The representation of west and east through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies film

THE REPRESENTATION OF WEST AND EAST THROUGH THE CHARACTER OF

ROGER FERRIS AND SALEEM IN BODY OF LIES FILM

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial fulfillment of requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

Lika Nur Rela 103026027658

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDATULLAH JAKARTA

ABSTRACT

Lika Nur Rela, The Representation of West and East Through the Character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies Film. Thesis. Letters and Humanities Faculty. State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. 2011.

This research studies about West and East representation through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies Film. The writer uses representation theory and the method used is qualitative descriptive method. The data are analyzed by reading, underlining, understanding, and identifying.

In the film, Ferris is described as a smart man, modern thinker, friendly, cooperative, careful person. He also understands and has positive thinking about Islam and Qur‟an. While Saleem is described as a traditional person, who misunderstands about Quran because he thinks that in Quran there is verses for killing people, doing criminal, oppressing the other people to follow his comprehension and ideology and being cruel that he thinks when he does it, he does Jihad.

In conclusion, the writer obtains the content of Body of Lies film are mentioned that the West is represented as a good representation of life. While the East is represented as a bad representation of life. Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It does involve the use of language of signs and images which stand for or represent things.

APPROVEMENT

THE REPRESENTATION OF WEST AND EAST THROUGH THE CHARACTER OF ROGER FERRIS AND SALEEM IN BODY OF LIES

FILM.

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Strata One Degree (S1)

LIKA NUR RELA 103026027658

Approved by Advisor

Inayatul Chusna, M. Hum NIP. 19780126200312 2 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA 2011

LEGALIZATION

Name : Lika Nur Rela NIM : 103026027658

Title : The Representation of West and East Through The Character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies Film

The thesis has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty‟s Examination Committee on February 24, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, March 23th 2011 Examination Committee

Signature Date 1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chair Person)

19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum (Advisor) 19780126 200312 2 002

4. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Examiner I) 19650919 00003 1 002

5. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Examiner II) 19781003 200112 2 002

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other institute of degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 31 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

The writer would be grateful to Allah SWT, the Lord of the Heaven and the Lord of the Earth. Peace and salutation to the Greatest Prophet Muhammad SAW, the Messenger of God, to His family, His companions and His adherents.

The writer would like to express greatest love to her beloved husband, Yusuf Maulana, Gifta Najma Al-Balad “her beautiful daughter” and Jevon Gifta Hoshi Al-Fajr “her handsome son” always supporting, giving motivation, and make smiling.

Next, her deepest gratitude and honor to beloved parents “umun, abun, mamah, papah”. For their prayer, advice, and supporting to finish this study.

For brothers and sisters especially a‟ui, ka liska, ilal, akmal, dilah, and ichonk.

Thanks a lot for helping.

The writer wants to express her heartfelt thanks to:

1. Her beloved family and her beloved husban‟s family.for their prayers, trust, affection, and support to the writer.

2. Her brothers and sisters for their support and encouragement.

3. Dr. H. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

4. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department. 5. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department. 6. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum, the writer‟s advisor. Thanks to her time, patience,

great advice, and encouragement to the writer in accomplishing this thesis. 7. All lecturers, Academic staff, and Library staff of English Letters

Department for always educating and helping her during the study.

Her friends in English Letters Department 2003: ika, sancay, ria, rina, fitri, yusna, jack, faisal, fariq, and others. Thanks for remaining to finish study quickly.

Thanks to all people who have been helpful in the process of writing this paper that

cannot be mentioned one by one. May Allah bless them “AMIN”.

Jakarta, January 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVEMENT ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the study ... 1

B. Focus of the study ... 6

C. Research Question ... 6

D. Significance of the research ... 6

E. Research Methodology... 7

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 9

A. Representation ... 9

B. Postcolonialism ... 12

C. Character, Characterization, and Film ... 16

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 20

A. Data description ... 20

1. How Roger Ferris represented in Body of Lies Film ... 20

2. How Saleem represented in Body of Lies Film ... 25

B. Analysis ... 28

- Representation of West and East through Roger Ferris and Saleem ... 28

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 34

A. Conclusion ... 34

B. Suggestion ... 35

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The September 11 attacks were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights.1

The damage to the Pentagon was cleared and repaired within a year, and the Pentagon Memorial was built adjacent to the building. The rebuilding process has started on the World Trade Center site. In 2006, a new office tower was completed on the site of 7 World Trade Center. The new 1 World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and, at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2013, it will become the tallest building in North America. Three more towers were

1

originally expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site. Ground was broken for the Flight 93 National Memorial on November 8, 2009, and the first phase of construction is expected to be ready for the 10th anniversary of the attacks on September 11, 2011.2

The Reactions to the September 11 attacks included condemnation from world leaders, other political and religious representatives and the international media, as well as numerous memorials and services all over the world. The attacks were denounced by the governments of countries traditionally considered hostile to the United States, such as Cuba, Iran, Libya and North Korea. However in some cases celebrations of the attacks were also reported, and some groups and individuals accused the United States in effect of bringing the attacks on itself.

In the immediate aftermath of the attacks support for the United States right to defend itself was expressed across the world, and by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368. Many countries introduced anti terrorism legislation and froze the bank accounts of businesses and individuals. They suspected of having connections with al-Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden, the presumed perpetrators of the attacks. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, Bush administration declared a war on terrorism, with the stated goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists and increasing

2

David, Halberstam. New York September 11 by Magnum Photographers. (New York: Power House Books. 2001), p.83

global surveillance and intelligence sharing. Immediately after the September 11 attacks US officials speculated on possible involvement by Saddam Hussein, although unfounded, the association contributed to public acceptance for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The second-biggest operation of the US Global War on Terrorism outside of the United States, and the largest directly connected to terrorism, was the overthrow of the Taliban rule from Afghanistan, by a US-led coalition.3

In a Joint Statement by American Muslim Alliance, American Muslim Council, Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers, Association of Muslim Social Scientists, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Islamic Medical Association of North America, Islamic Circle of North America, Islamic Society of North America, Ministry of Imam W. Deen Mohammed, Muslim American Society and Muslim Public Affairs Council, stated American Muslims utterly condemn the vicious and cowardly acts of terrorism against innocent civilians. We join with all Americans in calling for the swift apprehension and punishment of the perpetrators. No political cause could ever be assisted by such immoral acts. Following the attacks television evangelist Jerry Falwell called the event a punishment from God and laid the blame on "paganists", "abortionists", "feminists" and "gays and lesbians", claiming that they "helped this happen". He subsequently apologized.

After September 11, people who looked from East in even the most superficial ways were often the focus of suspicion. Even politicians and celebrities were subject to scrutiny if they happened to wear the wrong hairstyle or article of

3

Steven, Brill. After How America Confronted the September 12 Era. (New York: Avenue of the Americas. 2003), p.127

clothing. During a recess from Congress in 2007, for example, Republician Idaho representative Mike Simpson grew a beard but reportedly shaved it off when his wife told him, he looked like a terrorist. When David Letterman grew a beard

during a writers strike the same year, a fan joked, “Is David becoming a terrorist

with all that hair?” urging him to get rid of it.4

Another example that give description about East character after September 11 are; The Kingdom (2007), directed by Peter Berg, attempts to reveal a realistic portrait of modern East life specifically Arab through the eye of a team of FBI agents investigating terrorist bombing. Most Hollywood films that have attempted to do so have failed to be fair in their portrayal of East, The Kingdom is no different. Jack G. Shaheen (2001), a noted expert on representations of East filmic imagery has documented at length in his books and article that East in film are the

cultural other and as seen through Hollywood‟s distorted lenses, East look different

and threatening. Projected along racial and religious lines, the stereotypes are deeply ingrained in American cinema. He also notes, The Kingdom is Hollywood‟s most anti East post September 11.

September 11 attacks, seems to be one of the East opponents upon the west. And many people think that it is one of the expressions that shows the differences of representation between the East and the West. Even David Ignatius shows it into a novel which is adapted into a film that deals with the incident of September 11 attack.Because film seems to be a great media to express something. Film deals

4

David, Halberstam. New York September 11 by Magnum Photographers. (New York: PowerHouse Books. 2001), p.87

with story that produces the intentions. Film tells stories, as do plays, television shows, comic, books, paintings, dances, and many other cultural phenomena. 5

Body of Lies is a 2008 American spy film based on the novel of the same name by David Ignatius that sets in context of the Middle East and the war on terror unfold the story of three men battling a terrorist organization seems to be one of many films that show the different representations between the East and the West. The film is taken and adapted from the novel written by David Ignatius.

In March 2006, Warner Bros hired screenwriter William Monahan to adapt the novel penetration by David Ignatius into a feature film, which would be directed by Ridley Scott. In April 2007, with the novel re-titled Body of Lies and the film similarly re-titled, actor Leonardo DiCaprio was cast in the lead role. After DiCaprio was cast, Russell Crowe was courted for a supporting role, to which he

formally committed after Monahan‟s script was revised by Steve Zaillian, who

scripted Scott and Crowe‟s American Gangster.

Roger Ferris (DiCaprio) is a CIA case officer in Iraq, tracking down a terrorist called Al-Saleem. While following a lead, Ferris‟s asset (with whom he has become good friends) is killed during a car chase involving terrorist, rocket-propelled grenades and two misile-firing U.S. helicopters. Ferris recovers from his injuries at a U.S. facility in Qatar before he is sent to Jordan to run down some intelligent has recovered in Iraq. Meanwhile unknown terrorists plan to follow up an off screen

5

series of bus bombings in Sheffield, with more attacks in Manchester but blow themselves up when the police find their cell.6

From the simple description above, the writer is interested in doing a research about the representation of West and East through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies Film.

B. Focus of the Study

Based on the background on the study, this research focus about the representation of the West and the East through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies film.

C. Research Question

Relating to focus of the study above therefore research question that

appear to discuss is “How does this film represent West through the character of Roger Ferris and the East through the character of Saleem in Body of Lies film

?”.

D. Significance of the Research

From the research, the writer hopes that it can develop our knowledge in literary work that will be more variety and of course add our knowledge more than before. And it can be one of references in English Letters Department of Letters and Humanities Faculty, and also for other readers who are interested in studying literature and film.

6

E. Research Methodology

Part of research methodology are : the objective of research, the method of research, the instrument of research, data analysis, and unit of analysis. Next explanations.

1. The Objective of Research

In doing the research, the researcher want to know more and give information about representation of the West and the East through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies film. And to explain clearly about the title above.

2. The Method of Research

The writer uses the qualitative descriptive method of research in describing and analyzing the internal structure of the literary work and the external structure of the literary work. The writer makes the description and explanation about representation of West and East through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies film.

3. The Instrument of Research

Because the method of the research used is the qualitative descriptive, therefore the writer uses the original CD of the film as main instrument to get the data about the title above and analyzed the film that can be applied to the object about Body of Lies. The writer gets the data from book, internet information, watching the film, looking close, understanding it, and last writing the research.

4. Data Analysis

In this research the writer uses qualitative descriptive analytic technique by giving detail information and explanation about the film Body of Lies especially how the West and the East represented through the character of Roger Ferris and Saleem in Body of Lies film. For the first step the writer watches the film than comprehends the differences of the West and the East. 5. Unit Analysis

The unit analysis used in this research is the film „Body of Lies’ was released at October 5, 2008 directed by Ridley Scott and written by William Monahan based on novel by David Ignatius. 7

6. Place and Time of Research

The writer starts this research on September 2010 and it is located in English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Representation

The concept of representation has come to occupy a new and important place in the study of culture. Representation connects meaning and language to culture. Representation means using language to say something meaningful about or to represent the world meaningfully to other people. Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture.8 It does involve the use of language of signs and images which stand for or represent things. But this is a far from simple or straightforward process as you will soon discover. Representation is the production of meaning through language. The shorter Oxford English Dictionary suggest relevant meanings for the word “To represent something is to describe or depict it, to call it up in the mind by description or portrayal or imagination, to place a likeness of it before us in our

mind or in the sense”.9

Representation is the production of the meaning of the concepts in our minds through language. It is the link between concepts and language which enables us to refer to either the real world of objects, people or events, or indeed to imaginary world of fictional objects, people, and events. So there are two processes and two system of representation. First, there is the system by which all sorts of objects,

8

Stuart, Hall. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. (London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 1997), p.71

9

Stuart, Hall. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. (London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 1997), p.72

people and events are correlated with a set of concepts or mental representations which we carry around in our heads. Without them, we could not interpret the world meaningfully at all. In the first place, then meaning depends on the system of

concepts and images formed in our thoughts which can stand for or „represent‟ the

world, enabling us to refer to things both inside and outside our heads. The point here is that we are talking about not just a random collection of concepts, but concepts organized, arranged and classified into complex relations with one another. That is what our conceptual system actually is like. However this does not undermine the basic point. Meaning depends on the relationship between things in the world, people, objects and events, real or fictional, and the conceptual system, which can operate as mental representations of them.

Foucault‟s approach to representation is not easy to summarize. He is

concerned with the production of knowledge and meaning through discourse. Foucault does indeed analyze particular texts and representation, as the semioticians. But he is more inclined to analyze the whole discursive formation to which a text or a practice belongs. His concern is with knowledge provided by the human and social science, which organizes conduct, understanding, practice and belief, the regulation of bodies as well as whole populations. Although his work is clearly done in the wake of, and profoundly influenced by the turn to language which marked the constructionist approach to representation, his definition of discourse is much broader than language and include many other elements of

practice and institutional regulation which Saussure‟s approach with its linguistic

of power or knowledge as always rooted in particular contexts and histories. Above all, for Foucault, the production of knowledge is always crossed with questions of power and the body, and this greatly expands the scope of what is involved in representation.

Representation is direct expressions or practice that present an object or other practice in reality.10 Representation is commonly defined in three ways are standing for something or someone, looking like or resemble, and presenting second time to represent. Representation is a social process from representing through the available signing system such as paper, video, film, dialogue, and photography. Its means a process of the abstract ideological concepts, change in the concrete forms. Our vision about love, war, etc will appear in the practice things. Representation is a definition production through the language. The first process is to definite the world by constructing something with conceptual map system. In second process, people construct the conceptual map with the language or symbol which has function to represent the concept about something. Relation between something, conceptual map, and language or symbol is center of definition product through the language. The process that related to those three elements is called representation. Representation is the production of meaning through language. There are three approaches :

1. The reflective approach means thought to lie in the object, person, idea or even in the real world, and language function like a mirror, to reflect the true meaning that already exist in the real world.

10

Chris Barker, Cultural Studies Teori dan Praktek ke Derrida/ Translator tim kunci cultural studies center. (Yogyakarta: Bentang, 2005), p.126

2. The intentional approach means it holds that it is the speaker, the author, who imposes his or her unique meaning on the world through language. Words mean what the author intends they should mean.

3. The constructionist approach means things and people exist because it is not the material worlds which convey meaning, it is the language system or whatever system we are using to represent out concept.11

Representation in discourse definition is a group of statement which provide a language for talking about, a way of representing the knowledge about a particular topic at a particular historical moment.

Actually, There are three senses to the word represent :

a. To represent meaning to stand in for, to symbolize, to be a specimen of, or to substitute for.

b. To represent meaning to speak of or act on behalf of.

c. To represent meaning to re-present. In this sense, a biography or historical writing re-present the events of the past. Equally a photograph re-present a moment or event which has already occurred it presents the occasion again.12

B. Postcolonialism

Said‟s contention is that Orient or East is fundamentally a political doctrine

will over East because East was weaker than West, which elided East‟s difference

11

Stuart, Hall. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. (London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 1997), p.76

12_{science.jrank.org/pages/representation-Theory-Literature.html.}

with its weakness. As a cultural apparatus East is all aggression, activity, judgment, will to truth, and knowledge.13 The point about this system is not that it is a misrepresentation of some East essence in which do not for a moment believe but that it operates as representations usually do, for a purpose, according to a tendency, in a specific historical, intellectual, and even economic setting.14 Said writes that East is a constellation of false assumptions underlying West attitudes toward East. Said argued that a long tradition of romanticized images of East and West culture had served as an implicit justification for West colonial and imperial ambitions. Just as fiercely, Said denounced the practice of East elites who internalized West of East culture. So far as West seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that East are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. Very little of the detail, the human density, the passion of East life has entered the awareness of even those people whose profession are to report the East. What we have instead is a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression. In this section Said outlines his argument with several caveats as to how it may be flawed. Said states that it fails to include Orientalism, which Said suggests had clean pasts and could be promising future studies. Said also suggests that not all academic discourse in the West has to be Orientalist in its intent but much of it is. He also suggests that all cultures have a view of other cultures that may be exotic and harmless to some extent but it is not this view that

13

Edward Said, Orientalism, (United States: Vintage Books, 1978), p. 204 14

he argues against and when this view is taken by a militarily and economically dominant culture against another it can lead to disastrous results.

In this chapter Said outlines how East discourse was transferred from country to country and from political leader to author. He suggests that this discourse was set up as a foundation for all further study and discourse of East by the Occident. He states that: "The four elements I have described: expansion, historical confrontation, sympathy, classification are the currents in eighteenth century thought on whose presence the specific intellectual and institutional

structures of modern East depend”. The creation of binary opposition structures changed the way we view others. In the case of colonialism, East and West were distinguished as different from each other. This opposition justified the "white man's burden," the coloniser's self perceived destiny to rule subordinate peoples. In contrast, post-colonialism seeks out areas of hybridity and transculturalization.15 This aspect is particularly relevant during processes of globalization. Said coined the term East, describing the binary between East and the occident. This binary also referred to as the East or West binary, is key in postcolonial theory. Said argued that West could not exist without East and vice versa. In other words, they are mutually constitutive. Notably, the concept of the East i.e. East was created by the West, suppressing the ability of East to express themselves. West depictions of East construct an inferior world, a place of backwardness, irrationality, and wildness. This allowed West to identify

15

Stuart, Hall. Identity Community, Culture and Difference. (London: Lawence & Wishard. 1990), p.112

themselves as the opposite of these characteristics as a superior world that was progressive, rational, and civil. Furthermore, Said states that power and

knowledge are inseparable. West‟s claim to knowledge of the East gave West the

power to name and the power to control. This concept is essential to understanding of colonialism, and therefore recognizing postcolonialism.

From the explanation above, the differences of culture and custom even representation between the East and the West can be classified as follows :

West :

1. Live in space.

2. Value activity assertive, confronting diligent. Seek change. 3. Live with nature or co existing with nature.

4. Want to know how it works freedom of speech. 5. Strive for articulation.

6. Love first then marry. 7. Love is vocal.

8. Focus on self assuredness, own needs. 9. Attempt to get more of everything.

10.Ideal: being successful honour achievement.

11.Wealth or poverty: results of enterprise. Cherish vitality of youth. 12.Retire to enjoy the rewards of one‟s work.

East :

1. Live in time.

3. Live in nature or part of nature itself. 4. Want to know meaning freedom of silence. 5. Lapse into meditation.

6. Marry first then love. 7. Love is silent.

8. Focus on consideration of others feelings. 9. Learn to do with less material assets. 10.Ideal: love of life Honour austerity.

11.Wealth or poverty: results of fortune. Cherish wisdom of years. 12.Retire to enjoy the gift of one‟s family. 16

C. Character, Characterization, and Film

There are so many correlations between character and characterization. Because character seems to be the base of the characterization. If the character is the person who play in a play roll, while the characterization is how the character characterizes the character plays or how the character is described.

I.Character

Character is someone who acts, appears or is referred to as playing a part in literary work. 17 a character also can be defined as a person represented in play, drama, story, etc. In literature a character is a personage in a novel, short story, drama, or person.

16

Stuart, Hall. Identity Community, Culture and Difference. (London: Lawence&Wishard. 1990), p.123

17

Paul, Hunter. The Norton Introduction to Literature. (W. W Norton and Company, Inc 2002), p.102

II. Characterization

Characterization is the act of characterizing and the delineation or creation of character in a play and story. Characterization means how the writer tells reader about the physical and non physical characteristic of the person told in the story.18 Characterization is the process of creating character in fiction. The manners of describing can be done through the events, author direct statement, character direct statement, conversation, and though statement from others character.19 Characterization can involve developing a variety of aspect of a character, such as appearance, age, gender, educational level, occupation, financial status, marital status, religious belief, ambition, motivation, characterization is an element of the discourse. Characterization is the process of conveying information about character in fiction. Character are usually presented through their action, dialect, and thought as well as by description. Characterization can be regarded a variety of aspects of a character such as appearance, age, gender, educational level, occupation, financial status, cultural background, hobbies, sexual orientation, religious belief, ambitions, motivations, personality, and so on. Meanwhile characterization is portraying of clear picture about someone, which present in a story.

Characterization means how the writer tells the reader about physical and non physical characteristic of the person told in the story. Characterization or personality is defined as in fiction by what the character do, by what they say, by

18

Martin, Stephen. An Introductory Guide to English Literature. (Essex: Longman Group Ltd), p.12

19

what others say about them and setting in which they move. The character are also defined in part by other character as whom they in some degree resemble or from whom they in some degree differ.

III. Film

Robert P.Kolker in “The Film Text and Film Form” on The Oxford Guide to

Film Studies said that the preference to think of the film as a kind of self constructed presence, full of story, characters, and emotion. A film is there, complete, full, and waiting for people‟s gaze.20 Kolker in his writing “the film text

and film form” said further that the film making is more difficult that it appears

because the influence of film on the life of the society is so great, therefore the film is important to be explained. Understanding film seems to be something easy. Strictly speaking just by watching the film until the end of the story. People could

get what the film is talking about. Actually film is more than that. It‟s all about

the aspects that build the film it self as a complex object to be described. Therefore there is no specific semantics meaning describe the film theory.

Related to this statement, Robert Stam in his film theory, an Introduction said film theory is rarely pure. It is usually laced with admixture of literary criticism, social commentary, and philosophical speculation. 21 Stam continued that to slightly modify the formulation film theory is an envolving body of concepts designed to account for the cinema in all its dimension for an interpretative community of scholars, critics, and interested spectators.

20

John, Hill. The Oxford Guide to Film Studies. (New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 1998), p.11

21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A.

Data Description

I.How Roger Ferris is represented in Body of Lies film.

Generally, West represented live in space, value activity assertive, live with nature, want to know how it works freedom of speech, and love first then marry and specifically through Roger Ferris was played by Leonardo Di Caprio represented as West that has characters: smart, modern thinking, friendly, can cooperate with his partners well, careful, understand with Islam means has positive thinking about

Quran‟s meaning. The writer can conclude it from conversation in the film that is made in a table below.

Table 1

No. Corpus Representation

1. Nizar : I don‟t want to die. I want to go to America. I have a Ph. D., you know? and they want me. They want me to blow myself up. Ferris: Ph. D. in what, chemistry?

The conversation shows that Ferris is a very careful

man. He doesn‟t take any decision clumsily. He asked an unimportant thing but he just wants to convince that there is no mistake for him when he reports and explains to Hoffman as his working partner.

2. Ferris : Cut the bullshit, all right? Give me some information. What do you know?

He has a strong power press someone in order he/she tells the truth. But Ferris looks a little bit uncooperative to Nizar because he thinks it too dangerous for his existence as CIA agent if he is too close and to soft with the enemy.

3. Ferris : now, we have recently discovered a large Al-Saleem safe house and training cell here in Amman. I would need your help with surveillance, sir. Now, this is what we know so far.

Hani : this is unusual. Your Ed Hoffman would rather have less information than share with me.

Ferris is shown as a really respectful and

understandable person. Because, he doesn‟t do the

same thing when he asks Nizar. He is a little bit uncooperative and does many pressures. But this time he really respects Hanny who is probably his own enemy.

4. Ferris : well, tell her I‟ll switch

passports with her. It‟ll make us

both happy.

Aisha :don‟t joke about these kind of things

Ferris : I‟m not joking. I‟m perfectly serious. I may stay here

forever. Really. Well, anyway, I‟m

glad I made friends with her boys. I like them a lot.

Ferris is also a really friendly man because he still can make jokes while he is not at his own home. And he probably knew that he spoke and made a joke with the family of his enemy.

5. Ferris : Just like this men, huh? These men who are dispensable to you. These men who blow themselves up in the name of Allah who kill their own brothers and sisters. There is no place in the Koran for the murder of innocent people and suicide. You know that. Saleem : But the koran‟s saying you speak Arabic, no? “Do not say that those slain in the cause of God are dead. They are alive but you are not aware of them.

Ferris : So you misinterpret the one book you believe in, hm? But are you pure or are you just as corrupt as the capitalist Westeners that you despise? To me, you are fucking slaves. You are slaves to the Saudi oil sheiks and the wahabi oil money that funds you. And when that oil money runs out, my friends, you will all fucking disappear into the ashes of history.

Ferris is described as a person who has a great sense of humanity. Because, he still thinks about other people and the surrounding. Especially to innocent people who are probably killed by what Saleem did in the name of Jihad. Ferris also has a good interpretation about

Qur‟an and has positive thinking about Islam. He thinks that Islam does not teach its believers to kill their own brothers and sisters. And he thinks that Saleem is one of the victim from slavery of Saudi which has wrong interpretation about Islam.

Beside the table above, the writer gives also the explanation about the West representation which is described through the character Ferris taken from the conversation which takes place. Here are the conversation and the explanation :

a. Conversation between Ferris, Bassam, and Nizar.

Ferris : Who do you mean by “they”. Nizar ? hm ?

Nizar : I don‟t want to die. I want to go to America. I have a Ph. D., you know? and they want me. They want me to blow myself up.

Ferris : Ph. D. in what, chemistry ? Nizar : No

Ferris : What do you know about radiological materials? Nizar : Linguistic. I speak five languages. Five, you know? Ferris : you are a rare and a delicate flower.

Nizar : yes, I am. What do you know about our pain?

Ferris : Cut the bullshit, all right? Give me some information. What do you know?

The conversation above shows that Ferris is a very careful man. He doesn‟t take any decision clumsily. By asking many question to Nizar, who comes to him to have safety and comfort, shows that Ferris is a really careful man. Because he asked an unimportant thing to know as a spy. But he just wants to convince that there is no mistake for him when he report and explanation to Hoffman as his working partner. By asking “Ph.D in wshat, chemistry?” shows his carefulness to determine whether Nizar tells the truth or lie. Beside he is a careful man, he also has a strong

power to make someone tell the truth to him. By saying “Cut the bullshit, alright? Give some information. What do you know?”, he seems to have a strong power

press someone in order he tells the truth. But Ferris he looks a little bit uncooperative to Nizar because he thinks it too dangerous for his existence as CIA

agent if he is too close and to soft with the enemy. That‟s why he is a little bit

uncooperative and does a little pressure.

b. Conversation between Ferris and Hani Salam in G.I.D. Complex, Jordanian General Intelligence Directorate.

Ferris : now, we have recently discovered a large Al-Saleem safe house and training cell here in Amman. I would need your help with surveillance, sir. Now, this is what we know so far.

Hani : this is unusual. Your Ed Hoffman would rather have less information than share with me.

Ferris : well, this is not Ed Hoffman. This is not my predecessor. This is me, sir. Please have a look.

Hani : I have one rule if we are to cooperate, my dear. Never lie to me. Understand? Never lie to me. You shall have your agents.

Ferris : thank you, sir.

Ferris : I probably should have kept my mouth shut. After all, I was a guest in your home.

Aisha : so is she. It didn‟t stop her, you know? She suffered a lot during

Iran-Iraq war and the funny thing is that she wants to live in America.

Ferris : well, tell her I‟ll switch passports with her. It‟ll make us both happy. Aisha : don‟t joke about these kind of things

Ferris : I‟m not joking. I‟m perfectly serious. I may stay here forever.

Really.

Well, anyway, I‟m glad I made friends with her boys. I like them a

lot.

From the conversation above, Ferris is shown as a really respectful and

understandable person. Because, he doesn‟t do the same thing when he asks Nizar.

He is a little bit uncooperative and does many pressures. But this time he really respect Hanny who is probably his own enemy. Meanwhile, Ferris is not his own

country. He asked for Hani‟s help respectfully by saying “ Now, we have recently discovered a large Al-Saleem safe house and training cell here in Amman. I would need your help with surveillance, sir. Now, this is what we know so far”. This statement also shows that Ferris really understand the situation and he understand what he has to do. Beside that, Ferris also is a really friendly man. Because he can make some jokes with Aisha when he said “ well, tell her I’ll switch passports with her. It’ll make us both happy”. And in the other statement he also said “I’m not joking. I’m perfectly serious. I may stay here forever. Really. Well, anyway, I’m glad I made friends with her boys. I like them a lot”. The two statement show that Ferris is a really friendly man because he still can make jokes while he is not at his own home.

c. Conversation between Ferris and Saleem

Ferris : Just like this men, huh? These men who are dispensable to you. These men who blow themselves up in the name of Allah who kill their own brothers and sisters. There is no place in the Koran for the murder of innocent people and suicide. You know that.

Saleem : But the koran‟s saying you speak Arabic, no? “Do not say that

those slain in the cause of God are dead. They are alive but you are not aware of them.

Ferris : So you misinterpret the one book you believe in, hm? But are you pure or are you just as corrupt as the capitalist Westeners that you despise? To me, you are fucking slaves. You are slaves to the Saudi oil sheiks and the wahabi oil money that funds you. And when that oil money runs out, my friends, you will all fucking disappear into the ashes of history.

Saleem : I‟m not going to torture you, Mr. Ferris. I see you are not going to read what is prepared for you on paper. All I need from you. I

already have. You know what that camera is for? It‟s not for this. This…this is later mission. It‟s for what comes after this. For what

comes now.

Ferris : But you paid who for me? An intermediary who works for who?

You don‟t know who and that should concern you.

Saleem : Do I look concerned?

Ferris : Well, that‟s what surprises me. I thought you were a lot smarter than

that someone has betrayed you. He works for the Head of Jordania

Intelligence….which means he works for us.

From the conversation, Ferris is shown as someone who has positive thinking in anything especially in humanity case. It can be seen from the statement he

made “ Just like this men, huh? These men who are dispensable to you. These men who blow themselves up in the name of Allah who kill their own brothers and sisters. There is no place in the Koran for the murder of innocent people and suicide. You know that?”. From the statement he made, it can be seen that he has a great sense of humanity. Because, he dares to say something from the thing that he does not believe in. From the conversation above, Ferris also is shown as a

intermediary who works for who? You don’t know who and that should concern you”, Ferris looks really believe in himself.

II.How Saleem is represented in Body of Lies film

East represented live in time, part of nature itself, want to know meaning freedom of silence, marry first then love. Saleem played by Alon Abutbul represented as East that has traditional characters. He is represented as a man who misunderstand about Quran. Because he does what is not thought in qur‟an. He tends to do Jihad that is thought in Holy Qur‟an but he does it in wrong way, the

way that is never thought in Qur‟an. Because in Quran there is no verses for killing people, doing criminal, oppressing someone to follow his ideology, being cruel and so on, but he does Jihad in that way. So, he is represented as a man who misunderstand about Qur‟an. The writer put in the table below :

Table II

No. Corpus Representation

1. In the first chapter of film, Saleem says: As we destroyed the bus in Sheffield last week. We will be ready and prepared for the operation in Britain. We will avenge the American wars on the muslim world. We will come at them. Everywhere. We will strike at random, across Europe and then America continually. We have bled and now they will bled.

Saleem is described as a person who likes to take avenge to anyone who has already done the bad things to his group. But, he does it hidden and sometimes he does not look at the situation whether there are his own brothers or not. He just does the avenge.

2. Nizar : They said they need me to become shahid for martyrdom. When a man knows too much, they say martyrdom.

Saleem looks misunderstands about Islam and Qur‟an.

Because he thinks that he does Jihad if he fight for and killed the Christians. While he does not think whether there are his own brothers or not in the place he fires

3. As we destroyed the bus in Sheffield

last week. We will be ready and prepared for the operation in Britain.

Saleem is also described as a criminal. Because he likes to fire the innocent people. What he has in his mind is just does jihad while he does not look at the situation.

The writer also makes the explanation through the sentences that indicate the representation of the East through the character of Nizar.

In the first chapter of film, Saleem says: As we destroyed the bus in Sheffield last week. We will be ready and prepared for the operation in Britain. We will avenge the American wars on the muslim world. We will come at them. Everywhere. We will strike at random, across Europe and then America continually. We have bled and now they will bled.

Saleem looks to misunderstand about Quran‟s, he wants to destroye people in America and the other West countries. Saleem also wants to avenge with the American whereas each religions forbids anyone to avenge.

Another Saleem‟s character is criminal. In Body of Lies film, Saleem is described as a leader of terrorist who always try to make damages in Europe and America. He is also described as a man who likes to killing innocent people that show him as a criminal.

Saleem can convince people to follow his ideology. Saleem has many followers who are ready to be a jihadist. They think they become shahid for martyrdom (Nizar : They said they need me to become shahid for martyrdom. When a man knows too much, they say martyrdom).

In one of scene when Ferris get catch by Saleem. In the last conversation

Saleem hits Ferris‟s ring finger and little finger with hammer. It shows Saleem is

a cruel man.

Saleem also closed man. In this film there are no scene where Saleem interacts with other people. For example with his neighbour or family. Saleem just interact

and communicate with his followers even when he interrogates an architect named Omar Sadiki, to get information about Ferris. Saleem just look him from a camera. Saleem‟s assistant who interrogate sOmar Sadiki directly.

There are wide areas of different thinking and different ways of reacting to and handling life's situations in other countries, both personal and in business. This definitely applies to East. In some parts it's more noticeable than others. Religion, faith and philosophy as well as traditions affect the culture of a particular country, or even a sub-area within that country. But for living in East, it is important for an outsider to be aware of the underlying cultural differences between East and West including thinking, which all affect behaviour, culture, tradition and values in the various East. There are differences between these and other religions including behaviour, culture, thinking, and so on.

From a West while some one was growing up, he/she ubconsciously developed an ingrained sense of the way things work. A common language gave him/her the ability to communicate effectively with the people around him/her, his/her family, friends, work colleagues and even with strangers in public; he/she learned something of his/her country‟s history, people's habits, likes and dislikes, including his/her rights as a citizen. He/she learned about acceptable social behaviour within the family and tolerance of others actions and many other parameters and facets of life. This understanding influenced his/herown behaviour and what he/she expects of others.

1. Analysis

a. Representation of West and East through Roger Ferris and Saleem Roger Ferris is represented as West that has characters: smart, modern thinking, friendly, can cooperate with his partners well, careful, understand with Islam means has positive thinking about Quran‟s meaning. While Saleem is represented as East who has traditional,characters, misunderstands about means of quran. because in quran there is no verses for killing people, doing criminal, oppressing other people to follow his comprehension and ideology. From simple explanation above, it looks West more superior than East and in the last story of film, Saleem was arrested by Ferris. This description is same as Edward Said explanation about West and East in Postcolonial theory.

Said‟s contention is Oriental or East is fundamentally a political doctrine will

over East because East was weaker than West, which elided East‟s difference with

its weakness. As a cultural apparatus East is all aggression, activity, judgment, will to truth, and knowledge.22 The point about this system is not that it is a misrepresentation of some East essence in which do not for a moment believe but that it operates as representations usually do, for a purpose, according to a tendency, in a specific historical, intellectual, and even economic setting.23 Said writes that East is a constellation of false assumptions underlying West attitudes toward East. This body of scholarship is marked by a subtle and persistent West prejudice against East and their culture. Said argued that a long tradition of romanticized images of East and West culture had served as an implicit

22

Edward, Said. Orientalism. (United States: Vintage Books, 1978), p. 204 23

justification for West colonial and imperial ambitions. Just as fiercely, Said denounced the practice of East elites who internalized West of East culture. So far as West seems to be concerned, it is only a slight overstatement to say that East are essentially seen as either oil suppliers or potential terrorists. Very little of the detail, the human density, the passion of East life has entered the awareness of even those people whose profession it is to report the East. What we have instead is a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression. In this section Said outlines his argument with several caveats as to how it may be flawed. Said states that it fails to include Orientalism, which Said suggests had "clean" pasts and could be promising future studies. Said also suggests that not all academic discourse in the West has to be Orientalist in its intent but much of it is. He also suggests that all cultures have a view of other cultures that may be exotic and harmless to some extent but it is not this view that he argues against and when this view is taken by a militarily and economically dominant culture against another it can lead to disastrous results.

In this chapter Said outlines how East discourse was transferred from country to country and from political leader to author. He suggests that this discourse was set up as a foundation for all further study and discourse of East by the Occident. He states that: "The four elements I have described: expansion, historical confrontation, sympathy, classification are the currents in eighteenth century thought on whose presence the specific intellectual and institutional structures of

way we view others. In the case of colonialism, East and West were distinguished as different from each other. This opposition justified the "white man's burden," the coloniser's self perceived destiny to rule subordinate peoples. In contrast, post-colonialism seeks out areas of hybridity and transculturalization. This aspect is particularly relevant during processes of globalization. Said coined the term East, describing the binary between East and the occident. This binary also referred to as the East or West binary, is key in postcolonial theory. Said argued that West could not exist without East and vice versa. In other words, they are mutually constitutive. Notably, the concept of the East i.e. East was created by the West, suppressing the ability of East to express themselves.

It means Saleem who represents the East is described as a terrorist by West while in the East‟s view especially in Saleem‟s family view, he is an ordinary human.

West depictions of East construct an inferior world, a place of backwardness, irrationality, and wildness. This allowed West to identify themselves as the opposite of these characteristics as a superior world that was progressive, rational, and civil. Furthermore, Said states that power and knowledge are inseparable.

West‟s claim to knowledge of the East gave West the power to name and the power to control. This concept is essential to understanding of colonialism, and therefore recognizing postcolonialism.

From Said‟s statement above, it is really relevant with the film. In the film, Ferris is described as modern thinker, friendly, cooperative with his partners, careful, understand and has positive thinking about Islam and Qur‟an. While

Saleem is described as opposite from Ferris. He is shown as a man who is traditional, misunderstands about Quran. Because although in Quran there is no verses for killing people, doing criminal, oppressing the other people to follow his comprehension and ideology and being cruel, he does it in the name of Jihad.

Someone also has some ideas of what people can or should not do without consequences good or bad. Someone has certain rights and protection under the law. If he is accused of a crime or other transgression, he is hopefully entitled to professional defence. In some countries, so called civil rights like freedom of speech allow him to voice your opinions vocally or in writing and freely draw support from others who agree with you. Living abroad doesn't take long to realise that many things that don't work the same especially when moving from West to East. Apart from different languages and you will benefit greatly if you can learn to understand, speak or write some of them. Each country has its own social systems and laws and ways of implementing them to resolve problems and disputes. He will find some of them strange and alien. There will be times when he feels alienated or uncomfortable because he realises that things are not the same as he thinks they ought to be. This is what has become known as Culture Shock. It may sound like a clichéd joke, but it's definitely not and every East has its own cultural traditions that need to be recognised and understood by foreign visitors, especially if they are spending extended time in any of these countries. The rules are usually easy enough to learn, the difficulty is to understand some of them when they are often in direct conflict with one's own ingrained habits.

Another difference between West and East thinking is the concept or interpretation of honesty. In the West, although it's not always adhered to, the truth is real and very important. In some East cultures, truth is at its best something to be searched for and at its worst, irrelevant compared to West perspective. For example, East will say that they have different views of events. West can accept there are different opinions, but facts are facts even if there is some uncertainty or disagreement as to what those facts are.

West living in some countries will start to notice basic differences in mentality, interests and intellectual discussion. East have very astute observational skills, but most are not focused on things that West consider significant. They rarely anticipate events, often failing to consider in advance the driving force that could precipitate an accident or a potential future development, one that might later have great significance in their lives. They are more interested in viewing the results of a road accident, blood and dead bodies, than pondering on what might have caused it, or even less, how it might have been avoided. Face how you are perceived by others is everything.

A good number of those concepts and ideas that might seem natural and logical to West, or the right thing to do, can be almost the direct opposite of how east minds think or react when life is not running as smoothly as it might. In case of dispute, East usually go out of their way to avoid direct confrontation or argument, often resorting to what West would call lying, white lies or worse, hiding their feelings behind what appears to be a genuinely friendly smile, or just simply silence. Thoughts remain unspoken, but inner anger builds up nevertheless

as East are sensitive people, and they will respond, but not at the time and possibly not in the way a West might expect.

In matters requiring arbitration and or redress between families, local solutions at community level are sought and imposed before resorting to judicial or legal ones. Legal ones often result in a worse situation or a more expensive solution, so in some ways there might be good reason for this in East. But fairness and justice take on different meanings within East context too.

The best advice that one who has lived in the East for some time can give is be tolerant of local thinking make an effort to accept East, even try to emulate it. Even when you desperately want to get your point of view understood, try to see things from the opposite perspective. When provoked, bite your tongue and contain your anger. Smile even though your jaw might crack with the effort. There are probably other ways to solve the problem, difficult as that may seem at the time, especially when frustration, anger and misunderstanding seem to surround you. There is probably nowhere where it's as important to keep your cool as East

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Body of Lies film representation of West and East through the character of actors. Roger Ferris as West and Saleem as East. Ferris who has characters: smart, modern thinking, friendly, can cooperate with his partners well, careful,

understand with Islam means has positive thinking about Quran‟s meaning. While

Saleem who has characters: traditional, has misunderstanding about means of

quran‟s meaning because in quran there is no verses for killing people, criminal, can convinced another people to follow his comprehension and ideology. This is also has some description about West depend on Edward Said. East was weaker

than West, which elided East‟s difference with its weakness. As a cultural apparatus East is all aggression, activity, judgment, will to truth, and knowledge.24 The point about this system is not that it is a misrepresentation of some East essence in which do not for a moment believe but that it operates as representations usually do, for a purpose, according to a tendency, in a specific historical, intellectual, and even economic setting.25 Said writes that East is a constellation of false assumptions underlying West attitudes toward East. This body of scholarship is marked by a subtle and persistent West prejudice against East and their culture. Said argued that a long tradition of romanticized images of

24

Edward, Said. Orientalism. (United States: Vintage Books, 1978), p.204 25

East and West culture had served as an implicit justification for West colonial and imperial ambitions.

West as superior and East as inferior. This is statement since September attack at 2001 in America. America thinks people from East who done its attack. From September attack relation between West and East always opposite in any cases.

B. Suggestion

For students who are interesting to analyzed a film, they must look, hear, and understand carefully about the film it self. Different from novel or short story, film needs more concentrations to understand it.

The writer also hopes this thesis can become one of the references. Last, the writer hopes this thesis will be useful for the writer herself and other reader for the future improvement of studying literature. In English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta especially and other University generally.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Boggs, Joseph. M and Dennis W.Petrie. The Art of Watching Films. Fifth edition. California: Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000.

Brill, Steven. Simon& Schuster. After How America Confronted the September 12 Era. New York: Avenue of the Americas. 2003.

David, Bordwell and Kristin Thompson. Film Art: an Introduction. New York: Mc. Graw Hill Inc. 1993.

Farkhan, Muhammad. Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Jakarta: Cella Jakarta. 2006.

Giles, Judy and Tim Middleton. Studying Culture a Practical Introduction. London: Blackwell Publisher. 1999.

Halberstam, David. New York September 11 by Magnum Photographers. New York: PowerHouse Books. 2001.

Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 1997.

Hall, Stuart. Identity Community, Culture and Difference. London: Lawence & Wishard. 1990.

Howard R, Lamar. The New Encyclopedia of the American West. London: Yale University. 1998.

Hunter, Paul and Alison Booth and Kelly J, The Norton Introduction to Literature, W. W Norton and Company, 2002

J. V. Luxemburg, et al. Pengantar Ilmu Sastra. Jakarta: Gramedia. 1992. Kellner, Douglas. Media Culture. New York: Routledge. 1995.

Michael J Hoffman and Patrick D Murphy. Essential of the theory of fiction. Durham and London: Duke Press University. 1998.

Pramaggiore, Maria and Tom Wallis. Film: A Critical Introduction. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. 2005.

Richard Gill. Mastering English Literature. Second Edition. England: Macmillan. 1995.

Said, Edward. Orientalism. United States: Vintage Books. 1978. Websites:

http://WWW.boxofficemojo.com/movies/id.bodyoflies.htm. Accessed on October

04 2010.

science.jrank.org/pages/representation-Theory-Literature.html. Accessed on October 04 2010.

www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/.../saidyeat.htm. Accessed on October 05

2010

Another difference between West and East thinking is the concept or interpretation of honesty. In the West, although it's not always adhered to, the truth is real and very important. In some East cultures, truth is at its best something to be searched for and at its worst, irrelevant compared to West perspective. For example, East will say that they have different views of events. West can accept there are different opinions, but facts are facts even if there is some uncertainty or disagreement as to what those facts are.

West living in some countries will start to notice basic differences in mentality, interests and intellectual discussion. East have very astute observational skills, but most are not focused on things that West consider significant. They rarely anticipate events, often failing to consider in advance the driving force that could precipitate an accident or a potential future development, one that might later have great significance in their lives. They are more interested in viewing the results of a road accident, blood and dead bodies, than pondering on what might have caused it, or even less, how it might have been avoided. Face how you are perceived by others is everything.

A good number of those concepts and ideas that might seem natural and logical to West, or the right thing to do, can be almost the direct opposite of how east minds think or react when life is not running as smoothly as it might. In case of dispute, East usually go out of their way to avoid direct confrontation or argument, often resorting to what West would call lying, white lies or worse, hiding their feelings behind what appears to be a genuinely friendly smile, or just simply silence. Thoughts remain unspoken, but inner anger builds up nevertheless

as East are sensitive people, and they will respond, but not at the time and possibly not in the way a West might expect.

In matters requiring arbitration and or redress between families, local solutions at community level are sought and imposed before resorting to judicial or legal ones. Legal ones often result in a worse situation or a more expensive solution, so in some ways there might be good reason for this in East. But fairness and justice take on different meanings within East context too.

The best advice that one who has lived in the East for some time can give is be tolerant of local thinking make an effort to accept East, even try to emulate it. Even when you desperately want to get your point of view understood, try to see things from the opposite perspective. When provoked, bite your tongue and contain your anger. Smile even though your jaw might crack with the effort. There are probably other ways to solve the problem, difficult as that may seem at the time, especially when frustration, anger and misunderstanding seem to surround you. There is probably nowhere where it's as important to keep your cool as East

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Body of Lies film representation of West and East through the character of actors. Roger Ferris as West and Saleem as East. Ferris who has characters: smart, modern thinking, friendly, can cooperate with his partners well, careful, understand with Islam means has positive thinking about Quran‟s meaning. While Saleem who has characters: traditional, has misunderstanding about means of quran‟s meaning because in quran there is no verses for killing people, criminal, can convinced another people to follow his comprehension and ideology. This is also has some description about West depend on Edward Said. East was weaker than West, which elided East‟s difference with its weakness. As a cultural apparatus East is all aggression, activity, judgment, will to truth, and knowledge.24 The point about this system is not that it is a misrepresentation of some East essence in which do not for a moment believe but that it operates as representations usually do, for a purpose, according to a tendency, in a specific historical, intellectual, and even economic setting.25 Said writes that East is a constellation of false assumptions underlying West attitudes toward East. This body of scholarship is marked by a subtle and persistent West prejudice against East and their culture. Said argued that a long tradition of romanticized images of

24

Edward, Said. Orientalism. (United States: Vintage Books, 1978), p.204 25

East and West culture had served as an implicit justification for West colonial and imperial ambitions.

West as superior and East as inferior. This is statement since September attack at 2001 in America. America thinks people from East who done its attack. From September attack relation between West and East always opposite in any cases.

B. Suggestion

For students who are interesting to analyzed a film, they must look, hear, and understand carefully about the film it self. Different from novel or short story, film needs more concentrations to understand it.

The writer also hopes this thesis can become one of the references. Last, the writer hopes this thesis will be useful for the writer herself and other reader for the future improvement of studying literature. In English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta especially and other University generally.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Boggs, Joseph. M and Dennis W.Petrie. The Art of Watching Films. Fifth edition. California: Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000.

Brill, Steven. Simon& Schuster. After How America Confronted the September 12 Era. New York: Avenue of the Americas. 2003.

David, Bordwell and Kristin Thompson. Film Art: an Introduction. New York: Mc. Graw Hill Inc. 1993.

Farkhan, Muhammad. Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Jakarta: Cella Jakarta. 2006. Giles, Judy and Tim Middleton. Studying Culture a Practical Introduction.

London: Blackwell Publisher. 1999.

Halberstam, David. New York September 11 by Magnum Photographers. New York: PowerHouse Books. 2001.

Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices.

London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 1997.

Hall, Stuart. Identity Community, Culture and Difference. London: Lawence & Wishard. 1990.

Howard R, Lamar. The New Encyclopedia of the American West. London: Yale University. 1998.

Hunter, Paul and Alison Booth and Kelly J, The Norton Introduction to Literature,

W. W Norton and Company, 2002

J. V. Luxemburg, et al. Pengantar Ilmu Sastra. Jakarta: Gramedia. 1992. Kellner, Douglas. Media Culture. New York: Routledge. 1995.

Michael J Hoffman and Patrick D Murphy. Essential of the theory of fiction.

Durham and London: Duke Press University. 1998.

Pramaggiore, Maria and Tom Wallis. Film: A Critical Introduction. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. 2005.

Richard Gill. Mastering English Literature. Second Edition. England: Macmillan. 1995.

Said, Edward. Orientalism. United States: Vintage Books. 1978. Websites:

http://WWW.boxofficemojo.com/movies/id.bodyoflies.htm. Accessed on October 04 2010.

science.jrank.org/pages/representation-Theory-Literature.html. Accessed on

October 04 2010.

www.qub.ac.uk/schools/SchoolofEnglish/.../saidyeat.htm. Accessed on October 05 2010