AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTSÂ’ ERRORS IN WRITING RECOUNT TEXT AT THE SECOND GRADE OF SMP PGRI 04 KALIPARE

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and the definition of the key terms. Each section is presented as follows:

1.1 Background of the Study

People can communicate with each other by language because it is as a tool of communications. According to Dash and Dash (2007:1),

“Language is the divine gift of God. It is language that distinguishes man from animals. Language is man’s finest asset. To the philosopher, language may be an instrument of thought, for we think through language.”

In addition, Russell (2005: 353) says that we have language as a scheme for expressing our cognitive adaption to reality in a symbolic form. Chumien (2015) argued that language is a semantic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meaning. From those definitions, through language people are able to exchange information, opinions, knowledge, feeling, promises, beliefs, whishes, threats, commands, thanks, declarations. It means that language is very important aspect in the life of all beings and distinguish human from animal.

Meanwhile, English is one of the important languages as it is a lingua franca in the world. Mastering English as a foreign language is very important in globalization era including in Indonesia. In the process of teaching and learning

2

English, there are many problems that the teachers and students face. It is caused by the difference in the system of native language and English as the target language to be learned. The problem that faced by students in language is skill. In learning English there are four skills that should be learned namely reading, listening, speaking, and writing (Dash and Dash, 2007:35).

According to Adas and Bakir (2013), writing skill is the most difficulties that students face in learning language skill. They are demanded to know how to write sentence and paragraph correctly with good vocabulary and grammar. Writing must also be coherent, accurate, and logical. To be a good writer, we need to learn about grammar. Many students are confused in learning grammar because they are demanded to follow the instruction. Some experts defined that language is acquired with relative ease and rapidity and without the benefits of instruction (White, 2005: 3).

There are many types of text in writing that students need to master. In each type of text, the use of grammar is also different. Recount text is one of the types of writing. Wood and Stubbs (2000: 8) summarized that a recount text recalls and reconstructs events, experiences and achievements from the past in a logical sequence. Some recounts will be purely informative, while others will aim to both inform and entertain. In line with it, Rosyadi (2011) also states that recount is a piece of text that retells past events, usually in the order in which they happened. The purpose of a recount text is to give the audience a description of what happened and when it happened.

3

Hidayah (2013) found that many students at TESL College made errors invoked grammatical items such as subject-verb agreement, tenses, part of speech and vocabularies. Some factors are known to increase the errors committed by students: the influence of mother tongue, lack of knowledge and competence in English grammar, the influence of “loan words”, the inherent difficulties of learning English, overgeneralization and lack exposure to the English language. The data showed that 81% of the students committed such as errors related to the use of the simple past tense. Ramli et al. (2013) also found that “there are 275 errors made by the students in writing recount text. The errors are 95 or 34.54% errors at writing content of the text, 21 or 7.63% errors at vocabulary, 123 or 44.74% errors grammar and 36 or 13.9% error at mechanic.” Additionally, Ansyar et al (2012) discovered types of errors that occur is using simple past tense in recount text written by the eight graders of SMP Lab UM. The result of this research stated that the proportion of the errors is 53.60

However, the difference between those previous studies with this research is on the subject of the study. The subject of the previous study had high quality indicated by 100% of the student achieved minimum standard of competence. In contrast, the subject of this study has low quality indicated by less than 60% of student achieved minimum standard of competence.

The phenomena of students’ error in writing recount text can be seen at second grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare. It is necessary to find out the result of the types of error for getting the solution for teacher in teaching recount text. So,

4

the writer interested to make a research entitled An Analysis of Students’ Errors in Writing Recount Text at Second Grade of SMP PGRI 04 KALIPARE.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Based on the description on the background, the problem of the study can be formulated as follows:

1. What errors do the students at second grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare make in writing recount text?

2. What are the dominant errors that the students at second grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare usually make in writing recount text?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purposes of the study are described as follows:

1. To analyze the errors that the students at second grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare made in writing recount text.

2. To find out the dominant errors that the students at second grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare usually make in writing recount text.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study aim to give more information about the students’ error in writing recount text at second grade of junior high school for:

5

For the students

The result of this research can be used as the students’ material so they more easily while composing recount text because there are some examples related recount texts. Thus, the students do not do the similar error while composing recount text.

For the teachers

Problem based learning can be one of the learning strategy for the teacher at SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare to improve the students’ ability on writing recount text and to know about the errors that students usually made in composing recount text. By knowing the errors, teacher can discover the solution in teaching recount text and also find the missing link between what teacher’s give and what students’ catch. Teacher can evaluate whether the errors wholly caused by students themselves or caused by in complete or wrong information given by teacher.

For the future researcher

The finding of this research can provide information for the readers or next researcher who wants to write recount text and error. This information can provide guidance for the readers about kinds of error should be avoided in composing recount text.

6

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research is about error made by the students in writing recount text. The limitation of this research is surface strategy error in writing recount text. Moreover, it is limited in the error and dominant error that the students make.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding of the concepts used in this research, some definitions are provided as the following:

Error : A noticeable deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker, reflecting the interlanguage competence of the learner (Brown as cited in Yang and Xu, 2001: 16).

Mistake : A performance error that is either a random guess or a ‘slip’, in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly (Brown as cited in Yang and Xu, 2001: 16).

Recount Text : A recount recalls and reconstructs events, experiences and achievements from the past in a logical sequence and some of it will be purely informative, while others will aim to both inform and entertain (Wood and Stubbs, 2000: 8).

i

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN WRITING

RECOUNT TEXT AT THE SECOND GRADE OF SMP PGRI 04

KALIPARE

THESIS

By:

LENA ANGGRAENI

201110100311148

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

ii

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN WRITING

RECOUNT TEXT AT THE SECOND GRADE OF SMP PGRI 04

KALIPARE

THESIS

Thisthesisissubmittedtomeetone of therequirementstoachieve

Sarjana DegreeinEnglish Education

By:

LENA ANGGRAENI

201110100311148

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

iii

This thesis written by Lena Anggraeni was approved on 12 November 2015.

By:

Advisor II Advisor I

iv

This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang

and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

on 12 November 2015.

Approved by:

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang

Dean,

Dr. PoncojariWahyono,M.Kes.

Examiners: Signatures:

1. Puji Sumarsono, M.Ed., M.Pd. 1.……….

2. Khairudin, S.Pd.,M.Pd. 2………..

3. RinjaniBonavidi, S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D. 3………..

v

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO

Success needs process and

Patience will produce the best result

My graduation hat is dedicated to:

1. The honorable father and mother of my life 2. The beloved 7 sisters of class C 3. My special one, Rizal Rizqiandy

vi

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION

The undersigned:

Name : Lena Anggraeni

Student ID number : 201110100311148

Program of Study : EnglishDepartment

Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

I declarethe research presented inthisthesiswaswritten all by myselfanddoes not incorporatewithoutacknowledmentany material previouslysubmitted for a degreeor

diploma inanyuniversity. To thebest of myknowledgethisthesisdoes not

containanymaterialspreviously published orwrittenbyanother person

whereduereferenceismadeinthetext.

Malang, 12 November 2015

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, most Gracious, most merciful. The writer willing to present her thanks for everyone who helped her, especially in this thesis.

Alhamdulillahhirabbil’alaminwassolatuwasllamu’alasayyidinamuhammadinw a’alaalihiwasohbihiajma’in, all of honors are just for Allah AzzaWajalla, the

almighty. Then she wants to express her sincere thanks to:

1. Allah SWT for guiding her, hence, she is able to finish this thesis in time. Also, praises are offered to the beloved Prophet, Muhammad SAW as the best role model ever to all people around the world, especially Muslims.

2. Her First Advisor, Mr.PujiSumarsono, S.Pd., M.Ed for his valuable guidance, encouragement,advice, patient, and suggestion which are very helpful in finishing this thesis.

3. Her Second Advisor, Mr. Khairudin, S.Pd., M.Pd, who has guided her with his worthy, correction and suggestion to improve the quality of this thesis.

4. Her Beloved Parents, Wianto and Subatin. Thank you so much for your affection, guidance, advices, support, and help in her life.

5. Ms.RinjaniBonavidi, S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D. and Mr.TeguhHadiSaputra, S.Pd., M.A.

who continually gives her advices throughout her research in detail.

6. All lecturers of English department of University of Muhammadiyah Malang who

ix

7. Headmaster of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare who has allowed her to conduct a research

in his class and the Students who helped her to make this research.

8. All classmates of class C 2011, especially for her beloved 7 sisters whom she met in this class AdninHayatinnufus, AjengFrylin, KusmanikAnjasiwi, EuizFauziah, FarihatunNuria, Linda Kusuma, and LusyAprillya. Thank you so much for your motivation, support, attention, and togetherness and her special one, Rizal Rizqiandy who give their huge supports for her success.

Finally, may Allah SWT receive all their works and kindness. Amin.

Malang, 12 November 2015 The Researcher,

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ... i

APPROVAL ... iii

LEGALIZATION ... iv

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ... v

ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study ... 1

1.2Statement of the Problems ... 4

1.3Purpose of the Study ... 4

1.4Significance of the Study ... 4

1.5Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6Definition of Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Language ... 7

2.1.1 Function and Usage of Language ... 8

xi

2.3 Problems of English Language Teaching ... 9

2.4 Language Skill ... 9

2.4.1Writing Skill ... 10

2.4.1.1Recount Text ...12

2.5 Error and Mistake...20

2.6 Classification of Errors ... 22

2.6.1 Linguistic Category ... 22

2.6.2 Surface Strategy ... 22

2.6.3 Comparative Taxonomy ... 24

2.6.4 Communicative Taxonomy ... 25

2.7 Source of Error ... 25

2.7.1 Interlingual Transfer ... 25

2.7.2 Intralingual Transfer ... 26

2.8 Error Analysis ... 26

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design ... 27

3.2 Research Object Materials ... 29

3.3 Research Instrument ... 30

3.4 Data Collection ... 31

3.5 Data Analysis ... 31

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ... 34

4.1.1 The Kind of Errors Made by the Students at Second Grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare ... 34

4.1.1.1 Addition ... 35

xii

4.1.1.3Misformation ... 36

4.1.1.4Misordering ... 38

4.1.1 The Frequency of Every Kind of Errors Made by the Students at Second Grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare ... 39

4.1.1.1Addition ... 39

4.1.1.2Omission ...40

4.1.1.3Misformation ... 40

4.1.1.4Misordering ... 40

4.2 Discussion ... 41

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclusion ... 43

5.2Suggestions ... 43

REFERENCES ... 45

APPENDICES... 49

APPENDIX I ... 49

APPENDIX II ... 61

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix I : List of Errors ... 49

Appendix II : Letter ... 61

45

REFERENCES

Adas, Dana and Bakir, Aida. 2013. Writing Difficulties and New Solution. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 3 No.

9; May 2013. Pp: 254-266. Available at:

http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_9_May_2013/28.pdf. (Accessed on: April 24, 2015)

Allwright, Dick and Bailey, Kathleen M. 2004. Focus on the Language Classroom. UK. Cambridge University Press.

Annum, Godfred. 2015. Research Instrument for Data Collection. KNUST GH. Pp 1-4. Available at: http://campus.educadium.com/. (Accessed on: April 24, 2015).

Ary, Donald et al. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Canada. Sixth Edition.

Ary, Donald et al. 2010. An Introduction to Research in Education. Canada. Eight Edition.

Atlee, Nancy. 1995. Advancing Writing Skill. CA. Dandy Lion Publication. Blum, Brian A. 2007. Examples and Explanations. NY. Aspen Publisher. Fourth

Edition.

Busta, Jan et al. 2009. Classification of Error in Text. RASLAN; 2009. Pp 109.

Masaryc University. Available at:

http://nlp.fi.muni.cz/raslan/2009/papers/6.pdf (Accessed on: April 25, 2015).

Chumien, Sharanrat. 2015. What is Language.Available at:

https://www.academia.edu/7330892/What_is_language. (Accessed on: January 29, 2015).

Cibinic, John et al. 2006. Administration of Government Contracts. Washington DC. The George Washington University. Fourth Edition.

Clapp, Judith A. et al. 2011. Software Quality Control, Error Analysis, and Testing. US. Noyes Data Corporation.

Creswell, John W. 2008. The Selection of Research Design. Available at: http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/22780_Chapter_1.pdf.

46

Dash, Neena and Dash, M. 2007. Teaching English as an Additional Language. Available at: http://www.google.co.id/books (Accessed on: January 29, 2015).

Erdogan, Vacide. 2005. Contribution of Error Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education. Vol. 1. Issue 2; December 2005. Pp 261-270. Available at: http://www.turkofoni.org/files/contribution_of_error_analysis_to_f oreign_language_teaching-vac_de_erdo_an-mers_n_un__2005.pdf. (accessed on: April 25, 2015).

Fatmawati, Riska N. 2015. Symtactical Error Analysis in Second Semester

Student’s Writing of IAIN Tulungagung. Available at:

http://repo.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/2188/. (accessed on: April 25, 2015).(accessed on: December 20, 2015).

Frankel, Jack R. et al. 2012. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York. McGraw-Hill.

Gass, Susan M. et al. 2013. Second Language Acquisition. NY. Routledge. Fourth Edition.

Government of South Australia. 2012. Engaging in and Exploring Recount

Writing. Available at:

http://www.decd.sa.gov.au/literacy/files/links/Recount_Writing_Ju ne_2102.pdf (Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Hermawati, Rina. 2012. An Analysis of Errors in Using of the Simple Past Tense

in the Students Short Composition. Available at:

http://publikasi.stkipsiliwangi.ac.id/files/2012/09/09220294-RINA.pdf (Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Hidayah, Ahmad Tufik.2013. Error Analysis on the Use of the Simple Tense and the Simple Past Tense in Writing Essay Among TESL Collage Students. International Journal of Education and Research. Vol. 1 No. 12; December 2013. ISSN: 2201-6740. Available at:

http://www.ijern.com/journal/December-2013/29.pdf (Accessed

on: April 20, 2015).

Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey K. 2005. UK. University Press, Cambridge.

47

Hyland, Maureen. 2009. Writing Text Type. Western Australia. R.I.C. Publication Pty Ltd.

Keyser, Veronique De and Leonova, Anna B. 2001. Error Prevention and Well-Being at Work in Western Europe and Russia. USA. Kluwer Academic Publisher.

Nuryani, Anis. 2013. An Erro Analysis of Using Simpe Past Tense in Writing Past Tense Experience on Facebook at the Eight Grade Students os State Junior High School 15 Purworejoin the Academic Year of 2012/2013. Available at: https://www.google.co.id. (Accessed on: December 20, 2015).

Pawar, Manohar. 2004. Collecting Methods and Experiences. New Deli. New Dawn Group Publishing.

Purwati, Nika et al. 2012. Research in English and Applied Linguistics. Jakarta. HalamanMoeka and LLC Publishing.

Puspitasari, Dewi. 2013. Grammatical Errors Made by the Second Semester Students in Writing II Subject in English Education Department of Yogyakarta State University in the Academic Year of 2012/2013.

Available at:

http://eprints.uny.ac.id/20520/1/Dewi%20Puspitasari%200620224 4058.pdf(Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Ramli, Doni et al. 2013. An Analysis on the Students’ Error in Writing Recount

Text. Available

at:http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/viewFile/964/pd f (Accessed on: April 20, 2015).

Rosyadi, M. Arifian. 2011. Recount Text. Available at:

https://arifianunnes3.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/recount-text-learning-material.pdf. (Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Russell, James. 2004. What is Language Development? New York. Oxford University Press.

Skeie, Geir et al. 2013. Exploring Context in Religious Education Research. Germany. Hubert & Co.

Wood, Katrina and Stubbs, Sue. 2000. Targeting Text. Sydney. McPherson’s Printing Group.

48

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.UK.Blackwell Publishing. Sixth Edition.

White, Lydia. 2005. Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. UK. University Press, Combridge.

Yang, Xiao-ming and Xu, Huaxin. 2001. Errors of Creativity. Boston. University Press of America Inc.

4.1.1.3Misformation ... 36

4.1.1.4Misordering ... 38

4.1.1 The Frequency of Every Kind of Errors Made by the Students at Second Grade of SMP PGRI 04 Kalipare ... 39

4.1.1.1Addition ... 39

4.1.1.2Omission ...40

4.1.1.3Misformation ... 40

4.1.1.4Misordering ... 40

4.2 Discussion ... 41

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1Conclusion ... 43

5.2Suggestions ... 43

REFERENCES ... 45

APPENDICES... 49

APPENDIX I ... 49

APPENDIX II ... 61

Appendix I : List of Errors ... 49

Appendix II : Letter ... 61

45

REFERENCES

Adas, Dana and Bakir, Aida. 2013. Writing Difficulties and New Solution. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 9; May 2013. Pp: 254-266. Available at: http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_9_May_2013/28.pdf. (Accessed on: April 24, 2015)

Allwright, Dick and Bailey, Kathleen M. 2004. Focus on the Language Classroom. UK. Cambridge University Press.

Annum, Godfred. 2015. Research Instrument for Data Collection. KNUST GH. Pp 1-4. Available at: http://campus.educadium.com/. (Accessed on: April 24, 2015).

Ary, Donald et al. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. Canada. Sixth Edition.

Ary, Donald et al. 2010. An Introduction to Research in Education. Canada. Eight Edition.

Atlee, Nancy. 1995. Advancing Writing Skill. CA. Dandy Lion Publication. Blum, Brian A. 2007. Examples and Explanations. NY. Aspen Publisher. Fourth

Edition.

Busta, Jan et al. 2009. Classification of Error in Text. RASLAN; 2009. Pp 109.

Masaryc University. Available at:

http://nlp.fi.muni.cz/raslan/2009/papers/6.pdf (Accessed on: April 25, 2015).

Chumien, Sharanrat. 2015. What is Language.Available at: https://www.academia.edu/7330892/What_is_language. (Accessed on: January 29, 2015).

Cibinic, John et al. 2006. Administration of Government Contracts. Washington DC. The George Washington University. Fourth Edition.

Clapp, Judith A. et al. 2011. Software Quality Control, Error Analysis, and Testing. US. Noyes Data Corporation.

Creswell, John W. 2008. The Selection of Research Design. Available at: http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/22780_Chapter_1.pdf.

Dash, Neena and Dash, M. 2007. Teaching English as an Additional Language. Available at: http://www.google.co.id/books (Accessed on: January 29, 2015).

Erdogan, Vacide. 2005. Contribution of Error Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education. Vol. 1. Issue 2; December 2005. Pp 261-270. Available at: http://www.turkofoni.org/files/contribution_of_error_analysis_to_f oreign_language_teaching-vac_de_erdo_an-mers_n_un__2005.pdf. (accessed on: April 25, 2015).

Fatmawati, Riska N. 2015. Symtactical Error Analysis in Second Semester Student’s Writing of IAIN Tulungagung. Available at: http://repo.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/2188/. (accessed on: April 25, 2015).(accessed on: December 20, 2015).

Frankel, Jack R. et al. 2012. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York. McGraw-Hill.

Gass, Susan M. et al. 2013. Second Language Acquisition. NY. Routledge. Fourth Edition.

Government of South Australia. 2012. Engaging in and Exploring Recount

Writing. Available at:

http://www.decd.sa.gov.au/literacy/files/links/Recount_Writing_Ju ne_2102.pdf (Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Hermawati, Rina. 2012. An Analysis of Errors in Using of the Simple Past Tense

in the Students Short Composition. Available at:

http://publikasi.stkipsiliwangi.ac.id/files/2012/09/09220294-RINA.pdf (Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Hidayah, Ahmad Tufik.2013. Error Analysis on the Use of the Simple Tense and the Simple Past Tense in Writing Essay Among TESL Collage Students. International Journal of Education and Research. Vol. 1 No. 12; December 2013. ISSN: 2201-6740. Available at: http://www.ijern.com/journal/December-2013/29.pdf (Accessed on: April 20, 2015).

Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey K. 2005. UK. University Press, Cambridge.

47

Hyland, Maureen. 2009. Writing Text Type. Western Australia. R.I.C. Publication Pty Ltd.

Keyser, Veronique De and Leonova, Anna B. 2001. Error Prevention and

Well-Being at Work in Western Europe and Russia. USA. Kluwer

Academic Publisher.

Nuryani, Anis. 2013. An Erro Analysis of Using Simpe Past Tense in Writing Past Tense Experience on Facebook at the Eight Grade Students os State Junior High School 15 Purworejoin the Academic Year of 2012/2013. Available at: https://www.google.co.id. (Accessed on: December 20, 2015).

Pawar, Manohar. 2004. Collecting Methods and Experiences. New Deli. New Dawn Group Publishing.

Purwati, Nika et al. 2012. Research in English and Applied Linguistics. Jakarta. HalamanMoeka and LLC Publishing.

Puspitasari, Dewi. 2013. Grammatical Errors Made by the Second Semester Students in Writing II Subject in English Education Department of Yogyakarta State University in the Academic Year of 2012/2013.

Available at:

http://eprints.uny.ac.id/20520/1/Dewi%20Puspitasari%200620224 4058.pdf(Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Ramli, Doni et al. 2013. An Analysis on the Students’ Error in Writing Recount

Text. Available

at:http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/viewFile/964/pd f (Accessed on: April 20, 2015).

Rosyadi, M. Arifian. 2011. Recount Text. Available at: https://arifianunnes3.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/recount-text-learning-material.pdf. (Accessed on: April 21, 2015).

Russell, James. 2004. What is Language Development? New York. Oxford University Press.

Skeie, Geir et al. 2013. Exploring Context in Religious Education Research. Germany. Hubert & Co.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.UK.Blackwell Publishing. Sixth Edition.

White, Lydia. 2005. Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. UK. University Press, Combridge.

Yang, Xiao-ming and Xu, Huaxin. 2001. Errors of Creativity. Boston. University Press of America Inc.