflection for each paddy plot has a range of 294-3580
nm (Figure 5). Actually, this band is dedicated for water and vegetation
penetration as well as mapping for coastal and land.10 Its not very effective for
vegetation classification of a rice field but it more useful to water analysis in the
wet land.
The Classification of The Rice Field
Referring to the fundamental analysis, i.e. the impact of the LIDAR bands
on the results only, the following findings can be stated the value of each paddy
plot is not much different are B, E, D plot has a range in ultraviolet region until
visible region and A, C, and G plot that have a range in red spectrum until midlle
infrared but in the band 3 those plot just in the infrared region. The classification
in each paddy plot can be show in Table 3.
Table 3. Rice Field Classification
Paddy
Plot
Plot A
Electromagnetic Lidar The
Region
Band Wavelength
of Paddy
Red Spectrum- Band 673-1023
Near
Infrared 1,2
nm
Region
Plot B
Visible Region
All
band
546-1067
nm
Plot C
Red Spectrum- Band
Near
Infrared 1,2
Region
674-1171
nm
Plot D
Visible Region
All
band
541-1083
nm
Plot E
Visible Region
674-833 nm
Plot F
Visible region
All
band
Band
2,3
Plot G
Red Spectrum- Band
Near
Infrared 1,2
(NIR) Region
518-604 nm
795-1241
nm
The age
of
Paddy.11
After 21
days but
not
really
far
21 days
Chlorophyll Absorption
and
Photosynthesis
Condition. 12,13,14,15
effective
chlorophyll
absorption, and have
active leaf structural
parameters
have a more effective
chlorophyll content, and
have active leaf structural
parameters
After 21 effective
chlorophyll
days but absorption, and have
not
active leaf structural
really
parameters
far
21 days
have a more effective
chlorophyll content and
effective
chlorophyll
absorption
21 days
effective
chlorophyll
absorption
Before
have a more effective
21 days
chlorophyll content and
the chlorophyll reflection
is maximal.
After 21 sensitive to moisture
days but content in leaves, and
not
have active leaf structural
really
parameters
far
9
Plot H
Plot I
Plot J
Near
Infrared
(NIR) - Short
Wave Infrared
(SWIR) Region
Short
Wave
Infrared(SWIR) Middle Infrared
(MIR) Region
Near
Infrared
(NIR) - Short
Wave Infrared
(SWIR) Region
All
band
974-2148
nm
All
band
1621-2261
nm
All
band
970-2227
nm
After 21 sensitive to moisture
days
content
in
leaves,
sensitive to lignin and
protein absorption
After 21 sensitive to lignin and
days
protein absorption, and
more
effective
photosynthesis
After 21 sensitive to moisture
days
content
in
leaves,
sensitive to lignin and
protein absorption, and
more
effective
photosynthesis
The previous researchers11 said that in the 21 days show the wavelength of
paddy from 649 nm until 665 nm.In this research, the paddy plot has a wavelength
in that region are plot B, plot E, plot D. Its means just plot B, plot E and plot D
has the value of wavelength is able to show the age of paddy is 21 days. This
analysis can be show another plot of paddy age. The age of paddy in the plot F has
a less days, before 21 days. Moreover, the another plot like plot A, plot C, plot G,
plot H, plot I, and plot J has a pass days, after 21 days but for plot A and C the age
of paddy is closer to that day.
The value of wavelength in 550 nm was related to chlorophyll content when
a paddy field can be regarded as a big leaf.12The paddy plot has a wavelength in
that region are plot B, plot E, plot D and plot F that have a more effective
chlorophyll content than another plot. In addition, the 554 nm band is located at
the green reflectance peak in the visible region, where chlorophyll reflection is
maximal.15
The wavelength at 675 nm corresponds to the absorption maximum of
chlorophyll a in the red spectrum.15The paddy plot has a wavelength in that region
are plot A, plot B,plot C, plot D and plot E that have a more effective chlorophyll
absorption than another plot.
Structural parameters play a key role in the incoming signal radiation
especially in the near-infrared region (>750 nm) where leaf reflectance is not
related to leaf chlorophyll but to leaf sructure.13The reflectance at 804, 849, and
1074 nm are mainly determined by the arrangement of cells within the mesophyll
layer of leaves and by canopy structure, especially the number of leaf layers along
the vertical. The 974 and 1219 nm bands are associated with narrow water
absorption regions, which are sensitive to moisture content in leaves.15The paddy
plot has a wavelength in that regionare plot A, plot B, plot C, and plot G that have
a active leaf structural parameters than another plot. The wavelength in 1219 nm
plot G, plot H and plot J that are sensitive to moisture content in leaves.
The wavelength at 1633 nm corresponds to the first overtone of N-H
absorption and the third overtone of NH 3 +NH deformation, in the short wave
infrared region, which is sensitive to lignin, and has been shown to be important
for vegetation parameter. The band at 2194 nm is located at the second peak of
SWIR region, and related to protein absorption.15The paddy plot has a wavelength
10
in that region are plot H, plot I and plot J that have a more sensitive to lignin and
protein absorption than another plot.
The value of wavelength in 2200 nm is to content of lignin, cellulose and
protein (enzyme). This enzyme is the most abundant nitrogen-bearing compound
in the green leaves and has a critical role in photosynthesis.12 The paddy plot has a
wavelength in that region are plot I and plot J that have a more effective
photosynthesis than another plot. However, in the band 2 that have green
spectrum for chlorophyll will likely be reflected, because in the process of
photosynthesis does not require energy in the green wavelength.14
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
This present study shows a relation between the intensity of reflectance and
the reflectance wavelength of a rice field. The main feature of this relation is the
intensity of reflectance decreases as when the wavelength increases. This
corresponds with the physical basis formulation about electromagnetic energy that
have empirical equation of this relation has been proposed.
The classification of a rice field can be determine by using reflectance
wavelength. In this research, electromagnetic region of reflectance wavelength for
a rice field to all band are ultraviolet region, visible region, and near-infrared
until middle-infrared region. The wavelength of each paddy plot has arange of
170-3580 nm with all of lidar band in aerial photo.
The paddy age of plot B, plot D, and plot E are 21 days in the wavelength
from 570.55 nm to 566.01 nm and have effective chlorophyll content including
plot F in the wavelength from 550 to 554 where chlorophyll reflection is maximal.
Plot A,plot C, and plot G have the older age but the different is not really far. In
this age, paddy have a more effective chlorophyll absorption and sensitive to
moisture content in leaves.
The paddy age of plot H, plot I, and plot J has a pass days, after 21 days.
These plot have a more sensitive to lignin and protein absorption and have a
content of lignin, cellulose and protein (enzyme). This enzyme is the most
abundant nitrogen-bearing compound in the green leaves and has more effective
photosynthesis.
Suggestion
For the further research, it is can be done with the spesific research for the
application of the physic formulation. Moreover, it also can be analyzed by
satellite data with more large area. In addition, it can be useful for topography
detection in the rice field or in the another area.
11
REFERENCES
1. Hartfield, Kyle A, et all. Fusion of High Resolution Aerial Multispectral
and Lidar Data: Land Cover in the Context of Urban Mosquito Habitat.
Remote Sensing. 2011;3:2364-2383.
2. Chu,Xinzhao. Lidar Remote Sensing. CU-BOULDER, FALL. 2012.
3. Morsdorf, Felix. LIDAR Remote Sensing for Estimation of Biophysical
Vegetation Parameters Remote Sensing Series 47. Zurich University:
Remote Sensing Laboratories. 2007
4. Boyd, D.S. Physical Basis of Remote Sensing. GEOINFORMATICS
Kingston University, UK. 2005;1.
5. ayuyui. Spektrofotometri. [22 june 2013]. http://ayuyui.wordpress.com
/2012/06/ 20 /spektrofotometri/. 2012.
6. Giwangkara S. Spektrofotometri Infra Merah. [22 june 2013].
http://persembahanku. wordpress.com/2007/06/26/spektrofotometri-inframerah/. 2007.
7. Schobert, Harold H. Energy and Society. New York, Taylor & Francis.
2002.
8. Gelfrand,Stanley A. Essentials of Audiology. New York, Thieme Medical
Publishers. 2009.
9. Newell, Philip. Recording Studio Design. Burlington, USA: Elsevier Ltd.
2008.
10. Wuryadi. Studi Terrain Prospecting area Lampung dengan Pengindraan
dan Integrasi Data Lapangan.Laporan Tahap Akhir: PT. PERTAMINA
EP. 2010.
11. Banyo,Yunia E. Konsentrasi Klorofil Daun Padi Pada Saat Kekurangan
Air yang Diinduksi Dengan Polietilen Glikol, Jurnal Ilmiah Sains.
2013;13, No. 1
12. Inoue Y, Moran M S, Horie T. Analysis of spectral measurament in paddy
field for predicting rice growth and yield based on a simple crop
simulation model. The Journal of Plant Production Science. 1998: I, No. 4.
13. Stroppiana D. et al.Remotely Sensed Estimation Of Rice Nitrogen
ConcentrationFor Forcing Crop Growth Models. Italian Journal of
Agrometeorology.2006;3:50 - 57
14. Sukmono A, Handayani H H, Wibowo A. Algoritma Estimasi Kandungan
Klorofil Tanaman Padi Dengan Data Airborne Hyperspectral. The paper
of ITS.2011
15. Wang F, et all. Optimal waveband identification for estimation of leaf
areaindex of paddy rice. The Journal of Zhejiang University Science B.
2008
16. Shibghatallah, M A H, et all. Measuring Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration
from Its Color:A Way in Monitoring Environment Change to Plantations.
arXiv:1305.0000v1 [physics.bio-ph] 6 May 2013.
12
APPENDIX 1
Observation Location Map (Area of Interest)
13
APPENDIX 2
Digitization System in The NEST software
Plot A
14
Plot B
Plot C
15
Plot D
Plot E
16
Plot F
Plot G
17
Plot H
Plot I
18
Plot J
19
APPENDIX 3
Rice Field Overview in The Fugro-Viewer software
20
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author was born in Pasar Minggu, South
Jakarta, in 29th January 1992 from couple of Mr. Eddy
Arus Sentani and Mrs. Puji Astuti. She is first sister
from there three children. The author finished her study
in Yasporbi III Elementary school for six years, and then
107 junior high school in South Jakarta for three years.
Next education in senior high school of Al Azhar 2
Pejaten and active as vice chairman ofteeneger scientific
papers organization in 2006 until 2008, as well as active
in outside school organization such as Karang Taruna in
2006 until 2009
In 2009, she got the next education in Sarjana Sains of Physic Departement,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA), Bogor Agricultural
University that pass the Admission Invitation IPB (USMI).The author active in
student organization as member of Human Resource Development, Physic
Students Association (HIMAFI) in 2009-2010 and became chairmanin one of the
HIMAFI activities such as Physic Application conducted in SMAN 1
Cibungbulang for one month. As long as a student the author active in various
students organizations and attended seminars inside and outside the campus. The
author have did freelance in PT. ASI Pudjiastuti GEOSURVEY for developing
the research to complete the final project and conduct research activities on
Student Creativity Fair program (PKM) in PT. International Indac tbk.
OPTICAL REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS OF
ARICE FIELD
SYARA ILA FIRDA
DEPARTEMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
i
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THE THESISSTATEMENTAND
SOURCES OFINFORMATION
Herewith I declare that the thesis entitled Optical Reflectance
Analysis of a Rice Field is true of my work under the guidance of the
supervisor committee and has not been published in any form to any
college. Resources derived or quoted from works published and unpublished
from other writers mentioned in the text and listed in the References at the
end of this thesis.
Bogor, July 2013
Syara Ila Firda
NIM G74090031
i
i
ABSTRACT
Syara Ila Firda.Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field. Supervised by
MUH. NUR INDRO and MAHMUD RAIMADOYA.
Basic of physics concept for applied by remote sensing as a lidar is the
basic concept of electromagnetic wave that have a relationship with light speed,
wavelength, and frequency. That component usually used to describe travel
energy in the sinusoidal wave form. The wavelength of electromagnetic wave can
show optical reflectance of the lidar data. It used to analyze the age of paddy and
rice field classification. The method of this research is analyze lidar data from the
NEST and Fugro-viewer Software. Rice field classification can be determine by
using reflectance wavelength in basic physics theory. In this research,
electromagnetic region of rice field wavelength for all band are ultraviolet region,
visible region, and near-infrared until middle-infrared region. The wavelength of
each paddy plot has range of 170-3580 nm with all of lidar band in aerial photo.
Keyword: Lidar data, Paddy, Reflectance, Wavelength
ABSTRAK
Syara Ila Firda. Analisis Pemantulan Optik Pada Lahan Sawah. Dibimbing
oleh MUH. NUR INDROdan MAHMUD RAIMADOYA.
Konsep dasar fisika dalam aplikasi penginderaan jauh seperti lidar
merupakan suatu konsep dasar gelombang elektromagnetik yang memiliki
hubungan antara kecepatan cahaya, panjang gelombang, dan frekuensi.
Komponen tersebut biasanya digambarkan sebagai bentuk energi berjalan dalam
gelombang sinosuidal. Panjang gelombang pada gelombang elektromagnetik
dapat memperlihatkan pemantulan optik pada data lidar. Data lidar ini digunakan
untuk menganalisis umur padi dan klasifikasi lahan sawah. Metode yang
dilakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis data lidar menggunakan
perangkat lunak NEST dan Fugro-viewer. Klasifikasi lahan sawah dapat diketahui
menggunakan pemantulan panjang gelombang dalam teori dasar fisika. Pada
penelitian ini, daerah elektromagnetik dari panjang gelombang pada lahan sawah
untuk semua kanal berada di daerah ultraviolet, daerah cahaya tampak, dan daerah
inframerah dekat hingga tengah. Panjang gelombang dari setiap plot padi
memiliki nilai sekitar 170-3580 nm berdasarkan semua kanal lidar di foto
permukaannya.
Kata Kunci:Data lidar, Padi,Panjang gelombang, Pemantulan
i
OPTICAL REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS OF
A RICE FIELD
The Thesis
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of
SarjanaSains
at The Department of Physics
DEPARTEMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2013
i
ivi
Title
Name
NIM
:Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field
: Syara Ila Firda
: G740900031
Approved by,
Drs. Muh. Nur Indro, M.sc
Supervisor I
Ir. Mahmud Raimadoya, M.si
Supervisor II
Known by,
Dr. Ir.Irmansyah, M.si
Head of Applied Physics Division
Date:
iv
PREFACE
Praise and thankfulness to Allah SWT for giving bless, power, and
wonderful life that given to author for finished this research proposal named
“Optical Reflectance Analysis of a Rice Field”. Greeting also send to the
prophet Muhammad SAW becauseof his legacy had inspired author to get better
in every each day of life.
On this preface, I want to thankful to everybody that has supported me for
this research proposal. First, I would like to thank you to my parents which have
support me from the beginning of my life, thank you so much for advice and
motivation. I’m also want to thanks to my supervisor, Drs. Muh. NurIndro for the
every support and helpful my research. Next, I would like to thanks to Ir.
Mahmud Raimadoya for his support of my research process and method. And
then for my friend in Geophysical Department that help me for using remote
sensing software.
Thanks to all of my friends in Physics Department of IPB for support and
motivation that makes a spirit to finish this research proposal when the author
want to give up, especially for my beloved friend, nadia, kania, upri, helen, vina,
and indri. For the last, I want to thank you to my partner of my life,
Mawardiansyah that always give me a support and motivation.
Finally, I hope this research can more forward and developed in science and
technology. This research is far for perfect therefore author wants critic and
suggestion that build on this research to be better.
Bogor,July2013
Syara Ila Firda
i
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
Problem Formulation
2
Research Purpose
2
METHOD
2
Study Area
2
The Instrument of Research
2
Research Procedure
2
Intensity of Reflectance
3
Physic Formulation
3
The Area of Each Rice Terraces
4
RESULTANDDISCUSSION
5
The Electromagnetic Region
5
The Classification of a Rice Field
8
CONCLUSIONAND SUGGESTION
10
Conclusion
10
Suggestion
10
REFERENCES
11
CURRICULUM VITAE
20
THE LIST OF FIGURE
1 Wave Propagation
4
2 The Flow Chart of Research
5
3 Intensityversus thewavelengthreflectanceatband1
6
4 Intensityversus thewavelengthreflectanceatband2
7
5 Intensityversus thewavelengthreflectanceatband3
7
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THE LIST OF TABLE
1
Band Classification
5
2
The Reference Paddy Information
6
3
Rice Field Classification
8
THE LIST OF APPENDIX
1 Observation Location Map (Area of Interest)
12
2 Digitization System in TheNEST software
13
3 Rice Field Overview in The Fugro-Viewer software
19
1
INTRODUCTION
Background
Remote sensing data can offer a powerful information source on vegetation
parameters, which are needed in all sort models describing processes at the
Earth’s surface. This research is using active sensor type of remote sensing,there
is Laser Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar). Mapping technology utilizes a laser
light detection and ranging (lidar) system and an airborne navigation system that
accurately tracks platform location and attitude to produce a dense array of
geographic coordinates from points where laser pulses are reflected off a surface.1
Lidar has grown in popularity for remote sensing from airborne platforms. It
works on the same principle as radar with pulses of laser light, which are
illuminate the Earth’s surface. The conventional version of lidar requires a laser
transmitter to launch short pulses of coherent light, and scattered from terrestrial
targets. Then records the return time to calculate based on the distance between a
sensor and the Earth’s surface.2
In each case, lidar systems possessing different wavelengths are selected to
record the elevation or depth (in bathymetric applications) of features. Typically,
lidar operates within eye-safe ranges and power levels in the visible and near- to
short-wave infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by using laser.
The laser pulse does not travel with the speed of light,but with a packet
velocity of the coherent light packet, which is a little less than the speed of
light.3Since the packet velocity of the laser pulse can be considered invariant for
the distances commonly used ALS (Airbone Laser Scanning) practise, this return
time measurement can easily be converted to a distance by multiplying it with the
speed of the light packet.
Characteristic wavelength of the optical signals dependence allows the
measurement of the vegetation parameter in the rice field. This characteristic
wavelength can be analyzed using the basic theory of electromagnetic wave. The
basic of physics concept for applied by remote sensing are a relationship with
light speed, wavelength, and frequency that usually used to describe travel energy
in the sinusoidal wave form.4
Wavelength that are low in energy will complicate the process of sensing
and sensors operating. Therefore these wavelengths are relative to the large area
viewed of the Earth’s surface in order to obtain a detectable energy signal.2
Effective use of an electromagnetic radiation measured by a sensor. It is
depend on understanding the physical processes that control the transmission of
the electromagnetic radiation from the source to the target. The intensity of the
lidar transmission is determined objects reflectance.
The spectrum of electromagnetic wave is commonly divided into region for
convenience and by tradition within the field of remote sensing. Electromagnetic
waves is used for remote sensing at ultraviolet (UV) to middle infrared (MIR)
wavelength.
Ultraviolet region (100-380 nm) is very narrow zone of electromagnetic
radiation that lies between the X-rays region and visible region. Visible region
(380-780 nm) is narrow but well-used region since the short wavelength are of
2
high frequency and high energy. Near infrared (780-1500 nm) start of the region
beyond the red wavelength. Its like the visible region, and frequently used in
remote sensing. Middle infrared comprises two main portion: shortwave infrared
(SWIR, 1500-3000 nm) and MIR (3000-5000). Middle infrared radiation
measured by sensors can comprise a mixed signal of reflected radiation and
radiation emitted from the earth's surface.5,6
Problem Formulation
Based on the background described, the author propose problem
formulation in this research is how can Lidar data estimate the wavelength of
paddy by using the physical basis formulation about electromagnetic energy?
Research Purpose
The purpose of this study is determine the wavelength of paddy using Lidar
data with the physical basis formulation about electromagnetic energyfor geting
rice field classification.
METHOD
Study Area
The study was conducted in a west Bayah in Banten, close to Cilograng
Street. (Appendix 1) The study site had been scanned by laser for study purposes
several time in 25 March 2012. Source of data taken from PT. ASI Pudjiastuti
Geosurvey as a Lidar data.
The Instrument of Research
Lidar data used the laser scanner surveys. This provided a point cloud were
taken by ALS 70 (Airbone Laser Scanning) and aerial photo captured by Leica
RCD30 Medium Format Camera. The both of that instrument were on the Piratus
Porter PC6 plane. The aerial photo and point cloud of lidar data can be analysis by
using the NEST and Fugro-viewer Software. The every area of the rice plot can be
get by using ArcMap Software.
Research Procedure
The method of this research cunducted to analyze aerial photo and point
cloud of lidar data by using the NEST and Fugro-viewer Software.The
classification of a rice field can be determine by using reflectance wavelength in
basic physics theory. The intensity of the lidar transmission which is determined
objects reflectance that be show by the NEST program. The Area of each rice
terraces can be show with Arcmap program. It is a variabel to find the wavelength
using electromagnetic energy formulation combine the power energy and travel
energy formulation.
3
Intensity of Reflectance
First, paddy fields divided into 10 different plots using digitization
system in the NEST program. (Appendix 2) In every each plot of paddy field, the
intensity analysis of reflectance value is using by NEST program. The point cloud
of lidar data can be show every point in the form of LAS format by using Fugroviewer software. Intensity value for each paddy plot is searching for the average,
median and standard deviation value. Based on those value which are not much
different form paddy plot can be grouped.
Physic Formulation
Electromagnetic radiation provides the link between each component of
remote sensing system. It is a form one target to another through space and media
and behaves in two inseparable ways: as regular waves of energy and as rapidly
moving and indivisible particles or photons.4 The former is described by the basic
wave theory that combine with power energy and travel energy formulation.
Power is the rate of energy conversion per unit of time.7 Power, P, is determined
by
(1)
In the system, intensity (I) develops when power is distributed over area.8
Specifically, intensity is equal to power per unit area, or power divided by area
(A), or, conversely
(2)
The unit of power is watt. Thus,
. 6,9
(3)
Now this equation can be rewritten in a slightly different form,
(4)
Quantum theory describes electromagnetic radiation as composed of many
discrete units called quanta or photon. The use of the basic wave and quantum
theory of electromagnetic radiation are complementary and useful for
understanding the physical basis of remote sensing.4The radiant energy is
expressed as,
(5)
where h = Planck's contant, 6.62 x 10-34 J sec, and c = the velocity of light, 3 x
108.
is a wavelength of the electromagnetic wave that can be get with
substituted equation (4) and (5), so
(6)
4
Since the packet velocity of the laser pulse can be considered invariant for
the distances commonly used ALS (Airbone Laser Scanning) practise, this return
time measurement can easily be converted to a distance by multiplying it with the
speed of the light packet:
(7)
Note the number two in the denominator, which is due to the fact that the
laser pulse travels the distance between scattering element and emitter/receiver
twice (Figure 1).
is a little less than the speed of light, but can in most
computations be exchanged for the real speed of the light. 3 Subtitue equation (6)
to (7) and the equation given by,
(8)
Power
Transmite
Pulse
Received
Pulse
Optical and
Electronic Noise
Time
Range
Waveform
Samples
Figure 1. Wave Propagation 2
The Area of Each Rice Terraces
The area of each paddy plot was analyzed by using ArcMap program with
GeoTiff format. The analysis is used a digitation method, that must get the real
geoposition and geocoding first. The wavelength can be characterized through a
number of variables:4
(i) Speed: all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (c)
(ii) Planck constant describes the behavior of particle and waves at atomic
level as well as the particle nature of light.
(iii) The intensity (I) refers to the amount of object reflectance
(iv) Area is size of a surface part of the rice field
(v) Distance represents the range between the airbone plane and the target (z
or D)
5
Physic Formulation
The
electromagnetic
energy
LiDAR Data
Get the
intensity of
reflectance
from NEST
program
The power
energy
Digitization of
each paddy plot
in Arcmap
software for get
area value
Paddy field
overview
in FugroViewer
Software
Get the wavelength
formulation
Get
wavelength
Analysis with
the reference
Figure 2. The Flow Chart of Research
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Electromagnetic Region
In this research, electromagnetic region of reflectance wavelength for a rice
field to all band are ultaraviolet region (100-380 nm), visible region (380-780
nm), and near-infrared until middle-infrared region. The influence of each band on
the physic formulation result is investigated by reflectance wavelength using each
of the ten paddy plot. The third band classification had different wavelength
transmision and function. There is show in the Table 1.
Table 1. Band Classification
Band
Color
Band 1
Wavelength
Transmition
620-780 nm
Band 2
500-550 nm
Green
Band 3
440-500 nm
Blue
Red
The Function10
Absorb
chlorophyll,
Prediction
ofplant
classification
The measurement of light reflectance value or
chlorophyll absorption plant
For water and vegetation penetration and
mapping for coastal and land.
6
Table 2. The Reference Paddy Information
The Wavelength of
Paddy
649-665 nm
550 nm
554 nm
675 nm
>750 nm
804, 849, and 1074 nm
974 and 1219 nm
1633 and 2194 nm
2200 nm
Paddy Information
The age of paddy is 21 days11
related to chlorophyll content when a paddy field can be
regarded as a big leaf.12
chlorophyll reflection is maximal.15
corresponds to the absorption maximum of chlorophyll a in
the red spectrum. 15
leaf reflectance is not related to leaf chlorophyll but to leaf
sructure.13
determined by the arrangement of cells within the mesophyll
layer of leaves and by canopy structure, especially the number
of leaf layers along the vertical.15
associated with narrow water absorption regions, which are
sensitive to moisture content in leaves. 15
sensitive to ligninand related to protein absorption. 15
content of lignin, cellulose and protein (enzyme). This
enzyme is the most abundant nitrogen-bearing compound in
the green leaves and has a critical role in photosynthesis.12
The wavelength of band 1 has range of 620-780 nm with a red spectrum.
However the reflection for each paddy plot has a different range is 181-2525 nm
(Figure 3). This band serves to absorb chlorophyll, which can be used to help the
grouping of plants. Prediction of plant classification based on the absorption of
light by chlorophyll.10
Figure 3. Intensity versus the wavelength reflectance at band 1
7
Figure 4. Intensity versus the wavelength reflectance at band 2
Band 1 have different range of wavelength and function than another band.
The wavelength of band 2 has a range of 500-550 nm with green spectrum.
However the reflection for each paddy plot has a different range is 170-2148 nm
(Figure 4).This band is for the measurement of light reflectance value or
chlorophyll absorption plant as well as measurement of plant condition. 10
Figure 5. Intensity versus the wavelength reflectance at band 3
8
The wavelength of band 3 has a range of 440-500 nm with blue spectrum.
Whereas the wavelength reflection for each paddy plot has a range of 294-3580
nm (Figure 5). Actually, this band is dedicated for water and vegetation
penetration as well as mapping for coastal and land.10 Its not very effective for
vegetation classification of a rice field but it more useful to water analysis in the
wet land.
The Classification of The Rice Field
Referring to the fundamental analysis, i.e. the impact of the LIDAR bands
on the results only, the following findings can be stated the value of each paddy
plot is not much different are B, E, D plot has a range in ultraviolet region until
visible region and A, C, and G plot that have a range in red spectrum until midlle
infrared but in the band 3 those plot just in the infrared region. The classification
in each paddy plot can be show in Table 3.
Table 3. Rice Field Classification
Paddy
Plot
Plot A
Electromagnetic Lidar The
Region
Band Wavelength
of Paddy
Red Spectrum- Band 673-1023
Near
Infrared 1,2
nm
Region
Plot B
Visible Region
All
band
546-1067
nm
Plot C
Red Spectrum- Band
Near
Infrared 1,2
Region
674-1171
nm
Plot D
Visible Region
All
band
541-1083
nm
Plot E
Visible Region
674-833 nm
Plot F
Visible region
All
band
Band
2,3
Plot G
Red Spectrum- Band
Near
Infrared 1,2
(NIR) Region
518-604 nm
795-1241
nm
The age
of
Paddy.11
After 21
days but
not
really
far
21 days
Chlorophyll Absorption
and
Photosynthesis
Condition. 12,13,14,15
effective
chlorophyll
absorption, and have
active leaf structural
parameters
have a more effective
chlorophyll content, and
have active leaf structural
parameters
After 21 effective
chlorophyll
days but absorption, and have
not
active leaf structural
really
parameters
far
21 days
have a more effective
chlorophyll content and
effective
chlorophyll
absorption
21 days
effective
chlorophyll
absorption
Before
have a more effective
21 days
chlorophyll content and
the chlorophyll reflection
is maximal.
After 21 sensitive to moisture
days but content in leaves, and
not
have active leaf structural
really
parameters
far
9
Plot H
Plot I
Plot J
Near
Infrared
(NIR) - Short
Wave Infrared
(SWIR) Region
Short
Wave
Infrared(SWIR) Middle Infrared
(MIR) Region
Near
Infrared
(NIR) - Short
Wave Infrared
(SWIR) Region
All
band
974-2148
nm
All
band
1621-2261
nm
All
band
970-2227
nm
After 21 sensitive to moisture
days
content
in
leaves,
sensitive to lignin and
protein absorption
After 21 sensitive to lignin and
days
protein absorption, and
more
effective
photosynthesis
After 21 sensitive to moisture
days
content
in
leaves,
sensitive to lignin and
protein absorption, and
more
effective
photosynthesis
The previous researchers11 said that in the 21 days show the wavelength of
paddy from 649 nm until 665 nm.In this research, the paddy plot has a wavelength
in that region are plot B, plot E, plot D. Its means just plot B, plot E and plot D
has the value of wavelength is able to show the age of paddy is 21 days. This
analysis can be show another plot of paddy age. The age of paddy in the plot F has
a less days, before 21 days. Moreover, the another plot like plot A, plot C, plot G,
plot H, plot I, and plot J has a pass days, after 21 days but for plot A and C the age
of paddy is closer to that day.
The value of wavelength in 550 nm was related to chlorophyll content when
a paddy field can be regarded as a big leaf.12The paddy plot has a wavelength in
that region are plot B, plot E, plot D and plot F that have a more effective
chlorophyll content than another plot. In addition, the 554 nm band is located at
the green reflectance peak in the visible region, where chlorophyll reflection is
maximal.15
The wavelength at 675 nm corresponds to the absorption maximum of
chlorophyll a in the red spectrum.15The paddy plot has a wavelength in that region
are plot A, plot B,plot C, plot D and plot E that have a more effective chlorophyll
absorption than another plot.
Structural parameters play a key role in the incoming signal radiation
especially in the near-infrared region (>750 nm) where leaf reflectance is not
related to leaf chlorophyll but to leaf sructure.13The reflectance at 804, 849, and
1074 nm are mainly determined by the arrangement of cells within the mesophyll
layer of leaves and by canopy structure, especially the number of leaf layers along
the vertical. The 974 and 1219 nm bands are associated with narrow water
absorption regions, which are sensitive to moisture content in leaves.15The paddy
plot has a wavelength in that regionare plot A, plot B, plot C, and plot G that have
a active leaf structural parameters than another plot. The wavelength in 1219 nm
plot G, plot H and plot J that are sensitive to moisture content in leaves.
The wavelength at 1633 nm corresponds to the first overtone of N-H
absorption and the third overtone of NH 3 +NH deformation, in the short wave
infrared region, which is sensitive to lignin, and has been shown to be important
for vegetation parameter. The band at 2194 nm is located at the second peak of
SWIR region, and related to protein absorption.15The paddy plot has a wavelength
10
in that region are plot H, plot I and plot J that have a more sensitive to lignin and
protein absorption than another plot.
The value of wavelength in 2200 nm is to content of lignin, cellulose and
protein (enzyme). This enzyme is the most abundant nitrogen-bearing compound
in the green leaves and has a critical role in photosynthesis.12 The paddy plot has a
wavelength in that region are plot I and plot J that have a more effective
photosynthesis than another plot. However, in the band 2 that have green
spectrum for chlorophyll will likely be reflected, because in the process of
photosynthesis does not require energy in the green wavelength.14
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
This present study shows a relation between the intensity of reflectance and
the reflectance wavelength of a rice field. The main feature of this relation is the
intensity of reflectance decreases as when the wavelength increases. This
corresponds with the physical basis formulation about electromagnetic energy that
have empirical equation of this relation has been proposed.
The classification of a rice field can be determine by using reflectance
wavelength. In this research, electromagnetic region of reflectance wavelength for
a rice field to all band are ultraviolet region, visible region, and near-infrared
until middle-infrared region. The wavelength of each paddy plot has arange of
170-3580 nm with all of lidar band in aerial photo.
The paddy age of plot B, plot D, and plot E are 21 days in the wavelength
from 570.55 nm to 566.01 nm and have effective chlorophyll content including
plot F in the wavelength from 550 to 554 where chlorophyll reflection is maximal.
Plot A,plot C, and plot G have the older age but the different is not really far. In
this age, paddy have a more effective chlorophyll absorption and sensitive to
moisture content in leaves.
The paddy age of plot H, plot I, and plot J has a pass days, after 21 days.
These plot have a more sensitive to lignin and protein absorption and have a
content of lignin, cellulose and protein (enzyme). This enzyme is the most
abundant nitrogen-bearing compound in the green leaves and has more effective
photosynthesis.
Suggestion
For the further research, it is can be done with the spesific research for the
application of the physic formulation. Moreover, it also can be analyzed by
satellite data with more large area. In addition, it can be useful for topography
detection in the rice field or in the another area.
11
REFERENCES
1. Hartfield, Kyle A, et all. Fusion of High Resolution Aerial Multispectral
and Lidar Data: Land Cover in the Context of Urban Mosquito Habitat.
Remote Sensing. 2011;3:2364-2383.
2. Chu,Xinzhao. Lidar Remote Sensing. CU-BOULDER, FALL. 2012.
3. Morsdorf, Felix. LIDAR Remote Sensing for Estimation of Biophysical
Vegetation Parameters Remote Sensing Series 47. Zurich University:
Remote Sensing Laboratories. 2007
4. Boyd, D.S. Physical Basis of Remote Sensing. GEOINFORMATICS
Kingston University, UK. 2005;1.
5. ayuyui. Spektrofotometri. [22 june 2013]. http://ayuyui.wordpress.com
/2012/06/ 20 /spektrofotometri/. 2012.
6. Giwangkara S. Spektrofotometri Infra Merah. [22 june 2013].
http://persembahanku. wordpress.com/2007/06/26/spektrofotometri-inframerah/. 2007.
7. Schobert, Harold H. Energy and Society. New York, Taylor & Francis.
2002.
8. Gelfrand,Stanley A. Essentials of Audiology. New York, Thieme Medical
Publishers. 2009.
9. Newell, Philip. Recording Studio Design. Burlington, USA: Elsevier Ltd.
2008.
10. Wuryadi. Studi Terrain Prospecting area Lampung dengan Pengindraan
dan Integrasi Data Lapangan.Laporan Tahap Akhir: PT. PERTAMINA
EP. 2010.
11. Banyo,Yunia E. Konsentrasi Klorofil Daun Padi Pada Saat Kekurangan
Air yang Diinduksi Dengan Polietilen Glikol, Jurnal Ilmiah Sains.
2013;13, No. 1
12. Inoue Y, Moran M S, Horie T. Analysis of spectral measurament in paddy
field for predicting rice growth and yield based on a simple crop
simulation model. The Journal of Plant Production Science. 1998: I, No. 4.
13. Stroppiana D. et al.Remotely Sensed Estimation Of Rice Nitrogen
ConcentrationFor Forcing Crop Growth Models. Italian Journal of
Agrometeorology.2006;3:50 - 57
14. Sukmono A, Handayani H H, Wibowo A. Algoritma Estimasi Kandungan
Klorofil Tanaman Padi Dengan Data Airborne Hyperspectral. The paper
of ITS.2011
15. Wang F, et all. Optimal waveband identification for estimation of leaf
areaindex of paddy rice. The Journal of Zhejiang University Science B.
2008
16. Shibghatallah, M A H, et all. Measuring Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration
from Its Color:A Way in Monitoring Environment Change to Plantations.
arXiv:1305.0000v1 [physics.bio-ph] 6 May 2013.
12
APPENDIX 1
Observation Location Map (Area of Interest)
13
APPENDIX 2
Digitization System in The NEST software
Plot A
14
Plot B
Plot C
15
Plot D
Plot E
16
Plot F
Plot G
17
Plot H
Plot I
18
Plot J
19
APPENDIX 3
Rice Field Overview in The Fugro-Viewer software
20
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author was born in Pasar Minggu, South
Jakarta, in 29th January 1992 from couple of Mr. Eddy
Arus Sentani and Mrs. Puji Astuti. She is first sister
from there three children. The author finished her study
in Yasporbi III Elementary school for six years, and then
107 junior high school in South Jakarta for three years.
Next education in senior high school of Al Azhar 2
Pejaten and active as vice chairman ofteeneger scientific
papers organization in 2006 until 2008, as well as active
in outside school organization such as Karang Taruna in
2006 until 2009
In 2009, she got the next education in Sarjana Sains of Physic Departement,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA), Bogor Agricultural
University that pass the Admission Invitation IPB (USMI).The author active in
student organization as member of Human Resource Development, Physic
Students Association (HIMAFI) in 2009-2010 and became chairmanin one of the
HIMAFI activities such as Physic Application conducted in SMAN 1
Cibungbulang for one month. As long as a student the author active in various
students organizations and attended seminars inside and outside the campus. The
author have did freelance in PT. ASI Pudjiastuti GEOSURVEY for developing
the research to complete the final project and conduct research activities on
Student Creativity Fair program (PKM) in PT. International Indac tbk.