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4.2.4 Transcription and Editing of the Data
1. The narratives are divided into clauses and numbered consecutively. Subordinate clauses are numbered in the same way as independent clauses for easy reference.
2. Within a clause, “—” indicates a hesitation, extra long pause and break in the flow of utterance.
3. “...” indicates a tailing off and a long pause. 4. “ - - - “ between clauses indicates an extra long pause and discontinuity, with
possible prompting from interlocutor or researcher. 5. False starts and nonevaluative repetitions have been edited out; interference from
interlocutor or outside agencies, and responses to “off-stage” noises or events have similarly been ignored.
6. Inaudible or unclear segments have been left out and these omissions are not recorded in the transcription because they do not contribute anything to the
analysis. Unclear lexical items have been marked “?” where we are not more than 50 percent sure of the narrator’s intention.
7. The use of CAPITAL LETTERS indicates an accented syllable; this may be realized by one or more of the following phonological features: slowing down,
intensity either greater or less [whispering for effect], intonational contrast rising or falling. Lengthened vowels are written in, e.g. “RI-ICE”, and strongly accented
syllables, marked by a considerable increase in intensity, are both capitalized and italicized.
8. Each narrative is divided into the sections—Title, Orientation, Narrative and Coda—which are clearly labelled.
9. The structure of each clause is labelled, using Labov’s eight elements:
Conjunctions, Subjects, Auxiliaries, Verbs, Complements, Manner or Instrumental Adverbials, Locative Adverbials, and Temporal or Inferential Adverbials.
10. Subordinate clauses, including Direct and Indirect Speech, are indicated by the use of a smaller typeface, to distinguish them from independent clauses.
11. Evaluative devices are recorded at the right-hand side of the page and coded as indicated in table 4.1. Devices described by Labov are marked with an asterisk “”
and the additional devices we are arguing for, on the basis of the data collected, are placed under the appropriate headings.
- 118 - Table 4.1. List of evaluative devices and their codes
Intensifiers INT
Comparators COM
Phonology Phon
Direct Speech D.Sp
Direct Address D.Ad
Direct Quotation D.Quo
Exclamations Exc
Interjections Int
Lexical Items Lex
Quantifiers Qua
Phrasal Quantifiers P. Qua
Emphasizers Emp
Lexical Intensifiers L.Int
Foregrounding For
Repetitions Rep
First Language L1
Single Appositives S.Ap
Derogatory Comments Der
Imperatives Imp
Hortatives Hor
Questions Que
Negatives Neg
Futures Fut
Modals Mod
Quasimodals Q.Mod
OR-clauses Or.Cl
Comparatives Com
Superlatives Sup
Conversational Historic Present CHP
Correlatives COR
Explicatives EXP
Be...-ing B-ing
Double...-ing D-ing
Double Appositives D.Ap
Double Attributives D.At
Multiple Attributives M.At
Participle : Right P. Rt
Participle : Left P. Lt
Compound Noun Phrase C.NP
Compound Adj. Phrase C.AP
Compound Loc. Phrase C.LP
Optional Prep. Phrase O.PP
Simple: Qual. S.Qual
Simple: Caus. S.Caus
Complex: Qual. Cx.Qual
Complex: Caus. Cx.Caus
Compound: Qual. Cp. Qual
Compound: Caus. Cp. Caus
Clarification: 1 additionsubstitution of Lexical Items
Cl.Lex Clarification: 2 additionsubstitution of
ClauseSentence Cl.Sen
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4.2.5 Additions and Modifications to Labov’s Evaluative Categories
Kategori