Design and analysis of an instrument to test reading interpreting drawing skills.

(1)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN INSTRUMENT TO TEST

READING INTERPRETING DRAWING SKILLs

This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering

(Type your Department’s name here) (Hons.)

MUHAMMAD HELMY HAQQIM BIN MOHD SUHAIMI B051110346

890227-23-5099

FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 2014

(2)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA

TAJUK: : DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN INSTRUMENT TO TEST READING INTERPRETING DRAWING SKILLS.

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2013/14 Semester 2

Saya MUHAMMAD HELMY HAQQIM BIN MOHD SUHAIMI

mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan

untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. **Sila tandakan ( )

SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

Alamat Tetap:

Staff Quarters Ladang Lanadron, 84500 Panchor,

Muar, Johor

Tarikh: ________________________

Disahkan oleh:

Cop Rasmi:

Tarikh: _______________________ ** Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

(3)

APPROVAL

This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design) (Hons.). The member of the supervisory is as follow:

………

(4)

DECLARATION

I hereby, declared this report entitled “Design And Analysis Of An Instrument To Test Reading Interpreting Drawing Skills” is the results of my own research except

as cited in references.

Signature : ……….

Author’s Name : ………

(5)

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the seta measuring reading skills of young engineers in translating engineering drawing. To be effective, engineering drawings necessary to convey information accurately and it ensures that producers are able to interpret information presented in a clear and correct. Therefore, manufacturers require efficient engineering staff when producing and interpreting engineering drawings. In addition, manufacturers require competent engineering staff when producing and interpreting engineering drawings. This research study and investigate the efficiency and technical skills of young engineers from the perspective of the manufacturing industry. In particular, this study attempted to test using young engineers to learn their skills in translating and read engineering drawings. The questions contained in the test were related to engineering drawings which is a subjective and requires young engineers to think and imagine trying to answer the test. Study design using quantitative and qualitative research methods to answer a few questions submitted. The sample consisted of 44 students from the Faculty of Engineering Manufacture 4BMFR at the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. The data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data were analyzed according to the themes that have been identified. Study data is described in terms of percentages, descriptions and transcripts. The results of students writing reviews of high-skilled and low visualization was analyzed and found most of the questions asked are directly and indirectly. In conclusion, three objectives were achieved and some suggestions are proposed for future work.

(6)

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji seta mengukur kemahiran jurutera muda dalam membaca dan menterjemah lukisan kejuruteraan. Untuk lebih berkesan, lukisan kejuruteraan diperlukan untuk menyampaikan maklumat dengan tepat dan ia memastikan bahawa pengeluar boleh mentafsir maklumat yang dibentangkan dengan jelas dan betul. Oleh itu, pengeluar memerlukan kakitangan kejuruteraan yang cekap apabila menghasilkan dan mentafsir lukisan kejuruteraan. Selain itu, pengeluar memerlukan kakitangan kejuruteraan yang cekap apabila menghasilkan dan mentafsir lukisan kejuruteraan. kajian ini mengkaji dan menyelidik kecekapan serta kemahiran teknikal jurutera muda dari segi perspektif industri pembuatan. Secara khususnya, kajian ini cuba menggunakan kaedah ujian terhadap jurutera muda untuk mengetahui kemahiran mereka didalam menterjemah dan membaca lukisan kejuruteraan. Soalan-soalan yang terdapat didalam ujian tersebut adalah berkaitan dengan lukisan kejuruteraan dimana ia berbentuk subjektif dan memerlukan jurutera muda perlu berfikir dan cuba berimaginasi untuk menjawab ujian tersebut. Reka bentuk kajian ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk menjawab beberapa persoalan kajian yang dikemukakan. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 44 orang pelajar 4BMFR dari Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan di Universiti Teknikal Melaka Malaysia. Data-data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS, mana kala data kualitatif dianalisis mengikut tema-tema yang telah dikenal pasti. Data-data kajian digambarkan dalam bentuk peratusan, deskripsi dan transkrip. Hasil ulasan bertulis pelajar-pelajar berkemahiran visualisasi tinggi dan rendah telah dianalisa dan mendapati kebanyakkan soalan yang ditanyakan adalah secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Kesimpulannya, tiga objektif berjaya dicapai dan beberapa cadangan telah dicadangkan untuk kerja-kerja masa hadapan.

(7)

DEDICATION

Especially to my beloved parents and my whole family thank you very much to give me fully support, and also for my respective Lecture and my Superior, thank you so much for teaching and guided me. Last for my friends, I appreciate for your

(8)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful"

Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah S.W.T. for giving me the chance to complete my Final Year Project from the very beginning until the very end. It was a winding road in completing this project, but due to the help gained by God and people close to me, this burden is lightened. First of all, a million thanks are dedicated to my supervisor, En. Zulkeflee Bin Abdullah for his guidance, concerns and patience. Through the completion of this project, he has been my major supporter and reference. Although him is occupied with his work, he is willing to spend his valuable time to explain and answer all my doubts, question and inquiries about the project topic had given to me. I also would like to thanks to FKP lecturers for giving me advice and any idea about my topic. They are willing to help me answer most of my question without any hesitation. Their moral support and continuous guidance enabled me to complete my work successfully. Last but not least, I would like to express my grateful thanks to all my family members and my friends. Thanks for their support, encouragement and helping hands. Without their cares, I will not able to accomplish my project successfully.

(9)

TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract i

Abstrak ii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of Content vi

List of Tables x

List of Figures xi

List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xiii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 2

1.4 Scope Of Project 3

1.5 Important Of Study 3

1.6 Limitation Of Study 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 Introducing Engineering Drawing 4

2.1.1 Types of Technical Drawing 5

2.1.2 Purpose of Technical Drawing 6

2.1.3 Application of Technical Drawing 6

2.2 How to Read and Interpret Engineering Drawings 7

2.2.1 Familiarize With the Scale of Drawings 7

2.2.2 Understand the Basic Symbols 7

2.2.3 Look for Circled Numbers 8

(10)

vii

2.2.5 Work with Colleagues 8

2.3 Method Drawing Skills 8

2.3.1 Course in Spatial Visualization 9

2.3.2 Improve Visualization Skills 9

2.3.3 Measuring Visualization Skill 11

2.4 Communicate Technical Information 11

2.5 Interpret Technical Drawing 11

2.5.1 Required Skills 12

2.5.2 Interview and Results 15

2.5.3 Required Knowledge 20

2.6 Types of Drawings 21

2.6.1 Assembly Drawing 21

2.6.2 Detail Drawing 22

2.6.3 Drawing Tree 22

2.7 Computer Aided Design Drawings 23

2.7.1 Presentation of Computer Generated Data 23

2.7.2 Developing and Using Computer Generated drawings 24

2.7.3 Specification Data 24

2.7.4 Computer Aided Design Drawings 24

2.8 Methodology for Part Visualization Problem Solving, Comprehension Indicators and Activity Program 25

2.8.1 Comprehension Indicators 27

2.8.2 Fundamentals of Representational Systems 27

2.8.3 Conditions or Rules of Correspondence 28

2.8.4 Types of Planes and Characteristic of its Projections 28

2.8.5 Types of Solid primitives and Features of its Projections 29

2.8.6 Tangency and Intersection between Surfaces 29

2.8.7 Fundamentals of cuts and different types of cutting planes 30

2.8.8 Fundamentals of the Industry’s Most Characteristic Features 30

2.8.9 Fundamentals of Sketches 31

(11)

viii

2.8.11 Validation Process 32

2.9 Advantages of Drawing Skills 33

2.10 Summary 33

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 34

3.1 Early Research for Methodology 35

3.2 Flowchart of Project Activity 36

3.3 Phase 1 – Planning 37

3.3.1 Gather the Information 37

3.4 Phase 2 – Implementation 38

3.4.1 Prepare Form Questions 38

3.4.2 Feedback and Comment from the Experts 39

3.4.3 Testing and Analysis 39

3.4.4 Result and Discussion 41

3.5 Survey 41

3.6 Conclusion 42

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 43

4.1 Flow Chart of Activity 44

4.2 Details of the Test 45

4.2.1 Criteria on Constructing the Test Sets 45 4.2.2 The Drawings in the Test Sets 46

4.2.3 Scope of the Question Sets 48

4.3 Developing the Questions 48

4.3.1 The Categories of Questions Table 48

4.3.2 The SCANS Table 49

4.3.3 The Issue Table 50

4.3.4 The University of New South Wales (UNSW) Table 52

4.4 The Relationship of the Tables 53

4.5 Sample Size and Sample Target 56

(12)

4.6.1 Pre-Test Data Analysis 57

4.6.2 Post Test Data Analysis 60

4.6.3 Data Analysis for Same Questions 61 4.7 Validity, Reliability, Difficulty and Discrimination Index 62

4.7.1 Validity Index 62

4.7.2 Reliability Index 62

4.7.3 Difficulty Index 65

4.7.4 Discrimination Index 67

4.8 Analysis for the Questions 70

4.8.1 Analysis for the Questions Pre-Test 70 4.8.2 Analysis for the Questions Post-Test 72

4.9 Discussion 73

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 74

5.1 Conclusion 75

5.2 Summary of Study 75

5.3 Suggestions 76

5.3.1 Improvement for the Test 76

5.3.2 Sample Size 76

REFERENCES 77

(13)

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills (SCANS) (Component & Sprayer, 2004)

4.1 Categories of questions table 49

4.2 SCANS table 50

4.3 Issue table 51

4.4 The University of New South Wales (UNSW) table 52 4.5 Test questions, answers and categorizations of questions for pre-test 54 4.6 Test questions, answers and categorizations of questions for post-test 55

(14)

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Example of 2D drawing (Laikemariam Kassa, 2005) 5 2.2 Spatial motion task used in the spatial visualization course (Field,

1999)

2.3 This orthogonal engineering drawing is ambiguous unless it is specified as being drawn using either first angle or third angle projection

2.4 A sample assembly drawing with only one view 16 2.5 A sample test to determine whether subjects can perceive the

three dimensionality of 2D images

2.6 Samples of abstract symbols for GDT with similar appearances 17 2.7 Showing part of a piping layout drawing. 18 2.8 Showing how ambiguity can arise from the use of hidden lines 18 2.9 Where represents the intended interpretation and represents an

incorrect interpretation associated

2.10 Showing an assembly drawing of a machine that is impossible to manufacture and assemble, and will not function as required.

2.11 Where (a) can be misinterpreted as (b) when it is actually (c) 20

2.12 Sample assembly drawing 21

2.13 Sample detail drawing 22

2.14 Sample drawing tree 23

2.15 Scientific method 26

2.16 Problem solving model 26

2.17 Fundaments of multiview representation 28

2.18 Oblique plane 29

2.19 Cylinder 29

2.20 Tangent surfaces and Intersection between cylinder and plane 30

2.21 Cutting plane 30

2.22 Sketching process (Frederick, Alva & Henry, 1987) 31

(15)

xii

3.1 Flow chart project activity 36

3.2 Flow chart prepare form questions 38

3.3 Flow chart feedback and comments from the expert 39

3.4 Flowchart testing and analyse 40

3.5 Flow chart result and discussion 41

4.1 Flow chart activity 44

4.2 Pre-test drawing 47

4.3 Post-test drawing 47

4.4 Answering session by the students 56

4.5 Graph line for the 15 same questions in both of the test 61

4.6 Reliability index for pre-test 63

4.7 Reliability index for post-test 64

4.8 Reliability statistics for post-test 65

4.9 Graph line for pre-test 66

4.10 Graph line for post-test 67

4.11 Discrimination index formula 68

4.12 Calculation discrimination index for pre-test 68 4.13 Calculation discrimination index for post-test 69

4.14 Bar graph for pre-test 70

(16)

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND

NOMENCLATURE

CAE - Computer Aided Engineering

RIED - Reading and Interpreting Engineering Drawings

DP - Depth

DIA - Diameter

CAD - Computer Aided Design MCT - Mental Cutting Test

SCANS - Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills CAM - Computer-Aided Manufacturing

2D - Two Dimensional 3D - Three Dimensional

CES - Computer Education Software CATIA - Dassault Systems Pioneer Brand

GDT - Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing CM - Configuration Manager

EO - Engineering Order

ANSI - The American National Standards Institute Publication BS - Brainstorming

> - More than < - Less than (+) - Better Than (-) - Datum Concept

SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences UNSW - University of New South Wales

BMFR - Bachelor in Manufacturing Design Dif I - Difficulty Index

DI - Discrimination Index +ve - Positive

(17)

1 This report presents a process to create a test that asses engineering students on reading and interpreting engineering drawings (RIED). Chapter 2 will describes in detail about the test of RIED skills. Chapter 3 describes both of these subjected and the data how the test works or useful for an engineer who can read also interpret the drawings. Chapter 4 in this report describes in detail and discuss about analysis the data related to the test which had done.

1.1 Project Background

Drawing skills are needed for fresh graduate engineers because at this time the skill is very important to find and get the job in engineering industries. An engineering drawing, a type of technical drawing, is used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineering items.

More than just the drawing of pictures, it is also a language a graphical language that communicates ideas and information from one mind to another. Most especially, it communicates all needed information from the engineer who designed a part of the workers who will make it.

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

(18)

1.2 Problem Statement

Mostly, many fresh graduate engineers cannot read and interpret the engineering drawing because lack of understanding of a concept drawing and they are not exposed to how to understand and interpret the drawing. However, there are many issues that can be raised in this problem where novice engineers cannot solve.

In manufacturing design it is to try and do the check drawing ability for contemporary graduate engineer desires need that queries the shortage of knowing what they face in interpret the drawing. The test must be validated and will be checked by the professional engineers or the person who knows more about an engineering drawing. Therefore, it will take time to form or make the question for test the novice engineers. In contrast this test will study on how to improve the manufacturing design in order to make the novice engineers can be expert in reading and interpret the drawing and increase their drawing skills to be better and perfect.

1.3 Objective

The objectives of this project are;

a. To find the suitable method for analyse skills of novice engineers in translating and reading engineering drawings.

b. To get validation for the test drawing skills.

c. To measure the undergraduate engineer skills in reading and interpreting engineering drawing.

(19)

1.4 Scope of Project

This project focused on how to get the validation and certificate about the test for

state it’s useful for the fresh graduate engineers before get their jobs. This test will

analysis and propose how the undergraduate can know something about engineering drawing and enhance their drawing skills. Furthermore, the project intends to produce a test which can help the novice engineers. The scope of the project was finally to get validation and implement the test to all engineers.

1.5 Importance of Study

This project is mainly to study the performance of novice engineers’ in reading and interpreting the engineering drawing. In this project, the test will determine that the skill and level how to read and interpret the drawing. It is favourable to use the test to know their level and can increase their skill also. Besides that, engineering drawing is the important knowledge in engineering courses. When the test effective for them, many advantages can be derived and it also makes them better.

1.6 Limitation of Study

Reading interpreting engineering drawing is the important subject in engineering world. This test actually wants to measure the novice engineers’ ability. Besides that, there are too many fresh graduate engineers who are in Malaysia. They must increase their level and skills to get the job at any company. Nowadays, the company wants the employee to have experience and also must have the skills. The test is the one way to make the fresh graduate to know how to read and interpret the engineering drawing.

(20)

4 This chapter briefly describes about the analysis on how undergraduate engineering students interpret and reading the engineering drawing. Undergraduate engineers are difficult to translate well how to read engineering drawings with good skills. This chapter will show how to study and previous studies made in the analysis of how best to make the engineers can interpret engineering drawings better. There are many ways that have been made during previous studies and surveys such as do, do the exams, questionnaire and others. Other than that, a lot of do's and used to determine the level of an undergraduate engineer manipulate and interpret engineering drawings with good and great is a way to do the test read engineering drawing that takes time to answer it. There, it will be able to assess the level of a person and thus can help undergraduate engineers to hone their skills.

2.1 Introducing Engineering Drawing

A drawing is a graphic representation of an object, or a part of it, and is the result of creative thought by an engineer or technician. When one person sketches a rough map in giving direction to another, this is graphic communication. Graphic communication involves using visual materials to relate ideas. Drawings, photographs, slides, transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic communication. Any medium that uses a graphic image to aid in conveying a message, instructions, or an idea is involved in graphic communication (Taffesse, 2005).

Engineering drawing is a basic course for all undergraduate Engineering program.

LITERATURE REVIEW

(21)

5 Though engineering drawing is considered as the language of engineers, most of the universities offer this course as a practical course without any lecture component. This course is aimed at providing basic understanding of the fundamentals of Engineering Drawing; mainly visualization, graphics theory, standards & conventions of drawing, the tools of drawing and the use of Drawings in engineering applications (Taffesse, 2005).

Figure 2.1 is an example engineering drawing in 2D shape. From the 2D drawing it can be 3D drawing or solid model. 2D drawing is the base in engineering drawing.

It’s very important to design and develop something new.

Figure 2.1: Example of 2D drawing (Laikemariam Kassa, 2005)

The technical drawing is the one of engineering drawings. On the other hand, is not subtle, or abstract. It does not require an understanding of its creator only an understanding of technical drawings. A technical drawing is a means of clearly and concisely communicating all of the information necessary to transform an idea or a concept into reality. Therefore, a technical drawing often contains more than just a graphic representation of its subject. It also contains dimensions, notes and specifications (Laikemariam Kassa, 2005).

2.1.1 Types of Technical Drawing

Technical drawings are based on the fundamental principles of projections. A projection is a drawing or representation of an entity on an imaginary plane or

(22)

6 planes. This projection plane serves the same purpose in technical drawing as is served by the movie screen. A projection involves four elements.

1. The actual object that the drawing or projection represents. 2. The eye of the viewer looking at the object.

3. These projectors create an imaginary plane of projection. 4. Imaginary lines of sight called Projectors.

The two broad types of projections, both with several sub classifications, are parallel projection and perspective projection.

2.1.2 Purpose of Technical Drawing

To appreciate the need for technical drawings, one must understand the design process. The design process is an orderly, systematic procedure used in accomplishing a needed design. Any product that is to be manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or subjected to any other types of conversion process must first be designed. For example, a house must be designed before it can be built.

2.1.3 Application of Technical Drawing

Technical drawings are used in many different applications. They are needed at any setting, which involves design, and in any subsequent forms of conversion process. The most common applications of technical drawings can be found in the fields of manufacturing, engineering and construction. For instance, designer engineer, mechanical engineers uses technical drawings to document such works as the layout of a new product, or make the process build the new product must start with a design first.

(23)

2.2 How to Read and Interpret Engineering Drawings

Engineering drawings are typically used as visual tools in the creation of machines, parts, and others. While these drawings can be quite straightforward to individuals who are skilled in the field of engineering or architecture, they can be quite difficult to interpret for lay people. Knowing how to read engineering drawings will help provide the person with a better idea of make the machine parts. Undergraduate engineers cannot interpret the engineering drawing with better because not disclosed in detail. Have 5 steps or ways how to interpret and reading engineering drawing which can help the undergraduate to know and learn.

2.2.1 Familiarize With The Scale Of Drawings

Understanding how large or small certain items will be is essential when reading engineering drawings. While most engineering drawings are created in "scale" versions of 1/4-1/8 inches (. 55-. 275 centimetres) per foot, other scales may be used for very large creations. Always determine the scale of the drawing before examining it in detail. If the scale is not obviously evident in the drawing, consult with the engineer who drew it for clarification.

2.2.2 Understand The Basic Symbols

As these drawings are done on such a small scale, the use of symbols is frequently required. While many symbols exist, understanding a few of the basics can be very helpful when reading engineering drawings. Some of the most common symbols used in these drawings include rectangles, circles, and triangles. As with determining the scale, consulting with the engineer who created the drawing can provide great insight as to the symbols used.

(24)

2.2.3 Look for Circled Numbers

As discussed previously, engineering drawings are typically done on a scale so small that creating detail is almost impossible. Because of this, engineers often add circled numbers to certain portions of the drawings. These circled numbers indicate that the area identified is shown in greater detail on another page.

2.2.4 Identify Specific Abbreviations

Abbreviations are a useful tool for engineers. Like symbols, they can indicate shapes, processes, and even dimensions through a few letters. Some of the most common abbreviations used in engineering drawings include DP, which stands for depth, and DIA, which stands for diameter.

2.2.5 Work With Colleagues

When all else fails, consult with other professionals to better clarify the drawings. While it may be embarrassing to admit that you are having trouble interpreting the drawing, those who regularly work with and understand the drawings will help you read them. Ask "in the know" individuals on the project to clarify anything you do not understand; better that this happens in the early stages of a project than to encounter a mistake farther into a project because of improperly reading engineering drawings.

2.3 Method Drawing Skills

In read and interpret engineering drawings it something it uses all kinds of ways to translate. There are previous studies that examined the various methods used to read engineering drawings and some tests done to assess and define the level undergraduate engineers to learn and interpret an engineering drawing.

(1)

3 1.4 Scope of Project

This project focused on how to get the validation and certificate about the test for

state it’s useful for the fresh graduate engineers before get their jobs. This test will

1.5 Importance of Study

1.6 Limitation of Study

(2)

2.1 Introducing Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing is a basic course for all undergraduate Engineering program.

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

(3)

Figure 2.1 is an example engineering drawing in 2D shape. From the 2D drawing it can be 3D drawing or solid model. 2D drawing is the base in engineering drawing.

It’s very important to design and develop something new.

Figure 2.1: Example of 2D drawing (Laikemariam Kassa, 2005)

2.1.1 Types of Technical Drawing

Technical drawings are based on the fundamental principles of projections. A projection is a drawing or representation of an entity on an imaginary plane or

(4)

6 planes. This projection plane serves the same purpose in technical drawing as is served by the movie screen. A projection involves four elements.

1. The actual object that the drawing or projection represents. 2. The eye of the viewer looking at the object.

3. These projectors create an imaginary plane of projection. 4. Imaginary lines of sight called Projectors.

The two broad types of projections, both with several sub classifications, are parallel projection and perspective projection.

2.1.2 Purpose of Technical Drawing

2.1.3 Application of Technical Drawing

(5)

7 2.2 How to Read and Interpret Engineering Drawings

2.2.1 Familiarize With The Scale Of Drawings

2.2.2 Understand The Basic Symbols

(6)

2.2.3 Look for Circled Numbers

2.2.4 Identify Specific Abbreviations

2.2.5 Work With Colleagues

2.3 Method Drawing Skills

Design and analysis of an instrument to test reading interpreting drawing skills.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA