Ejective stops Pulmonic and glottalic consonants

Table 2.7. Examples of dL, t¬ dL Voiced alveolar lateral affricate t¬ Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate Word-initial: dLan¤ arrow dLomo to buy dLo?fl behind t¬a door t¬ana tusk, horn t¬aNka˘ francolin t¬a˘si• to die sg. subj. t¬e˘ to be ready

2.1.2 Ejective stops

Sandawe has three ejective stop phonemes: ts, t ¬ , k. Their distribution is illustrated in table 2.8: Table 2.8. Examples of ts, t¬, k ts’ Voiceless ejective alveolar affricate t¬’ Voiceless ejective lateral affricate k’ Voiceless ejective velar stop Word-initial: tsa water tse˘ka to burp ts˘ka˘ tree type tsoÙ˘ rhinoceros tsuka smoke t¬a˘ to take pl. obj. t¬ab¤so stomach t¬abo roof t¬›tHe to butcher t¬oNge to stab kame beer local ke˘ to cry ko˘ to lick kuNku blunt k w e˘ to kill Word-medial syll.-initial: kHu˘ntsa incline kotso tree type lets¤ma spell malats’ndo dusk xats’a steppe g›t¬e clothes k›t¬e to be angry mat¬e˘ sunrise mot¬ side óHeÙ˘t¬a ant baNkwa mouse type bo˘ko spoon h¤ki• to go sg. subj. sukuto calf, lower leg íeka blood The ejective series occurs in syllable-initial position, both word-initially and word-medially. The ejective velar affricate [ k ¬ ] is also heard in Sandawe. It occurs only before u or w and is in complementary distribution with the ejective lateral affricate [ t ¬ ]: Table 2.9. Distribution of [ t¬, k¬] [ k¬] preceding u and [ w ] [ t¬] in other environments k¬uÈ arm, hand k¬uNgu cloud, sky k¬ w aÈ˘ rain k¬ w e˘ witchcraft g›t¬e clothes mot¬ side t¬axe to hack off t¬oNge to stab Therefore, the ejective velar affricate [ k ¬ ] and the ejective lateral affricate [t ¬ ] can be analyzed as allophones of the same phoneme. This phoneme is represented here by t ¬ since the allophone [ t ¬ ] is the less restricted of the two allophones in its distribution. It can be noted at this point that the lateral ejective t¬ is auditorily very similar to the glottalized lateral click í as also commented upon in Wright et al. 1995:2. The two waveform displays below illustrate this using the examples t ¬ aÙ˘, ‘mongoose’ and íaÙ˘, ‘warthog’, respectively: Figure 2.1. Glottalized lateral affricate. Figure 2.2. Glottalized lateral click. The difference between the two sounds can be seen in the slightly extended period of high frequency noise in the ejective, in comparison with the click, where the noise ends more abruptly. Note also how the ejective has a steeper burst than the click.

2.1.3 Nasal stops