CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE ii
DECLARATION I iv
DECLARATION II v
DEDICATION vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
ABSTRACT viii
ABSTRAK ix
CONTENT x
LIST OF TABLE xiv
LIST OF FIGURE xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii
LIST OF APPENDIX xx
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Scopes Of Work 2
1.3 Problem Statements 2
1.4 Project Objectives 3
1.5 Project Methodology 4
1.6 Expected Results 5
II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Overview on Antenna 8
2.2.1 Radiation Pattern[3] 2.2.2 Return Loss
2.2.3 Gain 2.2.4 Directivity
2.2.5 Losses in Microstrip Antenna
2.2.6 Antenna Efficiency 8
10 10
11 12
12 2.2.7 Input Impedance
2.2.8 Polarization
2.3 The Proximity Coupled Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna,PCMA
2.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna 2.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
Microstrip Patch Antenna,MPA
2.5 Feeding Techniques 2.5.1 Microstrip Line Feed
2.5.2 Proximity Coupled Feed 2.5.3 Coaxial Feed
2.5.4 Aperture Coupled Feed
2.6 Methods of Analysis 2.6.1 Rectangular Patch
13 13
14
15 16
17 18
19 21
22
23 24
III PROXIMITY MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
DESIGN
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Inset Fed Design
3.3 Proximity Coupled Design 3.4 Proximity Array Design
3.4.1 Design the Proximity 1x2 Array
Antenna 3.4.2 Design the Proximity 1x4 Array
Antenna 3.4.3 Design the Proximity 2x4 Array
Antenna 28
28 31
34 36
39
41
3.5 Fabrication of The Designed Antenna 3.6 Antenna Measurement Tools
43 46
IV RESULTS DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Inset Fed 4.2 Proximity
4.3 1x2 Proximity Array 4.4 1x4 Proximity Array
4.5 2x4 Proximity Array 4.6 Analysis and Discussion
48 54
57 61
64 66
V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Future Work and Recommendations
69 70
REFERENCES 71
APPENDIX A 75
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE DESCRIPTION
PAGE
2.1 Comparing the Different Feed Techniques
23 3.1
Calculated Dimensions of The Rectangular Patch 29
4.1 The value of antenna parameter
48 4.2
Simulation Results for Inset Fed 50
4.3 Measurement Results for Inset Fed
52 4.4
Reading for Inset Fed 53
4.5 Measurement Results for Single Proximity
56 4.6
Simulation Results for 1x2 Proximity Array 58
4.7 Measurement Results for 1x2 Proximity Array
59 4.8
Reading for 1x2 Proximity Array 61
4.9 Simulation Results for 1x4 Proximity Array
62 4.10
Simulation Results for 1x4 Proximity Array 62
4.11 Reading for 1x4 Proximity Array
63 4.12
Simulation Results for 2x4 Proximity Array 65
4.13 Reading for 2x4 Proximity Array
65 4.14
Simulation Analysis for Inset fed, Single Proximity, ProximityArray1x2,1x4,2x4
66
4.15 Measurement Analysis for Inset fed, Single Proximity,
ProximityArray1x2,1x4 66
LIST OF FIGURE
NO TITLE
PAGE
1.1 Project Methodology in a flowchart
4 2.1
Radiation Pattern for a Microstrip Antenna 9
2.2 Directivity of an Antenna
11 2.3
The Proximity-fed Rectangular Patch, MSA 14
2.4 Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna
15 2.5
Common Shapes of Microstrip Patch Elements 15
2.6 Microstrip Line Feed
18 2.7
Proximity-coupled Feed 19
2.8 Diagram of Proximity coupled antenna
20 2.9
Equivalent Circuit of a Proximity Coupled Antenna at the Patch Edge
20
2.10 Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
21 2.11
Aperture-Coupled Feed 22
2.12 Microstrip Line
24 2.13
Electric Field Lines 24
2.14 Microstrip Patch Antenna
25 2.15
Top View of Antenna 26
2.16 Side View of Antenna
26 3.1
Width and Length Calculation by using The TXLINE 29
3.2 Rectangular Inset Fed Designed at Frequency 2.4 GHz
30 3.3
Return Loss at -14.88 dB 31
3.4a Enclosure Set Up 32
3.4b Dielectric Set Up 32
3.4c Width and Length Calculation by using The TXLINE
32 3.4d 3D layout
33 3.5
Setting The Range of Frequencies 33
3.6 Setting The Graph Measurement
34 3.7
Wilkinson Power Divider 34
3.8 Example for 1 x 2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array
35 3.9
Design Process for 1x2 Proximity Array 37
3.10 Design Process for 1x4 Proximity Array
40 3.11
Design Process for 2x4 Proximity Array 42
3.12 Fabrication Process
45 3.13
Fabrication Process 45
3.14 Antenna Measurement Tools
46 4.1
Layout of Inst Fed 48
4.2 EM Layout for Inset Fed
49 4.3
Impedance Locus for Inset Fed 49
4.4 Simulation Results for Inset Fed
50 4.5
Measurement Results for Inset Fed 52
4.6 Single Proximity
54 4.7
EM Layout for Layer 1 and Layer 2 55
4.8 Return Loss for Proximity at -19.3dB
55 4.9
Simulation Results for Single Proximity 56
4.10 Measurement Results for Single Proximity
56 4.11
Design of 1x2 Proximity Array Antenna 58
4.12 Return Loss for Proximity Array 1x2 at -22.16dB
58 4.13
Simulation Results for 1x2 Proximity Array 59
4.14 Simulation Results for 1x2 Proximity Array
59 4.15
Measurement Results for 1x2 Proximity Array 60
4.16 Design of 1x4 Proximity Array Antenna
61 4.17
Return Loss for 1x4 Proximity Array Antenna at -25.58dB 61
4.18 Measurement Results for 1x4 Proximity Array
63 4.19
Design of 2x4 Proximity Array Antenna 64
4.20 Return Loss for 2x4 Proximity Array Antenna at -29.25 dB
64
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
w Width
h Dielectric Thickness
t Copper Thickness
L Length
L
eff
Effective Length of the Patch f
r
Resonance Frequency Yo
Feed Line Wavelength
ε
r
Dielectric Constant ε
o
Permittivity of Free Space
o
Permeability of Free Space Zo
Load Impedance ∆L
Dimensions of the patch along its length wh
Width-to-height ratio
a
Radius Inset Feed
Q Antenna Quality Factor
dB Decibel
dBi Decibel Isotropic
RL Return Loss
G Gain
Pr Radiated Power
Pi Input Power
Rin Real Part
Xin Imaginary Part
Cc Coupling Capacitance
S Distance
MPA Microstrip Patch Antenna
EM Electromagnetic
PCMA Proximity Coupled Microstrip Antenna
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginerring
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
MW2004 Microwave Office 2004
FR4 Frame Resistance 4
ξ Tangent Loss
MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
TEM Transverse Electric-Magnetic
TX line Transmission Line
UI User Interface
UV Ultra Violet
EM Electromagnetic
S
11
Input Port 1 to Output Port 1 VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX DESCRIPTION
PAGE A
APPENDIX A 74
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
