THE VALUES OF HEROISMIN “THE LORD OF THE RINGS:THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING” NOVEL BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN

THE VALUES OF HEROISMIN“THE LORD OF THE RINGS:THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING” NOVEL BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve the Sarjana Degree in English Education

BY:

FATHONATI KUSUMANINGRUM NIM: 201210100312300

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THE VALUES OF HEROISMIN“THE LORD OF THE RINGS:THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING” NOVEL BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve the Sarjana Degree in English Education

BY:

FATHONATI KUSUMANINGRUM NIM: 201210100312300

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THE VALUES OF HEROISMIN“THE LORD OF THE RINGS:THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING” NOVEL BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve the Sarjana Degree in English Education

BY:

FATHONATI KUSUMANINGRUM NIM: 201210100312300

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

This thesis written by Fathonati Kusumaningrum was approved on October 31st_, 2013.

By:

Advisor I

Santi Prasetyowati, SPd

Advisor II

This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang

and accepted as the partial requirement to achieve Sarjana Degree at the English Education

On October 31st, 2013

Approved by

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Dean,

(Dr. M. Syaifuddin, MM)

Examiner: Signatures:

1. Drs. Soeparto, M.Pd 1………..

2. Rina W Setyaningrum, M.Ed 2……….. 3. Santi Prasetyowati, S.Pd 3………..

MOTTO and DEDICATION

“Keberhasilantidaksemata – matadilihatdariapa yang telahdicapai, tapikeberhasilanadalahsejauhmanakeberanianmemulaisesuatu”

DEDICATION I dedicated this thesis to: My beloved mother ( Parjinah, SPd), father (DrsSyafruddinMujiyono, MMPd) Sister (UmmiBazrahZulaikha, SPd), Brother (Mu’ammalHamidy, S.Kom), Brother (FaqihAlySyari’ati, Lc) And my lovely husband (Muhammad Faji, ST).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, the writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to the One and Only, Allah the Almighty whose blessings make everything possible, especially for her being able to finish the thesis. Then, might the sholawat and salaam are devoted to our Prophet Muhammad SAW the greatest man of all, the latest prophet, and no words can describe his highly praised character.

Second, the writer’s appreciation and gratitude also goes to Santi Prasetyowati, SPd as the first advisor, who gave her sincere attention, guidance, and advice among herdense time and activities.

Third, the writer’s gratefulness also goes to Dr. Sudiran, M.Hum as the second advisor whose guidance, advice, and sincere appreciation and recognition of the writer’s draft has built up her self-confidence. His invaluable literature input and intensive comments on

the writer’s mistakes, even the most naïve ones, serve as a positive feedback and constructive criticisms which contribute much to the quality of this thesis.

Fourth, the writer’s gratitude goes to the examiners: Drs. Soeparto, M.Pd, Rina W. Setyaningrum, M.Pd. Who had given a lot of suggestions and criticisms which also contribute much to the quality of this thesis.

Finally, the writer would sincerely like to thank to her beloved mother, Parjinah, SPd and Drs. Syafruddin Mujiyono, MMPd, as her Father, who always give support and possitive advices so the writer is motivated and has strong will to finish this thesis. Without them the

writer feels nothing. Moreover, the writer’s heartfelt thanks are also addressed to many other people whom she cannot mention one by one in this limited space.

Malang, 31 October 2013

The Researcher,

THE VALUES OF HEROISM IN “THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP

OF THE RING” NOVEL BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN

ABSTRACT

Recent literary critics have come into an agreement that there is still no conventional definition, as well as the function, of literature. It commonly happens that a definition of literature given by one critic will soon be debated, challenged, or even refused by others. An attempt of finding a conclusive definition, limitation, and function of literature seems to be an endless effort in the frame work of humanistic studies. The Lord of the Rings took almost eighteen years of writing process before it was being published during the year 1954-55 and divided into three volumes: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings, actually, is not a ‘trilogy’ but a unified work.Moreover, this thesis analyzes one of J. R. R. Tolkien’s novels: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. Therefore, the object of the study under the guidelines of two research questions, those are: (1) What values of heroism Frodo Baggins has which make him chosen as the Ring-bearer? (2)What and who influence him so that he has those values of heroism?

The reasons in choosing Frodo Baggins as the Ring-bearer for there are some values of heroism Frodo Baggins has which make him capable of taking and destroying the Ring to Mount Doom. These values are pride, dignity, courage, willingness, as well as responsibility. These values of heroism can be taken out from Frodo Baggins for there are influences from

his friends and relatives as well as his environment that can affect Frodo’s life in his journeys

and his way of thinking.

In order to analyze more about those reasons, the thesis writer uses the Mythological and Archetypal Approachwhich insists on locating the heroism values shown by the characters within the novel. . By using the theory as well as exploring the reasons behind the choosing of Frodo Baggins as the Ring-bearer, it reveals the heroism values in the story.

After analyzing the novel, it is found that Frodo is just a mere Hobbit who is weak and has limitations in strength to fight against the evil and powerful power of the Dark Lord Sauron. Still, there are values of heroism in him, such as willingness, dignity, courage, and responsibility that make him capable in doing the task of destroying the Ring. These values of heroism cannot be existed in Frodo’s life unless there are influences from his friends and relatives such as Gandalf, Legolas, Gimli, Aragorn , Boromir, Sam, Merry and Pippin to support him in facing all the obstacles and tries to make them through. Although he has to deal with both ups and downs, Frodo is able to manage his times, desires, and also copes with his environment in order to make the task of destroying the Ring accomplished.

Key words: heroism values, The Lord of the Ring, Frodo Baggins.

The Advisor 1, The Researcher,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL LEGALIZATION

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of Problem ... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Research ... 4

1.4 Scope and Limitation ... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Literature ... 7

2.2Kinds of Literature ... 8

2.3Novel ... 9

2.4Types of Novel ... 10

2.5Elements of Novel ………. ... 11

2.7Values of Heroism ... ………17

2.8Mythological and Archetypal Approach ... 19

2.9Lord of the Ring: The Fellowship of the Ring ... 21

2.10 J.R. R. Tolkien ... 24

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ... 27

3.2 Approach ... 27

3.3 Data Source ... 28

3.4 Research Instrument ………....………28

3.5 Data Collection ... 29

3.6 Data Analysis ... 29

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1. Findings... 31

4.1.1Values of Heroism in Frodo Baggins ... 31

4.1.1.1Responsibility ... 31

4.1.1.2Iron Will ... 33

4.1.1.3Courage ... 34

4.1.1.4 Adventurer Spirit ... 36

4.1.2Aspects influencing him so that he has those values of heroism ... 38

4.1.2.1The Hobbit: Bilbo Baggins ... 38

4.1.2.2The Elves ... 40

4.1.2.3The Men ... 43

4.1.2.4Council of Elrond’s Representatives: The Fellowship of the Ring44 4.1.2.5 The Premonition ... 45

4.2Discussions ... 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1. Conclusions ... 51

5.2. Suggestions ... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY……..……… 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M.H. 1999.A Glossary of Literary Terms Seventh Edition. Massachusetts: Heinle & Heinle.

Armstrong, Andrew. Tolkien: His Works. 2003.

(Online),(http://www.tolkiensociety.com, accessed on 8 Maret 2012)

Arnaldo-Guizar . 2001. National Geographic: The Lord of the Rings.Dir. Chico. New Line Productions, Inc.

Baker,Anton.1979. The novel in English&American Literarture. Its nature origin and varius genres. Flores.Arrulden.

Bernstein, Andrew.2006.what is literary fiction.(Online)

(http://writeanything.wordpress.com/2010/04/14/what-is-literary-fiction/,

accessed on: 15 March 2012)

Biklen, B. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education an Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allin and Bacon.

Bushman, Melissa. 2007. Defining Heroism, (Online)

(http://voices.yahoo.com/topic/53917/heroism.html?cat=37, accessed on: 15

March 2012)

Gargett, Graham. 2004. Heroism and Passion in Literature Studies in honour of Moya Longstaffe. Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi B.V.

Guerin, Wilfred L. 1992. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. Oxford University Press.

Harris, Robert.2007. Kinds of novel. A Glossary of Literature Terms, (Online),(http:/www. virtuasalt. com, accessed on: 15 March 2012) Kennedy, X.J. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.

Boston: Little Brown and Company.

Koesnosoebroto, S.B. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Directorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Proyek Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan.

London, Atlanta, Dallas, Columbus, San Francisco: Ginn and Company. Marsh, Nicholas. 2002. How to Begin Studying English Literature, Third edition.

New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd) Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights

reserved

Online Dictionary. (Online) (http://www.dictionary.com/, accessed on 15 March 2012).

Paulson, Ronald 2007. Sin and Evil Moral Values in Literature. New Haven & London: Yale University Press

Peck, Jhon and Coyle, Martin. 1984. Literarary Terms And Criticism. Britain: British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Rees, R.J. 1973. English Literature, An Introduction for Foreign readers. Basingstoke and London: Peninsula Press ltd.

Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2004. Theory, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Rogers, Graham. 2005. JRR Tolkien,(Online), (http://www.jrrtolkien.org.uk, accessed on 8 Maret 2012)

Rosebury, Brian. 1992. Tolkien: A Critical Assessment. Great Britain: The Macmillan Press Ltd.

The Encyclopedia Americana. 1878. All rights reserved

Tolkien, J.R.R.2001.The Lord of the Rings. Film tie-in ed. Great Britain: HarperCollinsPublishers.

Warren Austin and Wellek Rene, 1977. Theory of literarture. London: Harcourt Brace Javanovic, Publisher, Sandiego.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a discussion of the background of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, scope and limitation, significance of the study, and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Recent literary critics have come into an agreement that there is still no conventional definition, as well as the function, of literature. It commonly happens that a definition of literature given by one critic will soon be debated, challenged, or even refused by others. An attempt of finding a conclusive definition, limitation, and function of literature seems to be an endless effort in the frame work of humanistic studies.

Beyond the debate of the definition, however, lies a generally accepted characteristic of literature. Most critics see literature as a product of human creativity in the form of written or oral work (Wellek & Warren, 1990). Therefore, literature undoubtedly occupies a language in which the various elements and components of the text are brought into a complex relation. Through the art of language play, literature offers pleasure and illumination (Kennedy, 1983).

In the literary world, there are many kinds of literary work, such as novel, fiction, poetry, poem etc. Novel is one of literary works which describes human beings’ life, attitude, action, and even represents the historical facts. The length of

novel allows the author to use multiple structures. There may be plots, counter plots, and subplots; stories outside the main story is often arranged to provide contrast or ironic comment. The author also has more space for social and historical complexity, more psychological background of character, motive, and choice. On the other hand, novel is a fictional narrative, longer than the short story, but with no set length. It organizes character than a story. It shows its characters in more depth than the short story. Novel is able to contain more complicated action than the short story, and it is more likely to introduce subplots (Peck, 1988).

A Literary work is the result of human beings’ thinking which tells about life that deals with feeling, ideas, experience, ambition, imagination and problem. One of literary genres is novel, a book-length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense of actual life (Kennedy, 1983). The full length novel may consist of over 100 words, containing a number of characters. Some of them are fully developed, have more incidents or episodes, have a number of settings, and may take place in a long span of time. It may have more than one theme; have both minor and major crises (conflicts) and climaxes (Koesnosubroto, 1988).

There are various things that might be the influential background of the authors in writing their novel (Bakker, 1978). Literary art of the novel shows diverse style, may have different background or purpose, or show different artistic trends. Those distinctive purpose and background creates differences of novel. There are fictional novel, detective novel, romantic novel, biographical novel, and science fiction novel.

The Lord of the Rings took almost eighteen years of writing process before it was being published during the year 1954-55 and divided into three volumes: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings, actually, is not a ‘trilogy’ but a unified work.

The description of the Middle-earth in The Lord of the Rings more or less is very much alike the land in Europe, especially Tolkien’s hometown in the outskirt of Birmingham, England. The statement above also emphasizes this as it is said that the region, the climate, geology and vegetation, and the scale of the Middle-earth are similar to Europe which make the readers, especially for those who live in England, familiar with the setting in The Lord of the Rings(Rosebury, 1992).

This extraordinary way of thinking that can create such an imagination affects the thesis writer to know deeper about the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, which has already been a phenomenon, especially among his avid readers. It also cannot be denied that the World War I somewhat affects the writing of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. This is shown as the bearing of the Ring from the Shire where Frodo lives to another places (Rivendell, and finally to Mount Doom in Mordor) as the symbolization of the transfer of power in the World War II. Another influence of the World War in The Lord of the Rings can also be seen in the battle between the Fellowship of the Ring and the Orcs in Mines of Moria as a symbol of Battle of Somme where Tolkien as a British officer was trapped in a pit together with his fellow soldiers. From his experiences while he was still an officer in the World War as well as his eagerness in old English and other tales and history that ever exist in

Europe, such as Beowulf and Kalevala, Tolkien wrote his most famous novel, The Lord of the Rings(Arnaldo-Guizar, 2001).

The unique character of Frodo Baggins makes the thesis writer wants to analyze more about him and the possibilities of other influences that can occur.

1.2Statement of the Problem

There are some questions that would be answered in this thesis. Those questions are:

(1) What values of heroism does Frodo Baggins have which make him chosen as the Ring-bearer?

(2) What and who influence him so that Frodo Bagginse has those values of heroism?

1.3Purpose of the Research

Based on the above statement problems, this study is aimed atrevealing: (1) Values of heroism of Frodo Bagginsthat make him capable of taking and destroying the Ring to Mount Doom.

1.4Scope and Limitation

The discussion in this thesis will be limited to the main character, Frodo Baggins, and the influences that he gets from his environment, his friends and relatives, and his enemies.

1.5 Significance of the Study

There are two functional considerations for conducting the research. This study is significant to conduct due to its theoretical and practical functions. Theoretically, the writer expects that the result of this analysis will encourage the English Department students to read literary works, especially novel. It is clear that when the students study literary work, particularly novel, they might not only enlarge their linguistic competence through its analysis and appreciation, but also enrich their language. Besides, the students can enlarge their knowledge about culture and issues in other countries.

Practically, the students will know how to analyze a novel in the focus on the values of heroism; in this case the students will get information about heroism as a part of topic in the novel The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. By reading the result of the analysis, the students will get more information about the causes that make the main character in the story be capable of taking and destroying the Ring to Mount Doom and some influences from his friends and relatives as well as his environment that can affect Frodo’s life in his journeys and his way of thinking.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

To make the readers understand this study easily, the writer would like to present several definitions of the key terms as follows:

1. Heroismvalues in this study refers to the qualities of a hero or heroine; exceptional or heroic courage when facing danger (especially in battle)

2. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring in this study refers to a 2001 fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955).

3. Frodo Bagginsin this study refers to the primary protagonist of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. Frodo was a hobbit of the Shire who inherited Sauron's Ring from Bilbo Baggins and undertook the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a discussion of the background of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, scope and limitation, significance of the study, and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Recent literary critics have come into an agreement that there is still no conventional definition, as well as the function, of literature. It commonly happens that a definition of literature given by one critic will soon be debated, challenged, or even refused by others. An attempt of finding a conclusive definition, limitation, and function of literature seems to be an endless effort in the frame work of humanistic studies.

Beyond the debate of the definition, however, lies a generally accepted characteristic of literature. Most critics see literature as a product of human creativity in the form of written or oral work (Wellek & Warren, 1990). Therefore, literature undoubtedly occupies a language in which the various elements and components of the text are brought into a complex relation. Through the art of language play, literature offers pleasure and illumination (Kennedy, 1983).

In the literary world, there are many kinds of literary work, such as novel, fiction, poetry, poem etc. Novel is one of literary works which describes human beings’ life, attitude, action, and even represents the historical facts. The length of

novel allows the author to use multiple structures. There may be plots, counter plots, and subplots; stories outside the main story is often arranged to provide contrast or ironic comment. The author also has more space for social and historical complexity, more psychological background of character, motive, and choice. On the other hand, novel is a fictional narrative, longer than the short story, but with no set length. It organizes character than a story. It shows its characters in more depth than the short story. Novel is able to contain more complicated action than the short story, and it is more likely to introduce subplots (Peck, 1988).

A Literary work is the result of human beings’ thinking which tells about life that deals with feeling, ideas, experience, ambition, imagination and problem. One of literary genres is novel, a book-length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense of actual life (Kennedy, 1983). The full length novel may consist of over 100 words, containing a number of characters. Some of them are fully developed, have more incidents or episodes, have a number of settings, and may take place in a long span of time. It may have more than one theme; have both minor and major crises (conflicts) and climaxes (Koesnosubroto, 1988).

There are various things that might be the influential background of the authors in writing their novel (Bakker, 1978). Literary art of the novel shows diverse style, may have different background or purpose, or show different artistic trends. Those distinctive purpose and background creates differences of novel. There are fictional novel, detective novel, romantic novel, biographical novel, and science fiction novel.

The Lord of the Rings took almost eighteen years of writing process before it was being published during the year 1954-55 and divided into three volumes: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings, actually, is not a ‘trilogy’ but a unified work.

The description of the Middle-earth in The Lord of the Rings more or less is very much alike the land in Europe, especially Tolkien’s hometown in the outskirt of Birmingham, England. The statement above also emphasizes this as it is said that the region, the climate, geology and vegetation, and the scale of the Middle-earth are similar to Europe which make the readers, especially for those who live in England, familiar with the setting in The Lord of the Rings(Rosebury, 1992).

This extraordinary way of thinking that can create such an imagination affects the thesis writer to know deeper about the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, which has already been a phenomenon, especially among his avid readers. It also cannot be denied that the World War I somewhat affects the writing of J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. This is shown as the bearing of the Ring from the Shire where Frodo lives to another places (Rivendell, and finally to Mount Doom in Mordor) as the symbolization of the transfer of power in the World War II. Another influence of the World War in The Lord of the Rings can also be seen in the battle between the Fellowship of the Ring and the Orcs in Mines of Moria as a symbol of Battle of Somme where Tolkien as a British officer was trapped in a pit together with his fellow soldiers. From his experiences while he was still an officer in the World War as well as his eagerness in old English and other tales and history that ever exist in

Europe, such as Beowulf and Kalevala, Tolkien wrote his most famous novel, The Lord of the Rings(Arnaldo-Guizar, 2001).

The unique character of Frodo Baggins makes the thesis writer wants to analyze more about him and the possibilities of other influences that can occur.

1.2Statement of the Problem

There are some questions that would be answered in this thesis. Those questions are:

(1) What values of heroism does Frodo Baggins have which make him chosen as

the Ring-bearer?

(2) What and who influence him so that Frodo Bagginse has those values of

heroism?

1.3Purpose of the Research

Based on the above statement problems, this study is aimed atrevealing: (1) Values of heroism of Frodo Bagginsthat make him capable of taking and destroying the Ring to Mount Doom.

1.4Scope and Limitation

The discussion in this thesis will be limited to the main character, Frodo Baggins, and the influences that he gets from his environment, his friends and relatives, and his enemies.

1.5 Significance of the Study

There are two functional considerations for conducting the research. This study is significant to conduct due to its theoretical and practical functions. Theoretically, the writer expects that the result of this analysis will encourage the English Department students to read literary works, especially novel. It is clear that when the students study literary work, particularly novel, they might not only enlarge their linguistic competence through its analysis and appreciation, but also enrich their language. Besides, the students can enlarge their knowledge about culture and issues in other countries.

Practically, the students will know how to analyze a novel in the focus on the values of heroism; in this case the students will get information about heroism as a part of topic in the novel The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. By reading the result of the analysis, the students will get more information about the causes that make the main character in the story be capable of taking and destroying the Ring to Mount Doom and some influences from his friends and relatives as well as his environment that can affect Frodo’s life in his journeys and his way of thinking.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

To make the readers understand this study easily, the writer would like to present several definitions of the key terms as follows:

1. Heroismvalues in this study refers to the qualities of a hero or heroine;

exceptional or heroic courage when facing danger (especially in battle)

2. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring in this study refers to a 2001

fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955).

3. Frodo Bagginsin this study refers to the primary protagonist of Tolkien's The

Lord of the Rings. Frodo was a hobbit of the Shire who inherited Sauron's Ring from Bilbo Baggins and undertook the quest to destroy it in the fires of Mount Doom.