performed one speech act meaning that she is not going by performing another
meaning that she has to work.
By “saying,” Grice meant not the mere utterance of words. What Barb said is what she stated, namely, that she has to work, something she could have stated
by saying different words. As Grice realized, “say” is used more or less strictly Thus if Carl says “The largest planet is a gas giant,” we will sometimes count him
as saying and thus not implicating that Jupiter is a gas giant. We will follow Grice in using “say” more narrowly, requiring that what a speaker says be closely
related to what the sentence uttered conventionally means. So we will take Carl to have implicated that Jupiter is a gas giant by saying that the largest planet is.
2.3.1 Types of Implicature
Conversational Implicature which is later on being called Implicature itself is a nonconventional Implicature based on an addressee’s assumption that the speaker
is following the conversational maxims or at least the cooperative principle. A conversational maxim is any of four rules which is proposed by Grice
1975, stating that a speaker is assumed to make a contribution that 1 Is adequately but not overly informative quantity maxim
2 The speaker does not believe to be false and for which adequate evidence is had quality maxim
3 Is relevant maxim of relation or relevance, and 4 Is clear, unambiguous, brief, and orderly maxim of manner
The cooperative principle is a principle of conversation that is proposed by Grice 1975, stating that participants expect that each will make a “conversational
contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange.”
For example; When a speaker makes an apparently uninformative remark such as “War is war,”
the addressee assumes that the speaker is being cooperative and looks for the Implicature the speaker is making
The cooperative principle, along with the conversational maxims, partly accounts for conversational Implicatures. Participants assume that a speaker is
being cooperative, and thus they make conversational Implicatures about what is said.
The conversational Implicature have variety of descendent Implicature due to conversational maxim and cooperative principle, they are Quantity Implicature,
Quality Implicature, Manner Implicature, and Relevance Implicature.
1 Quantity Implicature
A Quantity Implicature is a conversational Implicature based on an addressees assumption as to whether the speaker is observing or flouting the conversational
maxim of quantity.
If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee makes a standard Implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim,
then the addressee makes a more non-standard type of Implicature. For example:
1
The utterance Nigel has 14 children commonly implicates ‘Nigel has only 14 children’, even though it would be compatible with Nigel’s having 20
children.
2
The utterance War is war is itself uninformative; however, depending on its context, it will implicate items such as the following:
‘All war is undifferentiated and thus uniformally unjust.’ ‘This is the way war is; stop complaining.’
2 Quality Implicature
A quality Implicature is a conversational Implicature based on the addressees assumption as to whether or not the speaker is observing or flouting the
conversational maxim of quality. If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee
makes a standard Implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes a more nonstandard type of Implicature.
For example: 1
The sentence John has two Ph.D.s implicates both of the following: I believe John has two Ph.D.s.
I have adequate evidence that John has two Ph.D.s. It may also cause an Implicature derived from the addressee’s belief that
the speaker is flouting the maxim quality. 2
In the following exchange, the obvious falsehood of B’s utterance implicates that B is saying that A is wildly incorrect:
Tehran’s in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher? And London’s in Armenia, I suppose.
3 Relevance Implicature
A Relevance Implicature is a conversational Implicature based on an addressees assumption as to whether a speaker is observing or flouting the conversational
maxim of relation or relevance. If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee
makes a standard Implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes a more nonstandard type of Implicature.
For example: 1
In the following exchange, the implicature that A draws as to the time of day from B’s presumably relevant response is a relevance implicature:
A: Can you tell me the time? B: Well, the milkman has come.
2 In the following exchange, the implicature A draws that A’s remark
was not welcome to B from B’s response is a relevance implicature: A: Mrs. X is an old bag.
B: The weather has been quite delightful this summer, hasnt it?
4 Manner Implicature
A Manner Implicature is a conversational Implicature based on an addressees assumption that the speaker is either observing or flouting the conversational
maxim of manner. If the speaker is assumed to be observing the maxim, then the addressee
makes a standard Implicature. If the speaker is assumed to be flouting the maxim, then the addressee makes a more nonstandard type of Implicature.
For Example: 1 The manner Implicature Miss Singer sang badly is derivable from the
sentence Miss Singer produced a series of sounds corresponding closely to the score of an aria from ‘Rigoletto.
2 Because of the submaxim be orderly, an addressee can draw the Implicature that the events presented in Alfred went to the store and
bought some whisky happened in order.
From the explanation in the previous pages, it can be said that Implicature is something meant, implied, or suggested distinct from what is said. Implicatures
can be part of sentence meaning or dependent on conversational context, and it can be conventional or unconventional. The conversational Implicature have
variety of descendent Implicature due to conversational maxim and cooperative principle, they are Quantity Implicature, Quality Implicature, Manner
Implicature, and Relevance Implicature. The Quantity Implicature occurs when the interlocutor does not state the
proportional amount of sentences or utterances. The Quality Implicature occurs
when the interlocutors intend to misleads the conversation. The relevance Implicature happens when the interlocutor does not relevance match with the
other interlocutors in delivering their sentences and Manner Implicature occur when the interlocutors states ambiguous statements or incomplete statements.
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CHAPTER III METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
3.1 Object of the Study
