Pronunciation Grammar The Nature of Speaking

1. Monologue

In monologue, when a speaker uses spoken language for any length of time, like in speech, lecture, storytelling, newscast, etc, the listener must process long stretches of speech without any interruption. The stream of the speech will go on without heeding whether the listener comprehends or not. Monologue itself is divided into two kinds, planned and unplanned. Planned usually refer little redundancy and are relatively difficult to comprehend. Whereas unplanned manifest more redundancy which makes for ease in comprehension, but the presence of more performance variables and other hesitations, can help or hinder comprehension. For example: Dewa: Hello guys. My name is Dewa. I am a Lampungnese but I live on Ngurah Rai street no.25, Denpasar. I am the second child in my family. My hobby is playing guitar. Well, if you want to know more about me, you can follow my twitter.

2. Dialogue

Contradictory with monologue, dialogue involves two or more speakers and can be subdivided into interpersonal and transactional. An interpersonal language is a dialogue with the purpose is to promote social relationship between speakers. On the other hand, transactional language is a dialogue which involves two or more speakers and the purpose is to convey propositional or factual information. For example: Jack : Hello, what is your name? Rose : Hi, my name is Rose, and you? Jack : My name is Jack. Where do you study? Rose : I study in Oxford University. Jack : Oh, nice to see you Rose. Rose : Nice to see you too, Jack. In line with the theories above, it can be concluded that there are two types of speaking, monologue and dialogue. Both of them have different purpose. Monologue is singular speaking which is only intended to convey our intention, while dialogue is plural speaking consists of at least two people, speaker and hearer, who make an interaction. One transmits the message orally and another receives and processes it in his mind in order to understand the meaning of the message for the purpose of replying to the speaker’s message orally too. Brown 2001, 271-274 also provides types of classroom speaking performance, they are: 1. Imitative A very limited portion of classroom speaking time may legitimately be spent generating “human tape recorder” speech, where for example drilling. Learner practices an intonation contour or tries to pinpoint a certain vowel sound. Imitation of this kind is carried out not for the purpose of meaningful interaction, but for focusing on some particular element of language form in a controlled activity. 2. Intensive Intensive speaking goes one step beyond imitative includes any speaking performance that is designed to practice some phonological or grammatical aspect of language. It can be self-initiated or it can even form part of some pair work activity, where learners are going over certain forms of language.