The Description of the Data The Analysis of the Data

5. Text 5 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 151: 14 = 10.8 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 187: 151 = 1.2 6. Text 6 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 137: 19 = 7.2 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 218: 137 = 1.6 7. Text 7 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 182: 11 = 16.5 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 288: 182 = 1.6 8. Text 8 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 127: 9 = 14.1 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 234: 127 = 1.8 9. Text 9 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 135: 11 = 12.3 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 202: 135 = 1.5 10. Text 10 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 342: 16 = 21.4 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 623: 342 = 1.8 11. Text 11 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 260: 14 = 18.6 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 432: 260 = 1.7 12. Text 12 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 249: 21 = 11.9 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 378: 249 = 1.5 13. Text 13 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 344: 26 = 13.2 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 564: 344 = 1.6 14. Text 14 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 137: 9 = 15.2 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 218: 137 = 1.6 15. Text 15 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 294: 16 = 18.4 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 448: 294 = 1.5 16. Text 16 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 166: 8 = 20.8 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 261: 166 = 1.6 17. Text 17 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 331: 21 = 15.8 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 570: 331 = 1.7 18. Text 18 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 168: 13 = 12.9 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 249: 168 = 1.5 19. Text 19 ASL = Number of Words: Number of Sentences = 157: 1 = 157 ASW = Number of Syllables: Number of Words = 182: 157 = 1.2 To make it easier, the writer presents the result of ASL and ASW calculations of the texts in the following table: Table 4.2 The Result of ASL and ASW Calculation of Texts Text Average Sentence Length Average Syllable per Word Text 1 12 1.5 Text 2 13.7 1.9 Text 3 18.4 1.4 Text 4 13.8 1.4 Text 5 10.8 1.2 Text 6 7.2 1.6 Text 7 16.5 1.6 Text 8 14.1 1.8 Text 9 12.3 1.5 Text 10 21.4 1.8 Text 11 18.6 1.7 Text 12 11.9 1.5 Text 13 13.2 1.6 Text 14 15.2 1.6 Text 15 18.4 1.5 Text 16 20.8 1.6 Text 17 15.8 1.7 Text 18 12.9 1.5 Text 19 157 1.2 Furthermore, after counting the ASL and ASW, the writer tries to find out the readability score of each text by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula. Text 1 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 12 – 84.6 X 1.5 = 206.835 – 12.18 – 126.9 = 67.755 = 67.8 = 68 Text 2 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 13.7 – 84.6 X 1.9 = 206.835 – 13.9055 – 160.74 = 32.1895 = 32.2 = 32 Text 3 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 18.4 – 84.6 X 1.4 = 206.835 – 18.676 – 118.44 = 69.719 = 69.7 = 70 Text 4 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 13.8 – 84.6 X 1.4 = 206.835 – 14.007 – 118.44 = 74.388 = 74.4 = 74 Text 5 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 10.8 – 84.6 X 1.2 = 206.835 – 10.962 – 101.52 = 94.353 = 94.4 = 94 Text 6 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 7.2 – 84.6 X 1.6 = 206.835 – 7.308 – 135.36 = 64.167 = 64.2 = 64 Text 7 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 16.5 – 84.6 X 1.6 = 206.835 – 16.7475 – 135.36 = 54.7275 = 54.7 = 55 Text 8 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 14.1 – 84.6 X 1.8 = 206.835 – 14.3115 – 152.28 = 40.2435 = 40.2 = 40 Text 9 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 12.3 – 84.6 X 1.5 = 206.835 – 12.4845 – 126.9 = 67.4505 = 67.5 = 68 Text 10 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 21.4 – 84.6 X 1.8 = 206.835 – 21.721 – 152.28 = 32.834 = 32.8 = 33 Text 11 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 18.6 – 84.6 X 1.7 = 206.835 – 18.879 – 143.82 = 44.136 = 44.1 = 44 Text 12 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 11.9 – 84.6 X 1.5 = 206.835 – 12.0785 – 126.9 = 67.8565 = 67.9 = 68 Text 13 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 13.2 – 84.6 X 1.6 = 206.835 – 13.398 – 135.36 = 58.077 = 58 Text 14 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 15.2 – 84.6 X 1.6 = 206.835 – 15.428 – 135.36 = 56.047 = 56 Text 15 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 18.4 – 84.6 X 1,5 = 206.835 – 18.676 – 126.9 = 61.259 = 61.3 = 61 Text 16 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 20.8 – 84.6 X 1.6 = 206.835 – 21.112 – 135.36 = 50.363 = 50.4 = 50 Text 17 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 15.8 – 84.6 X 1.7 = 206.835 – 16.037 – 143.82 = 46.978 = 47 Text 18 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 12.9 – 84.6 X 1.5 = 206.835 – 13.0935 – 126.9 = 66.8415 = 66.8 = 67 Text 19 Score = 206.835 – 1.015 X ASL – 84.6 X ASW = 206.835 – 1.015 X 157 – 84.6 X 1.2 = 206.835 – 159.355 – 101.52 = - 54.04 = - 54 From the calculation above, the writer decides not to include the 19 th text into the result of data analysis because it cannot provide the relevant information about readability score. It gains readability score – 54 and it is not classified into any level of readability. Therefore, the writer only provides 18 texts in the result of the data analysis. Finally, to make the presentation of the calculation result easier, the writer provides it in the following table: Table 4.3 The Readability Score of the 18 Reading Texts Text Readability Score Difficulty Level Reading Grade Text 1 68 Standard 8 th – 9 th Grade Text 2 32 Difficult 13 th – 16 th Grade College Text 3 70 Fairly Easy 7 th Grade Text 4 74 Fairly Easy 7 th Grade Text 5 94 Very Easy 5 th Grade Text 6 64 Standard 8 th – 9 th Grade Text 7 55 Fairly Difficult 10 th – 12 th Grade Text 8 40 Difficult 13 th – 16 th Grade College Text 9 68 Standard 8 th – 9 th Grade Text 10 33 Difficult 13 th – 16 th Grade College Text 11 44 Difficult 13 th – 16 th Grade College Text 12 68 Standard 8 th – 9 th Grade Text 13 58 Fairly Difficult 10 th – 12 th Grade Text 14 56 Fairly Difficult 10 th – 12 th Grade Text 15 61 Standard 8 th – 9 th Grade Text 16 50 Fairly Difficult 10 th – 12 th Grade Text 17 47 Difficult 13 th – 16 th Grade College Text 18 67 Standard 8 th – 9 th Grade In addition, to sum up the data analysis result, the writer presents it as follows: 1. The first text is a Formal Invitation Letter entitled Invitation 2. It has 217 syllables, 144 words, and 12 sentences. This text gains 12 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.5 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 63 and it is in Standard Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. 2. The second text is a Formal Invitation Letter entitled Prof. Dr. ……… MBA. It has 287 syllables, 151 words, and 11 sentences. This text gains 13.7 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.9 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 32 and it is in Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 13 th – 16 th grade college students. 3. The third text is a Personal Letter entitled Dear Melodi. It has 254 syllables, 184 words, and 10 sentences. This text gains 18.4 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.4 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 70 and it is in Fairly Easy Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 7 th grade students. 4. The fourth text is a Procedural Text entitled How to Use Chopsticks. It has 249 syllables, 179 words, and 13 sentences. This text gains 13.8 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.4 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 74 and it is in Fairly Easy Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 7 th grade students. 5. The fifth text is a Procedural Text entitled How to Make a Bookmark. It has 187 syllables, 151 words, and 14 sentences. This text gains 10.8 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.2 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 94 and it is in Very Easy Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 5 th grade students. 6. The sixth text is a Procedural Text entitled Tips of Treating a Washing- machine Well. It has 218 syllables, 137 words, and 19 sentences. This text gains 7.2 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.6 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 64 and it is in Standard Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. 7. The seventh text is a Factual Academic Report entitled Auctions. It has 288 syllables, 182 words, and 11 sentences. This text gains 16.5 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.6 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 55 and it is in Fairly Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 10 th – 12 th grade students. 8. The eighth text is a Factual Academic Report entitled The Advantages of Broccoli. It has 234 syllables, 127 words, and 9 sentences. This text gains 14.1 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.8 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 40 and it is in Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 13 th – 16 th college grade students. 9. The ninth text is a Factual Academic Report entitled Mining Accident Again. It has 202 syllables, 135 words, and 11 sentences. This text gains 12.3 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.5 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 68 and it is in Standard Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. 10. The tenth text is a Factual Academic Report entitled Mobile Phones. It has 623 syllables, 342 words, and 16 sentences. This text gains 21.4 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.8 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 33 and it is in Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 13 th – 16 th college grade students. 11. The eleventh text is a Factual Academic Report entitled Panda. It has 432 syllables, 260 words, and 14 sentences. This text gains 18.6 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.7 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 44 and it is in Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 13 th – 16 th college grade students. 12. The twelfth text is an Analytical Exposition Text entitled Why Books are Important for Us?. It has 378 syllables, 249 words, and 21 sentences. This text gains 11.9 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.5 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 68 and it is in Standard Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. 13. The thirteenth text is an Analytical Exposition Text entitled Save Your Money Now. It has 564 syllables, 344 words, and 26 sentences. This text gains 13.2 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.6 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 58 and it is in Fairly Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 10 th – 12 th grade students. 14. The fourteenth text is an Analytical Exposition Text entitled Script 1. It has 218 syllables, 137 words, and 9 sentences. This text gains 15.2 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.6 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 56 and it is in Fairly Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 10 th – 12 th grade students. 15. The fifteenth text is an Analytical Exposition Text entitled Cheating on the Test Doesn’t Take Any Benefits at All. It has 448 syllables, 294 words, and 16 sentences. This text gains 18.4 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.5 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 61 and it is in Standard Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. 16. The sixteenth text is a Biography entitled Cut Nyak Dhien. It has 261 syllables, 166 words, and 8 sentences. This text gains 20.8 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.6 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 50 and it is in Fairly Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 10 th – 12 th grade students. 17. The seventeenth text is a Biography entitled Abdul Haris Nasution. It has 570 syllables, 331 words, and 21 sentences. This text gains 15.8 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.7 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 47 and it is in Difficult Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 13 th – 16 th grade college students. 18. The eighteenth text is a Biography entitled William Shakespeare. It has 249 syllables, 168 words, and 13 sentences. This text gains 12.9 for ASL Average Sentence Length and 1.5 for ASW Average Number of Syllable per Word. The readability score of this text is 67 and it is in Standard Level. Basically, this text is suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. To make it easier, the writer provides the texts number and types as follows: Table 4.4 The Texts Number and Types Text Number Types of Text 1 and 2 Formal Invitation Letter 3 Personal Letter 4, 5, and 6 Procedural Text 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 Factual Academic Report 12, 13, 14, and 15 Analytical Exposition Text 16, 17, and 18 Biography Based on the data analysis result above, there are 4 texts that are classified into Fairly Difficult level and basically suitable for the eleventh grade of senior high school students. Those texts are text 7, text 13, text 14, and text 16. Furthermore, to support the data analysis result, the writer conducts the Cloze Procedure Test to see the 4 texts‟ reading difficulty level. The test is given to the 29 students of the eleventh grade of MA AN-NAJAH. The writer deletes every 8 th word of each text and asks the students to fill in the blank by using the words that are listed in the box. Each reading text has different number of deleted words depends on the length of the text. The number of words and the deleted words of each text is presented in the table below: Table 4.5 The Number of the Deleted Words of theTexts Text The Number of Words Deleted Words Text 7 182 19 Text 13 344 37 Text 14 137 11 Text 16 166 14 After distributing the Cloze Procedure Test to the students, the writer checks the students ‟ answer and find out the percentage. Only the words that are listed in box are considered correct, others are wrong. Each correct answer is given score 1, while the wrong answer is scored 0. Furthermore, to find out the percentage of the Cloze Procedure Test, the writer uses the following formula: x 100 Where: P = Percentage f = frequency of the right answer N = number of item After finding the percentage of the Cloze Procedure Test, the writer attempts to find out the Cloze Procedure Test score of each text by dividing the total percentages of the students‟ right answers of each text and the number of the students. The calculation result of the Cloze Procedure Test score are: text 7 entitled Auction gains Cloze Procedure Test score 49.18, text 13 entitled Save Your Money Now gains Cloze Procedure Test score 34.76, text 14 entitled Script 1 gains Cloze Procedure Test score 51.09, and text 16 entitled Cut Nyak Dhien gains Cloze Procedure Test score 68.04. After finding the Cloze Procedure Test score of each text, the writer determines the texts‟ reading difficulty level, and the result is as follow: Table 4.6 The Score of Cloze Procedure Test and the Reading Difficulty Level of the Texts Text Cloze Score Level Text 7 49.18 Instructional Level Text 13 34.76 Frustrational Level Text 14 51.09 Instructional Level Text 16 68.04 Independent Level

C. The Interpretation of the Data

After obtaining the result of the data analysis, the writer interprets them. Firstly, the use of Flesch Reading Ease Formula shows that the 18 selected reading texts are classified into five levels: 1. Very Easy. There is 1 reading text that is classified into this level as it gains readability score between 90 – 100. 2. Fairly Easy. There are 2 reading texts that are classified into this level as they gain readability score between 70 – 79. 3. Standard. There are 6 reading texts that are classified into this level as they gain readability score between 60 – 69. 4. Fairly Difficult. There are 4 reading texts that are classified into this level as they gain readability score between 50 – 59. 5. Difficult. There are 5 reading texts that are classified into this level as they gain readability score between 30 – 49. To sum up, texts with higher readability score are easier to be understood by students. Yet, texts with lower readability score are more difficult. Secondly, the use of the Cloze Procedure Test shows that the 4 reading texts are classified into three levels: 1. Independent Level. There is 1 reading text that is classified into this level as it gains Cloze Procedure Test score 68.04. This text is considered to be easy enough for the students to read on their own without teachers‟ help or guidance. 2. Instructional Level. There are 2 reading texts that are classified into this level as they gain Cloze Procedure Test score 49.18 and 51.09. These texts can be read and understood by students with the help of their teachers. 3. Frustrational Level. There is 1 reading text that is classified into this level as it gains Cloze Procedure Test score 34.76. This text is considered to be too difficult for the students. D. The Discussion The result of the data analysis shows that there are 4 texts which are classified into Fairly Difficult Level. It means that only those texts that are basically suitable for the eleventh grade of senior high school students because this textbook is compiled for their grade. Hence, after making those 4 texts into Cloze Procedure Test, the result shows that 1 text is considered to be too difficult for the eleventh grade students. Based on the result of the data analysis above, the writer relates it to Nuttal‟s statement that claimed there are three points of view in selecting texts. They are readability, suitability of content, and exploitability. ... we shall consider how to choose supplementary material for the reading lesson. You will need to look at possible material from three points of view..... the combination of structural and lexical i.e. vocabulary difficulty is readability.....One criterion for a class library therefore should be the inclusion of a variety of books on subjects known to appeal to the students....you really need to carry out an investigation of what your own students like before you order many books or select class reading materials.... We are using the term exploitation to mean facilitation of learning. When you exploit a text, you make use of it to develop your students‟ competence as readers. 1 From the statement above, the writer sums up that the teachers who had analyzed the readability of texts need also to pay attention to the suitability of content and exploitability of the text to make sure that the textbook is appropriate for their students. It might be found that texts with higher or lower readability level are interesting for students and are able to encourage students‟ reading comprehension. Furthermore, Dale and Chall state that texts should be above the students‟ level when they are used for instructional level. It is because the texts are expected to encourage optimal development of reading comprehension. 2 Thus, there are 5 texts in the textbook analyzed by the writer that are classified into Difficult Level. This level means that the texts are basically suitable for the 13 th – 16 th grade students. Therefore, the writer thinks that the textbook writer intended to provide some texts that are above the students‟ reading level to encourage their reading comprehension. Finally, analyzing the readability of reading texts is important for teachers to obtain information about their readability level. Thus, after knowing the texts‟ readability level, the teachers are able to decide which texts are appropriate for their students. The teachers are also able to decide whether they need other materials to support their teaching or not. 1 Christine Nuttal, Teaching Reading Skills, Oxford: Heinemann, 1982, p. 25-31. 2 Jeanne S. Chall and Edgar Dale, Readability Revisited: The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula, Massachusetts: Brookline Books, 1995, p. 46. 56

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The objective of this study is to find the readability level of the reading texts in Pathway to English 2 textbook for the eleventh grade of senior high school students published by Penerbit Erlangga. Thus, the writer analyzes the readability level of selected reading texts in this textbook by using the Flesch Reading Ease Formula. After analyzing and interpreting the data, the writer finds that there is 1 text that is classified into Very Easy Level. It is How to Make a Bookmark. This text is basically suitable for the 5 th grade students. Further, there are 2 texts that are classified into Fairly Easy Level. They are Dear Melodi and How to Use Chopsticks. These texts are basically suitable for the 7 th grade students. Then, there are 6 texts that are classified into Standard Level. They are Invitation 2, Tips of Treating a Washing- machine Well, Mining Accident Again, Why Books are Important For Us?, Cheating on the Test Doesn’t Take Any Benefits at All, and William Shakespeare. Those texts are basically suitable for the 8 th – 9 th grade students. The next, there are 4 texts that are classified into Fairly Difficult Level. They are Auctions, Save Your Money Now, Script 1, and Cut Nyak Dhien. The 4 texts are basically suitable for the 10 th – 12 th grade students. Furthermore, there are 5 texts that are classified into Difficult Level. They are Prof. Dr. ……… MBA, the Advantages of Broccoli, Mobile Phones, and Panda. Those texts are basically suitable for the 13 th – 16 th grade students. Another 1 text is not classified into any level because it cannot provide the relevant information about the readability score. Based on the result, the writer concludes that there are 4 texts that are basically suitable for the eleventh grade of senior high school students and