Software Development For Energy Audit Practice.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ENERGY AUDIT PRACTICE MUHAMMAD EHSAN BIN SARIMAN

22ND

“I hereby declare that this project report is the result of my own work and all sources of references have been clearly acknowledged”

Signature :………

Name : Muhammad Ehsan Bin Sariman Date : 22ND April 2009

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ENERGY AUDIT PRACTICE

MUHAMMAD EHSAN BIN SARIMAN

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degrees of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power industry)

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

“I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion this project report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the

degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power industry)”

Signature :………..

Name of supervisor : Puan Wahidah Binti Abdul Halim

Date : 22ND

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I’m express my deepest thank and gratitude to Allah SWT who gave me spirit and soul throughout the duration of my final year project.

I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Puan Wahidah Binti Abdul Halim from the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis.

Finally, I would like to dedicate my gratitude to my parents, lecturers and staff of Electrical Engineering Faculty, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, and my classmates from 4 BEKP and who helped me directly or indirectly in the completion of this project. Their encouragement and guidance mean a lot to me. Their sharing and experience foster my belief in overcoming every obstacle encountered in this project.

Guidance, co-operation, and encouragement from all people above me are appreciated by me sincere. Although I cannot repay the kindness from them, I would like to wish them to be well and happy always.

Abstract

This paper presents the development of software to audit the energy usage on the lighting system, air-conditioning system, and motor machine system. This software will be developed by using Microsoft Visual Basic as a programming language. Basic development of this software is using knowledge base (database), inference engine (decision), graphical user interface (GUI), user and output (energy audits report). The main purpose of this software is to help users to identify their daily energy usage to solve the wastage energy usage problem. This software can be applied to seven type of commercial building according to the tariff provided. Software will calculate the energy usage according to the type of system, number of item, and the total hour used. This software also can apply in the new installation of the systems. Software also will calculate cost for the energy usage depends on the tariff and type of equipment used. Final stage of this software will show the result of the energy audits. The result shows total amount of energy usage in kWh/day, kWh/month and total energy cost per month in RM. The last audit report in this software can be print as a layout.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER SUBJECT PAGE

DECLARATION II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT III

ABSTRACT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF TABLES IX

LIST OF FIGURES X

LIST OF SHORT FORM XII

LIST OF APPENDIX XIII

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Energy Audit 1

1.2 Project Objective 3

1.3 Project Scope 3

II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Lighting system 6

2.2.1 Lighting Power Data 8

2.2.2 Lighting Load Calculation 8

2.3 Air Conditioning System 8

2.3.1 Horsepower 10

2.3.2 Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 10 2.3.3 Air Conditioner Load Calculation 11

2.4 Motor Machine System 11

2.4.1 Handy Electrical Formulas & Rules of Thumb 12

2.4.2 NEMA Nominal Efficiency 13

2.5 TNB Tariff 14

2.5.1 Electric Energy Charge 14

2.6 Recent Research 15

III PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Microsoft Visual Basic 17

3.3 Microsoft Access 17

3.4 Graphical user interface (GUI) 18

3.5 Calculation Engine 25

3.6 Database 26

3.7 Energy Audit Report 27

3.8 Project Flow Chart 27

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IV THE ENERGY AUDIT SOFTWARE FOR THE SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Lighting System Calculation Interface 30

4.2.1 Lighting Power Data ` 31

4.2.2 Calculation Example 31

4.2.2.1 Manual Calculation 32 4.2.2.2 The Software Calculation 33 4.3 Air Conditioning System Calculation 33

4.3.1 Type of air conditioner 35

4.3.2 Calculation Example 35

4.3.3 Manual Calculation 36

4.3.4 Software Calculation 36

4.4 Motor Machine System Calculation 37

4.4.1 Motor Machine Type 38

4.4.2 Motor Machine Rated Horsepower 39

4.4.3 Motor Efficiency 39

4.4.4 Power Factor 39

4.4.5 Calculation Example 39

4.4.5.1 Manual Calculation 40 4.4.5.2 Software Calculation 40

4.5 TNB tariff 41

4.5.1 Domestic Tariff 42

4.5.2 Industrial tariff 42

4.5.2.1Low Voltage Industrial Tariff 43 4.5.2.2 Medium Voltage Industrial Tariff 43

4.5.3 Commercial tariff 43

4.6 Audit Process Final Report 43

4.6.1 Calculation Example 45

4.6.1.2 Software Calculation 46

4.7 Help Interface 47

V ANALYSIS

5.1 Software Used Analysis 53

5.1.1 Electrical Motor Laboratory 54

5.2 Family House Building 58

VI CONCLUSION

6.1 Energy Audit Software 62

6.2 Project Suggestion 63

REFERENCE 64

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LIST OF TABLES

NO SUBJECT PAGE

1.1 The new and old software comparison 2

2.1 Lighting System Characteristic Comparison 6 2.2 Air Conditioning Characteristic Comparison 9 2.3 Motor Machine System Characteristic Comparison 12 2.4 The electrical motor load conversion formula 13

4.1 Value of the Lighting Power Data 31

4.2 Type of air conditioner 35

4.3 Type of Motor Machine 38

LIST OF FIGURES

NO SUBJECT PAGE

3.1 Software development structure 18

3.2 The first GUI in the software development 19 3.3 The second GUI in the software development 20 3.4 The third GUI in the software development 21 3.5 The fourth GUI in the software development 22 3.6 The fifth GUI in the software development 23 3.7 The sixth GUI in the software development 24 3.8 The seventh GUI in the software development 25

4.1 The Lighting System Calculation 30

4.2 The Lighting System Calculation Result 33

4.3 The Air Conditioning System Calculation 34

4.4 The Air Conditioning System Calculation Result 37

4.5 The Motor Machine System Calculation 38

4.6 The Motor Machine System Calculation Result 41

4.7 The TNB tariff chooses type 42

4.8 The cost of energy usage result 47

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4.10 Second help interface 49

4.11 Third help interface 50

4.12 Fourth help interface 51

4.11 Fifth help interface 52

5.1 The Scope of Calculation 55

5.2 The Lighting System Calculation 55

5.3 The Air Conditioning System Calculation 56

5.4 The Electrical Motor machine Calculation 56

5.5 The TNB Tariff 57

5.6 The Energy Audit Report 57

5.7 The Scope of Calculation 59

5.8 The Lighting system Calculation 59

5.9 Air Conditioning System calculation 60

5.10 The TNB Tariff 60

LIST OF SHORT FORM

RM - Ringgit Malaysia

GUI - Graphic User Interface

kWh - Kilowatt Hours

HP - Horsepower

PF - Power Factor

xiii

LIST OF APPENDIX

NO SUBJECT PAGE

A The Lighting Power Data 65

B 13 SEER Facts 67

C NEMA Motor Machine Efficiency standard 68

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Energy Audit

The energy audit is a very important process that been used for the energy management. The energy audit mean an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study. Typically an energy audit is conducted to seek opportunities to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. Because of the energy audit scope that is a too wide, this project is only been focusing in the three types of system only that is lighting system, air-conditioning, and motor machine system.

The main objective of this project is to produce software that can be used to audit electric energy. Microsoft Visual Basic will be the main element to develop the software. The system will support by some different element like Microsoft Access that been using to develop the database. The software will help the user to complete the calculation for all of the system provided by following some factors like types of

2 equipments, number of units, total hour usage and many more. The software also can help the user to calculate the cost of the energy that been used bye the system according to the tariff that been provided by the TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad).

The software is made according to some of the energy audit practice that has been released before such as:

a) Software Development for Energy Auditing Practice b) Development of Energy Audit for the lighting system

c) ELECTICAI, ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE INDUSTRIES

d) ENERGEX An Expert System for Determining Industrial Energy Efficiency

The software that will be produce by this project will definitely overcome the weakness by the other energy audit software before. The schedule 1.1 shows the solution of the new software according to the weakness of the energy audit software that has been made before.

Table 1.1: The new and old software comparison

Old Software New Software

The scope is just focusing in on one system only

The scope is focusing in three main systems now a day that is lighting, air conditioning and motor machine. The factor that been developed by the others

organization outside of our country is not suitable with the environment of this country

The calculation factor is following the suitable Malaysian environment

The standard that been using such as tariff is the old one that not been using anymore

The standard that been using in the calculation is the update one that been provided by the TNB

1.2 Project Objective

The main objective of the software is to help the user to manage their energy usage and increase the energy efficiency. In the other word, the software will also provide the user ability to audit their energy usage in lighting, air conditioning, and motor machine systems.

a) To develop software that can calculate energy usage from lightning system, air-conditioning and motor machine system

b) To develop software that can calculate the cost of energy usage for lightning system, air-conditioning and motor machine system according to the usage duration and electric energy tariff that been provide by the TNB

1.3 Project Scope

According to the main objective of the project, the scope of the project focused in three main system such as lighting, air conditioning and motor machine systems. The software is using Microsoft Visual Basic as the main element. The software is developed to complete the effective energy used calculation for the systems provided.

The software will help the user to complete the calculation for all of the system provided by following some factors like types of equipments, number of units, total hour usage and many more. The energy cost is the main thing that can be calculated using the software. The energy cost calculation will proceed according to the used of the equipments and the TNB tariff. The present’s total amount of energy usage in kWh/day, kWh/month and total energy cost in RM will be shown in an energy audit report.

4 1.4 Problem statement

Previous research, has found that energy wastage for house and office is in a big problem nowadays. The entire problem came from the uncontrolled use of energy. Over-lighting, leaving lights on and use of equipment including computers are all contributing to increasing levels of energy being wasted. It will only change if people care about it. They will increase the life cost to a huge level.

The energy auditing mean The energy audit mean an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study. The result from the energy audit, we can identify where, when and how we can decrease the cost of energy usage and at the same time get the maximum satisfaction from them.

The software can help the user in doing the energy audit process. The software can did the energy audit for three main systems that is lighting, air conditioning and motor machine systems. They all are the main elements in the everyday energy usage now days.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This software is used to calculate the total energy used and the total energy cost for one month. The software can calculate either one or all of the system provided in one time. The system is divided into 3 groups:

a) Lighting system

b) Air conditioning system c) Machine system

6

2.2 Lighting system

Lighting is the most important thing in a building. Most of the energy is used by the lighting equipment that installed in the building. Experts divide lighting uses into three categories that is ambient lighting, task lighting, and accent lighting. Ambient lightning provides security and safety, as well as general illumination for performing daily activities. The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illumination so that tasks can be completed accurately but not provide so much light that entire areas are illuminated. Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend more closely with naturally bright areas like ceilings and windows. Table 2.1 shows the characteristic comparison between 4 types of lamp. There are 3 types of systems that can be calculated by this software. They are:-

a) Incandescent b) Fluorescent

c) High-intensity discharge (HID) d) Low-pressure sodium

Table 2.1: Lighting System Characteristic Comparison

Types Advantages Disadvantages Common types

Incandescent • Least expensive to buy.

• Produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire that glows.

• Most expensive to operate.

• 70%-90% of the power

consumed is lost as heat.

• standard incandescent

Fluorescent • 3 to 4 times as efficient as incandescent lighting.

• Produce by Current that through

mercury and inert gases.

• Energy savings up to 75% over incandescent lamps • Fluorescent lamp • Compact fluorescent High-intensity discharge (HID)

• Lamps provide the highest efficiency.

• Longest service life of any lighting type.

• Use an electric arc to produce intense light.

• mercury vapor

• metal halide

• high-pressure sodium

Low-Pressure Sodium

• Most efficient artificial lighting.

• Have the longest service life.

• Maintain their light output better than any other lamp type.

• Color is not important.

• It renders all colors as tones of yellow or gray. • Typical applications include highway and security lighting.

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2.2.1 Lighting Power Data

In calculating the connected lighting power compliance with both the interior and exterior lighting power requirements, the input wattage used by all light fixtures must be determined. Except for incandescent sources, fixture input wattage is not the same thing as lamp wattage.

Input wattage for all discharge sources which are most common in non residential buildings is determined by the interaction between lamps, ballast, and fixture construction. A high-efficacy system uses less input wattage to produce the same amount of light as a lower efficacy system. However, the two components of efficacy of input wattage and light output are both affected by the ambient temperature in which they operate.

2.2.2 Lighting Load Calculation

The total load of the lighting system is calculated based on the load estimated by the lighting power data, number of lamp and the total hours used. The lighting system total load calculation is based on the 2.1 formula stated.

Total kWh = Watt of Lamp x Number of Lamp x Total Hours Used [2.1] 1000

2.3 Air Conditioning System

The air conditioner is very popular equipment now a day because of the increasing of world temperature and the Malaysian atmosphere that is hot and dry. Many home, supermarket and office are installing air conditioner in their building. Table 2.2 shows the characteristic of Machine System. There are 3 types of air-conditioning systems that always being installed at home and building structure. There are:-

a) Split System Central Air Conditioning b) Central air conditioning

c) Window and through-wall unit

Table 2.2: Air Conditioning Characteristic Comparison

Types Characteristic Common Area Main parts

Split System Central Air Conditioning

• People most commonly think. • Cooling unit outside

where it will be less noticeable.

• Cool evenly and quietly

• All parts of a house • Bedroom

Kitchen

• cooling unit (Outside)

• Split central air unit

Central air conditioning

• Uses ducts to distribute cooled.

 Cooled air to more than one room.

 Large area

 Office Building

 Shopping complex

• Chiller

• AHU (Air-Handling Unit)

Window and through-wall units

• Have vents on both the inside and outside.

• Inside air to be cooled can be blown in and out by a fan in the unit.

 Outside air can also be blown in and out by another fan

• Small office

 Supermarket

• External section(Outsid e)

• Internal section(Inside

1.4 Problem statement

Previous research, has found that energy wastage for house and office is in a big problem nowadays. The entire problem came from the uncontrolled use of energy. Over-lighting, leaving lights on and use of equipment including computers are all contributing to increasing levels of energy being wasted. It will only change if people care about it. They will increase the life cost to a huge level.

The energy auditing mean The energy audit mean an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study. The result from the energy audit, we can identify where, when and how we can decrease the cost of energy usage and at the same time get the maximum satisfaction from them.

The software can help the user in doing the energy audit process. The software can did the energy audit for three main systems that is lighting, air conditioning and motor machine systems. They all are the main elements in the everyday energy usage now days.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This software is used to calculate the total energy used and the total energy cost for one month. The software can calculate either one or all of the system provided in one time. The system is divided into 3 groups:

a) Lighting system

b) Air conditioning system c) Machine system

2.2 Lighting system

Lighting is the most important thing in a building. Most of the energy is used by the lighting equipment that installed in the building. Experts divide lighting uses into three categories that is ambient lighting, task lighting, and accent lighting. Ambient lightning provides security and safety, as well as general illumination for performing daily activities. The goal of task lighting is to provide enough illumination so that tasks can be completed accurately but not provide so much light that entire areas are illuminated. Accent lighting illuminates walls so they blend more closely with naturally bright areas like ceilings and windows. Table 2.1 shows the characteristic comparison between 4 types of lamp. There are 3 types of systems that can be calculated by this software. They are:-

a) Incandescent b) Fluorescent

c) High-intensity discharge (HID) d) Low-pressure sodium

Table 2.1: Lighting System Characteristic Comparison

Types Advantages Disadvantages Common types Incandescent • Least expensive to

buy.

• Produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire that glows.

• Most expensive to operate. • 70%-90% of the

power

consumed is lost as heat.

• standard incandescent • tungsten

Fluorescent • 3 to 4 times as efficient as incandescent lighting.

• Produce by Current that through

mercury and inert gases.

• Energy savings up to 75% over incandescent lamps • Fluorescent lamp • Compact fluorescent High-intensity discharge (HID)

• Lamps provide the highest efficiency. • Longest service life

of any lighting type. • Use an electric arc

to produce intense light.

• mercury vapor • metal halide • high-pressure

sodium

Low-Pressure Sodium

• Most efficient artificial lighting. • Have the longest

service life.

• Maintain their light output better than any other lamp type.

• Color is not important. • It renders all

colors as tones of yellow or gray. • Typical applications include highway and security lighting.

2.2.1 Lighting Power Data

In calculating the connected lighting power compliance with both the interior and exterior lighting power requirements, the input wattage used by all light fixtures must be determined. Except for incandescent sources, fixture input wattage is not the same thing as lamp wattage.

Input wattage for all discharge sources which are most common in non residential buildings is determined by the interaction between lamps, ballast, and fixture construction. A high-efficacy system uses less input wattage to produce the same amount of light as a lower efficacy system. However, the two components of efficacy of input wattage and light output are both affected by the ambient temperature in which they operate.

2.2.2 Lighting Load Calculation

The total load of the lighting system is calculated based on the load estimated by the lighting power data, number of lamp and the total hours used. The lighting system total load calculation is based on the 2.1 formula stated.

Total kWh = Watt of Lamp x Number of Lamp x Total Hours Used [2.1] 1000

2.3 Air Conditioning System

The air conditioner is very popular equipment now a day because of the increasing of world temperature and the Malaysian atmosphere that is hot and dry. Many home, supermarket and office are installing air conditioner in their building. Table 2.2 shows the characteristic of Machine System. There are 3 types of air-conditioning systems that always being installed at home and building structure. There are:-

a) Split System Central Air Conditioning b) Central air conditioning

c) Window and through-wall unit

Table 2.2: Air Conditioning Characteristic Comparison

Types Characteristic Common Area Main parts

Split System Central Air Conditioning

• People most commonly think. • Cooling unit outside

where it will be less noticeable.

• Cool evenly and quietly

• All parts of a house • Bedroom

Kitchen

• cooling unit (Outside)

• Split central air unit

Central air conditioning

• Uses ducts to distribute cooled.  Cooled air to more

than one room.

 Large area  Office

Building  Shopping

complex

• Chiller

• AHU (Air-Handling Unit)

Window and through-wall units

• Have vents on both the inside and outside.

• Inside air to be cooled can be blown in and out by a fan in the unit.

 Outside air can also be blown in and out by another fan

• Small office  Supermarket

• External section(Outsid e)

• Internal