CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Emission can be said as the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation. It is describe a s a particle or gases that been released to
the atmosphere from different kind of sources. Some of the gases are good and most of them are very harmful not only to human, but even to the environmental. For
example, the carbon dioxide CO
2
are very important for the trees where it use as food by photosynthesis. So trees can be used to control the emissions. However, the
excessive production of CO
2
also can cause a lot of problems. As to be know, the effect of CO
2
are very dangerous for the human health. It can cause fatal death to human as the gases are colourless. Not only CO
2
is dangerous, other gases like sulphur dioxide SO
2
, particulate matter PM, carbon monoxide CO, and nitrogen dioxide NO
2
also bring bad effect to breathing system of human. Therefore, Environmental Protection Agency EPA create the emission inventory which are
used in controlling the emissions. There are around 187 type of hazardous gases in the air pollutants. But, after many type of research was done, the gases that being
considered as very harmful in the emissions inventory were particulate matter PM, carbon monoxide CO, nitrogen dioxide NO
2
, carbon dioxide CO
2
, hydrocarbon HC and ozone O
3
. These gases are the mainly emit to the air from industrial activities, refinery plant, development of technology and many more. This inventory
was very concern on controlling the emission factor of several places to get better air quality. Therefore, Malacca city will be analysing on the emissions inventory and
creating the emission standardization to lead the state to have clean air quality.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Earth is being covered by layer of gases that surrounds the earth and retained by Earth gravity. These gases remain in the atmosphere of the Earth. The gases that
consist in this air is 78.08 nitrogen, 20.95 oxygen, 0.93 argon, 0.039 carbon dioxide, and others small amounts of other gases. But now, as the growing of
modernization, there is a lot of pollution happening. The clean air being polluted by other gases due to irresponsibility and lack of awareness in human being. Polluted air
will affect the environment and harms human health.
Along with harming human health, air emission pollutant can cause a variety of environmental effects such as acid rain, eutrophication, haze, ozone depletion and
global climate change. This issue was highlighted in Malacca Historic City Council where some area may lead to contribution of air emissions. It is believed that the
main causes of emission in MBMB region comes from refinery and power plant. Therefore there is a need to come up with an emission inventory in order to avoid
harmful condition to the population and tourists as Malacca is a historical and vacation city.
A research will be done on air quality in area under MBMB territory, focusing on the refinery plant, power plant, hospital and hotel. The results from the
research for the emission of air from the refinery and other sources will be studied to
get a clearly visualize on the emission rate. To control this, the activity data from all sources have to be obtained to analyse the emission rate of each source. Every device
or appliance that is being used that may cause emission have to be clearly stated for easier of analysis to be done.
This case study will be focusing on studying and analyzing the emission rate of each air pollutant in Malacca Historic City Council under MBMB territory. This
case was made for making the air emission standard in the contributing area. The air emission standard will be the rule for the main major emission donor which is the
refinery and power plant so that it will follow the standard air emissions. Also it will be used to controlled and reduce the gas emission from the major donor.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
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