Verbal BackChannels In English Conversation Between Daniel Radcliffe And J.K Rowling

VERBAL BACKCHANNELS IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION BETWEEN DANIEL RADCLIFFE AND J.K ROWLING

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

RAHMAT EDI SUTANTO NIM. 1111026000075

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

i ABSTRACT

Rahmat Edi Sutanto, 1111026000075, Verbal Backchannels in English

Conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K. Rowling. Thesis: English Letters

Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.

The aim of the research is to find out how backchannels works during the conversation and to determine the functions of those backchannels using conversation analysis theory. The data in this research are collected from the transcript of the conversation and it limits into 14 data.

The analysis shows that the works of backchannels are similar with turn. Hence, before determining backchannels, it is really important to separate the utterance which role either as backchannels or turn, because turn is not backchannels and it could be as simple as backchannels.

As for result, in the conversation, backhannels often uttered both of simultaneously with part of ongoing talk (overlap) and within the possible completion (TRP) without any gap. Furthermore, those backchannels, mostly functioned as continuers, agreement, and understanding content.

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher education, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the thesis.

South Tangerang, November 2015

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In The Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful

All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the Universe, who give the writer an extraordinary power, patience, spirit and every single idea that the writer writes in this thesis. Peace and bless be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW who had changed the world into the better place to live.

The writer would like to give the greatest and the deepest gratitude to his beloved parents, his mother and father, and two lovely annoying sisters who give mentally total support until this thesis is finished.

Furthermore, the writer also would like to give a thanks and the greatest gratitude to:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty. 2. Drs. A. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department. 4. Mrs. Sholikatus Sa‟diyah, M.Pd, as the advisor of the writer, for her

extraordinary guidance, patience, and caring to guide him doing the research.

5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department, who have dedicated to educate and teach him the knowledge as long as his study.

vi

7. Student Executive Board of English Letters Department.

8. 2011 English Letters Students, classmates in ELD C and Linguistic Fantastic.

9. All the RusaBesi members and the advisor Akhmad Zakky, M.Hum. 10.Fahmi Oji who introduces the writer to the research issue and Kak Chicha

who wants to discuss about the research because we have the same issue. 11.The Kostan Haji Hadromi Squads (Bewok, Aki, Item, Chipung, Jaisy, Lay,

Aab, Umar, Satria, Ade, Hanif, Rego, Wahid, and Iik). 12.All friends and relatives that are not mentioned by one.

May Allah SWT give a blessing for them all. And may we have a brighter future. Amin.

South Tangerang, November 2015

vii

THE LIST OF TABLE

TABLE I ... 22 TABLE II ... 24

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

THE LIST OF TABLE ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of The Study ... 1

B. Focus of The Study ... 4

C. Research Question ... 4

D. Significance of The Study ... 5

E. Research Methodology ... 5

1. The Objectives of Research ... 5

2. The Method of Research ... 5

3. The Instrument of The Research ... 6

4. The Unit of Analysis ... 6

ix

CHAPTER II. THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ... 7

A. Previous Research ... 7

B. Concept ... 9

1. Conversation Analysis ... 9

2. Turn Taking ... 10

3. Overlap ... 13

4. Backchannels ... 14

5. The Functions of Backchannels ... 16

6. Key of Transcription ... 22

CHAPTER III. DATA ANALYSIS / FINDINGS ... 24

A. The Data Description ... 24

B. The Data Analysis ... 29

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 46

A. Conclusions ... 53

B. Suggestions ... 55

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56

1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

During conversation, people have to be cooperative in order to get the purpose of communication. Cooperation during a communication is important. A communication is not going well if the participant could not cooperate with each other. However, communication shares some information which is the main thing for participants to know.

There are many ways used by people to communicate and one of them is through a conversation. Conversation is a part of communication when people try to share information with other people. Conversation is the people way to sustain their relationship with others. It involves two members in a conversation, doing the different role as speaker and hearer.

According to Pridham, conversation is categorized according to the situation: situated, semi, and natural conversation.1 In a situated conversation, often the conversation structure proceeds step by step in order to develop the topic and interaction between each participant is unnatural because the interaction depends on a script, for examples:

1

Francesca Pridham, The Language of Conversation, (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 57.

conversation in a movie and drama. Moreover, semi conversation has a flexible and fluid structure, for examples: talk show and interview. As a semi conversation, talk show contains the structure which is usually organized and it can be set in an interview guide. Furthermore, natural conversation occurs spontaneously, without any planning or prompting beforehand and also the participants have not set the topic before, so topic change or shift can occur.2

In daily conversation, people unconsciously have been tied to a basic concept of an interaction. They tend to obey the communication rules during a conversation. The rules might be some knowledge that speaker and hearer have already know. For instance, they have to make some feedback and respond or they have to listen to the speaker and wait till they have a right to speak during a conversation. Those problems are some mechanisms that occur in conversation.

When people getting involves in conversation, they do a respond to the speaker indicate that they are listening, the respond through a feedback both verbal and non-verbal. The feedback is given by participant of conversation such as yeah, uh-huh, right and so on, called backchannels. Backchannels occur in both direct and indirect conversation such as face-to-face and telephone conversation. People use this signal in conversation because they have to convince the speaker that the information has received and they understand what the speaker talk about.

2_Ibid, p. 59.

There are many different ways of doing the signal, including head nods, smiles, and other facial expressions and gestures, but the most common vocal indication. Some of these are present in Mary‟s contribution in conversation below.

Caller: If you use your long distance service a lot than you‟ll

Marry: uh-uh

Caller: be interested in the discount I‟m talking about because

Marry: yeah

Caller: it can only save you money to switch to a cheaper service Marry: mmm

These type of signals („uh-uh‟, „yeah‟, „mmm‟) provide feedback to the current speaker that the message is being received.3 The absence of backchannels is typically interpreted as significant. During telephone conversations, the absence of backchannels may prompt the speaker to ask if the listener is still there. During face-to-face interaction, the absence of backchannels may be interpreted as a way of withholding agreement, leading to an inference of disagreement.4

Furthermore, as the mechanism in conversation, backchannels is really related to both of turn taking system and overlap. The difference between backchannels and both of them is that backchannels do not

3

George Yule, Pragmatics, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 75-76.

4

purloin the speaker shift. People do backchannels in order to give a feedback to what speaker says. Thus, backchannels do not legitimate the speakership.

As previously mentioned, conversation is necessity for people in their daily life and backchannels always occur in their daily conversation in order to give contribution during conversation. Thus, the issue interests the writer to do this research by analyzing a conversation which contain backchannels.

B. Focus of The Study

In this study, the writer will limit the discussion in backchannels which occur during the conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K Rowling. The video of the conversation downloaded from Youtube in 25 January 2015.

C. Research Question

Based on the background of study and focus of the study, the writer will formulate the following questions:

1. How backchannels works during the conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K Rowling?

D. Significance of The Study

This research is expected to give contribution and benefit in linguistics, especially in the branch of linguistics which is conversation analysis discuss about backchannels. Besides, this research is also expected to give a reference for the next researcher who discuss about backchannels using conversation analysis theory.

E.Research Methodology

1. The Objectives of The Research

This research is aimed to analyze the works of backchannels and those functions which occur in the conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K. Rowling.

2. The Method of Research

The method of this research is descriptive qualitative method focuses on the utterance in the conversation as the research object. The research will answer the research problems with the description of theory which is related to the issue of this research.

3. The Instrument of The Research

Main instrument of the research is the writer himself by watching the video as secondary instrument, listening every utterance carefully and

repeatedly. Then, the writer will identifies and analyze the selected data using relevant theory.

4. The Unit of Analysis

The analysis unit of this research is selected utterance which contains backchannels collects from the video of conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K. Rowling randomly. The topic of the

conversation is “The Story of Harry Potter book and film”.

5. The Technique of Data Analysis

The writer uses the technique of descriptive analysis by watching the video through some steps. First, the writer makes the transcript from the video. Next, the writer identifies the utterance which is as a backchannels. Then, the writer analyses the works and the functions of backchannels which occur in conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K Rowling.

7 CHAPTER II

THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Research

In this research, there are some studies who already researched about backchannels and using conversation analysis theory as an approach.

First, the research about “Analysis on Backchannels Used in SBS (The Special Broadcasting Service) Insight Talk Show Episode Designing Babies” which researched by Nisa Fitria Ansori (2014) in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The research discusses backchannels sign that occur in conversation between Jennie Brockle as host and some participants. The aim of the research is to find out the types of backchannels that occurred and to categorize the functions in that conversation. The results of the research are that there are twelve verbal backchannels and seven non-verbal backchannels. The others, there are four functions of those backchannels, they are as continuers, convergence tokens, engaged response tokens and information receipt tokens.

Second, the research about “The Use of Back Channels between

Native and Non-native Speakers in English and Japanese” which

researched by Shigeo Uematsu (2000) in Setsunan University. The research discusses back channels use in conversation between native and non-native speakers in English and Japanese. The result of the research is

the Japanese female is highly proficient in English and utilized a wide variety of backchannels in both English and Japanese.

Third, the research about “Effect of Native-Language and Sex on

Back-channel Behavior” which researched by Marilyn S. Feke (2003) in

University of Pittsburgh. The research is aimed to compare the usage of channel responses and the effect of gender on the production of back-channel responses among native-English speakers (from the United State and Canada) and native-Spanish speakers (from Chile and Argentina) in conversations conducted by interlocutors with the same native language. The results of the research are the native-Spanish-speaking females show the greatest difference in back-channel behavior between single and mixed conversations, followed by English-speaking females, the native-English-speaking males, and native-Spanish-speaking males.

In addition, the differences between this research and those previous researches are located on the research problems and unit of analysis. This research focuses on the works of backchannels and those functions which occur in natural conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K Rowling.

B. Concept

1. Conversation Analysis

Conversation analysis developed as a field of study in the 1960s through intense collaboration among the late Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. It seeks to describe the underlying social organization which conceived as an institutionalized the basics of interactional rules, procedures, and conventions through which orderly and intelligible social interaction is made possible.5 According to Liddicoat, Conversation Analysis is an approach to the study of talk in interaction which grew out of the Ethnomethodological tradition in sociology.6

In addition, conversation analysis focuses on how people produce utterances, assuming that hearers can make sense of them by using special methods and procedures. It approaches consider the way participants in talk construct solutions to recurrent problems in conversation in order to create social order.7 Besides, Goodwin and Heritage explain that conversation analysis has focused primarily on ordinary conversational interaction and conversation between acquaintances, friends, and siblings.8

In the framework of „conversation analysis‟ (CA), the various mechanisms determining people‟s use of language in an extended, open

5

Charles Goodwin & John Heritage, Conversation Analysis Vol. 19, (Los Angeles: Annual Reviews inc, 1990), p. 288..

6

Anthony J. Liddicoat An Introduction to Conversation Analysis, (New York: Continuum, 2007), p. 2.

7

Karin Aijmer & Anna-Brita Stenstrom, Approaches to Spoken Interaction, (Journal of Pragmatics 37, 2005), p. 1744.

8

conversational setting are explored: who holds the right to speak (often

called the „floor‟); what kind of rules are there for taking, yielding, or

holding the „floor‟; what makes a particular point in the conversation particularly appropriate for a „turn‟; and so on.9

However, there are many mechanisms in talk occur in conversation. In any social life, people have different interpretation about language and how they give responses when they get involve in interaction with others. Thus, in simple definition, conversation analysis (CA) is the study of social interaction and the other forms of talk of interaction.

2. Turn Taking

One of the most noticeable features of conversation is that speakers change. In fact, in most cases, only one person speaks at a time and transition from speaker to speaker occurs fluidly with few gap and little overlap.10The basic unit of the conversation is the „turn‟, that is, a shift in

the direction of the speaking „flow‟ which is characteristic of normal

conversation.11

In any situation where control is not fixed in advance, anyone can attempt to get control, it called turn-taking.12 Speaker change is a normative process which must be achieved by participants in the

9

Jacob L. Mey, Pragmatics: An Introduction 2nd ed, (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2001), p. 150.

10

Anthony J Liddicoat (2007), Op. cit, p. 51. 11

Jacob L Mey (2001), Op. cit, p. 139. 12

conversation. That is to say, turn-taking behavior is socially constructed behavior, not the result of an inevitable process.13 Though speaker change, it is overwhelmingly true that one party talk at a time in conversation. The feature‟s preservation must take a work, the taking of turns must be organizationally achieved.14

Turns occur normally at certain well-defined junctures in conversation.15 A model of turn taking can only account for the facts of turn-taking if it deals with the „randomness‟ of turn-taking in terms of what is said, for how long and by whom. In order to achieve this, a model of turn-taking needs to be sensitive to each „next bit‟ of talk, rather than trying to describe or prescribe behavior over a whole conversation.16 Furthermore, Sacks et al. as cited in Lerner explain that for turn-taking in conversation, some way of integrating the two techniques is required in order to minimize both gaps and overlaps between turns. It can be described in a set of rules:

1. If the current speaker selects next speaker, then he or she must stop speaking and the selected speaker must speak.

2. If the current speaker selects next speaker but he or she is constructing, then transition should occur. He or she should stop and next speaker should start.

13

Anthony J Liddicoat (2007), loc. cit. 14

Gene H. Lerner, Conversation Analysis: Studies from the first generation, (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2004), p. 35.

15

Jacob L Mey (2001), loc. cit. 16

3. If current speaker of a next has not been done, self-selection may be instituted and the current speaker may continue speaking.

4. If the current speaker has finished his or her turns which describe in third rule, then the selected speaker must speak.17

Moreover, turn-taking is a natural mechanism which always occurs in a conversation. It is a cooperation form that should be done by participants in a conversation. According to Lerner, one massively evident social organizationally relevant is orderliness at talking.18

In addition, it is important to distinguish turn and backchannels, because backchannels is not turn, and vice versa. Nevertheless, turn could be as simple as backchannels. The only thing that separates them into two different terms is that backchannels do not purloin the speaker shift, there is no speaker change at that moment. Turn is only belong to the primary speaker, any utterances even it is simple like backchannels which produced by primary speaker must be serve as turn, not backchannels.

3. Overlap

Mostly, conversation consists of two, or more, participants taking turns, and only one participant speaking at any time in conversation.19 When people in conversation, and there are participants who talk at the same time, then overlap is occurs. Yule explain that overlap is when both

17

Gene H. Lerner (2004), loc. cit. 18_Ibid,

p. 35. 19

speakers trying to speak at the same time.20 Overlapping talk occurs in places which are just prior to possible completion, that is, within the transition space, and produce very short overlaps.21

Besides, overlap is related to features of the turn-taking system.22 It is not seen as competitive, it is a way for people to grabbing the turn.23 More than one person speaking at a time can be an interactional problem, and this problem can only be resolved by a return to one person speaking at a time. Schegloff as cited in Liddicoat maintain that common overlap is indicated by increased volume, higher pitch, and faster or slower pace of talk.24

Moreover, overlap must not be confused with backchannels. People do overlap in order to grab the turn from the primary speaker that is why overlap is related to features of turn taking system. Nonetheless, if those overlap is not aimed to grab the speakership, it is only serve as a signal to what speaker says, then it is not overlap but backchannels. The difference between both of them is that backchannels is not a way to grab the turn.

4. Backchannels

During a conversation, speakers, within an extended turn, still expect that their conversational partners to indicate that they are listening.

20_Ibid, p. 72. 21

Anthony J Liddicoat (2007), Op. cit, p. 87. 22

Ibid, p. 89. 23

T. Givon, Conversation: Cognitive, Communicative, and Social Perspectives vol 34, (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing V, 1997), p. 64.

24

Backchannels provide feedback to the current speaker that the message is being received.25 Wales maintain that feedback refers to process where a

receiver‟s reactions to a message are picked up by the sender.26

The receiver‟s reactions can be in different ways, including head

nodes, smiles, and other facial expressions and gestures, but the most

common is vocal indication such as („uh-huh, „yeah‟, „mmm‟) when someone is talking.27 Furthermore, backchannels are utterances as well as

turns, but it is not purloin the speaker‟s floor during a conversation. People

use backchannels to acknowledge what the current speaker says and generally encourage him or her to go on.28 Yule gives the example of backchannels as below,

Caller: If you use your long distance service a lot than you‟ll

Marry: uh-uh

Caller: be interested in the discount I‟m talking about because

Marry: yeah

Caller: it can only save you money to switch to a cheaper service Marry: mmm

25

George Yule (1996), Op. cit, p. 75.

26

Katie Wales, A Dictionary of Stylistics. 2nd ed., (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 2001), p.147.

27

George Yule (1996), loc. cit. 28

Anna – Brita Stenstrom, An Introduction to Spoken Interaction, (London and New York: Longman, 1994), p. 5.

Moreover, backchannels occur in both face-to-face and telephone conversation. It indicates that the listener is following and not objecting to, what the speaker is saying.29 It is perhaps more often inserted at syntactic and semantic, and occurs naturally. Stenstrom explains that backchannels as a means of helping the complex transaction. People use backchannels to let the current speaker continue his or her speaking.30

The absence of backchannels during a conversation is typically interpreted as significant. During telephone conversation, the absence of backchannels may lead the speaker to ask if the listener still there. Besides, during face-to-face conversation, the absence of backchannels may be interpreted as a way of withholding agreement, leading to disagreement.31

In conclusion, Stenstrom describes support moves, which can be nowadays, with a few restrictions, reclassified as backchannels. The characteristics of those support moves are,

1. They are no turns in their own right and thus do not involve speaker shift.

2. They may be inserted almost anywhere during a conversation.

3. They are often uttered simultaneously with part of ongoing talk (overlap).

4. They are mostly uttered with low intonation.

29

George Yule (1996), loc.cit. 33

Anna –Brita Stenstrom (1994), op. cit, p. 6. 31

5. They may be accompanied by body-motion.

6. They may be replaced by body language.32

5. The Functions of Backchannels

Several researchers have contributed to determine backchannel functions. Fries, Yngve, and Orestrom believe that backchannels are a means for the non-primary speaker to give a signal to the primary speaker that he or she understands and agrees.33 Furthermore, Tottie claims that backchannels have several functions, which normally occur simultaneously. They signal understanding and agreement, what can be termed the supportive function and encourage the speaker to continue his or her turn. Backchannels may end up as a turn, if the previous speaker shows no willingness to continue speaking.34

Moreover, Maynard classified the functions of backchannels into six functions as follows,35

1. Continuers

According to Schegloff, backchannels functions as a continuer whereby the hearer, by using backchannels cues, they mandating

32

Anna –Brita Stenstrom, Impromptu Speech: A Symposium. Abo: Abo Akademis Kopieringscentrtal 1st ed, 1982, p. 321.

33_{Pino Cutrone, “The Backchannel norms of Native English Speakers: A Target for}

Japanese L2 English Learners”, (Language Studies Working Papers vol. 2, 2010), p. 4. 34

Gunnel Tottie, Conversational Style in British and American English: The case of backchannels, (New York: Longman, 1991), p. 256-257.

35

the current speaker to continue speaking.36 The main functions of this type of backchannels are for the non-primary speaker to signal the primary speaker that they are listening, and allow the primary speaker to continue his or her turn. This can be seen in the following example below,

A. I‟ll pick it up from his place

B. Mm hm

A. At around 7 o‟clock.37

Gardner explains that items such as „Mm-hm‟ and „Uh-huh‟ with a fall rising intonation are indicated as continuers. Besides, items

such as „Yeah‟ and „Mmm‟ are called acknowledgement tokens and also serve as continuers.38

2. Display of understanding of content

This function of backchannels occurs when non-primary speaker feels it is necessary to show that he or she understands about the primary speaker is talking about, as in the following example,

A: You have to go two blocks.

B: Mm hm.

A: then turn left at the video store.

36_{In Ron White, “Backchannelling, repair, pausing, andprivate speech”, (} Applied Linguistics Vol. 18, no. 3, 1997), p. 323.

37

Pino Cutrone (2010), loc. cit. 38

B: Uh huh.

A: It‟s a few stores down on the right side. B: I see.

A: You can‟t miss it.39

Yule maintains that the types of signal („uh-huh‟, „yeah‟, „mmm‟) indicated that the non-primary speaker is following, and not objecting to, what speaker is saying.40 „Yeah‟ is thought to serve several functions, one of the functions is to show understanding of content.41

3. Agreement

This function of backchannels occurs when the non-primary speaker reacts to a question or question like utterance made by the primary speaker, as in the example below,

A: You mean you heard the news already. B: Ya

C. I was going to tell you.42

In example such this, it may be difficult to distinguish between the agreement and understanding categories. According to Tao and Thompson, a distinction by pointing out that the non-primary

39 Ibid. 40

George Yule (1996), Op. cit, pp. 75-76. 41

Pino Cutrone (2010), op. cit, p. 5. 42_Ibid.

speaker gives a claim of understanding when the primary speaker provides some new and previously unknown information to the non-primary speaker. In the other hand, acknowledgement of agreement does not involve unknown information.43

4. Support and empathy toward the speaker‟s judgment

This function of backchannels occurs when the non-primary speaker respond with a show of support and empathy to a statement produced by the primary speaker, as in the following example below,

A: He quit his job again

B: It‟s going to be hard to find a new one

A: Yeah

B: He‟ll have to apply...

Geaney mantains that backchannels is vocal cues that signify that the primary speaker still has the non-primary‟s interest.44 Maynard

identifies „Yeah‟ as a backchannel form that can be used to express support and empathy towards the primary speaker‟s judgment.45

43

In Ibid. pp. 5-6. 44

Declan Geaney, Discourse Analysis and Related Topics for Teachers of English as a Second Language 1st ed. (Praha: Karolinum, 1996), p. 69.

45

5. Strong emotional response

This function of backchannels occurs when the non-primary speaker responds emphatically to a statement produced by the primary speaker, which indicate more than simple continuer, understanding or support, as in the following example,

A. I got an A+ on my Chemistry test.

B. Fantastic!

A. I hope I can keep it up all semester.

Goodwin has suggested assessment such as „Wow‟ or „Great‟

serves as strong emotive responses.46

6. Minor addition or request for information

This function of backchannels occur when the non-primary speaker corrects something the primary speaker has just uttered, when the non-primary speaker needs clarification or when the non-primary speaker attempts to add a word in completing the utterance of the primary speaker, as the example below,

A: John will likely be back in April.

B: Really.

A. Yeah, the government is reducing troops in the gulf.47

46 In Ibid. 47_Ibid.

Maynard has pointed out that the item such as „Really‟ is a

common backchannel form to request confirmation.48 However, the intonation is important to produce backchannels. Stenstrom describes that the backchannels can reflect empathy, enthusiasm, and indignation, but they can also reflect a lack of interest, indifference, and impatience.49

6. Key of Transcription

In conversation analysis study, transcription serve important role because the transcript is a representation an event in conversation which is constructed by the researcher.50 Transcription is not simply a representation of talk, but an analytic tool which help the researcher to notice the features of talk in conversation.51 The table below could explain the trancription convention based on Liddicoat.

Table of transcription key

Key Explanations

[words] with alignment

Overlap; uttered simultaneously with part of ongoing talk

Words Stressed on the utterance

Full stop (.) Falling intonation; complete turn Comma (,) Slight falling/rising intonation,

48

In Ibid.

49

Anna –Brita Stenstrom (1994), loc. cit. 50

Anthonny J Liddicoat (2007), op.cit, p. 13.

51

incomplete intonation >words< Faster than surrounding talk <words> Slower than surrounding talk Degree sign (°) Quite talk or whispering talk (0,2) Pause less than a second, 2

millisecond. The millisecond is located after comma, the second

is located before comma word Falling intonation in utterance

within a turn

word Rising intonation in utterance within a turn

Equal sign (=) Talk with no desirable interval (reducing TRP) between participants or pause between

23 CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS / FINDINGS

A. The Data Description

This chapter contains several selected-data that will be analyzed in this research. The data are collected from the beginning section until the end of section transcript. The collected data in this research will be categorized and tabulated based on the research questions in chapter 1. The utterances from both participants are below:

Table of The Utterance and Backchannels between Participants

No Data Backchannels

1 Radcliffe: David should ask my dad if I would [audition] =

Rowling: [mm-hm]

Radcliffe: = and the original deal was

that we‟d heard…

Mm-hm

2 Rowling: I had written you know a strong female charac[ter] who was primarily =

Radcliffe: [yeah] Rowling: = about brain.= Radcliffe: = ye[ah]

Rowling: [and] that she chose to become a nickel. =

Radcliffe: = ye[ah]

Rowling: [more] groom and glamorouses

3 Radcliffe: You were around a lot at the beginning and early on [very] very involve=

Rowling: [yeah]

Radcliffe: = and as you kind of saw…

Yeah

4 Radcliffe: The contact lenses there is very small percentage of people apparently who have very uh (0,8) Rowling: ex[treme reaction] Radcliffe: [extreme reac][tion] =

Rowling: [yeah] Radcliffe: = to ehm [contact lenses] = Rowling: [You poor thing] Radcliffe: = and I was one of them. = Rowling: = I feel really bad

Extreme reaction, yeah,

you poor thing and I feel

really bad

5 Rowling: He was telling me things I needed to hear [sometimes] I‟m really like that. =

Oh really? and that’s

Radcliffe: [oh really,] Rowling: °Yeah°.=

Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.=

Rowling: = Yeah I miss him.

6 Rowling: It was a relief to say right there

the films and I‟m over here with the books and that‟s fine and I trust these

people and I did and I do, =

Radcliffe: = and that‟s wonder[ful]

Rowling: [a:nd] you know I think and I have to say that it was...

And that’s wonderful

7 Radcliffe: >I can explain this to you in two minutes but I don‟t know if that‟s possible< because I remember I had to re read = the end of seventh [at] fe:w time =

Rowling: [yeah]

Radclifffe: = It‟s to: much the end of seventh the epilo:gue,

Yeah

8

owling: Rowling: I saw so clearly in my mind I knew I could help I knew I genuinely could help [and] I could help them =

Radcliffe: [yeah]

owlinh: Rowling: = to make it right for the readers and I felt a huge uhm protectiveness

9 Rowling: And just physically Hagrid being so big and fatherly=and Harry

being lame in his arms so that‟s why we

were all was going. =

Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.

That’s amazing

10 Radcliffe: As the books when own,= Rowling: = mm-hm. =

Radcliffe: = <and you realize that = actually there we:re> (0,5) suddenly was getting a massive about our fan base as well. =

Rowling: = mm-hm.

Mm-hm

11 Radcliffe: It‟s almost become part of, (0,3)

Rowling: the legend. =

Radcliffe: = the legend of Harry [Potter] you knew all of it.

Rowling: [yeah]

The legend and yeah

you know <if we did make> a six hour Harry potter film there would be, (0,2) Rowling: there would be [an audience for it,] =

Radcliffe: [there would be an audience] yeah. Rowling: = and they would still be complaining that things were wr[o:ng] = Radcliffe: [yeah] Rowling: = and they would still want

director‟s cut. =

Radcliffe: = Yeah.

Rowling: = so so let‟s not even go down that route

audience and yeah

13 Rowling: There was always logic to the magic euh however strange it became.= Radcliffe: = yeah.

Rowling: = and I know it‟s intriguing to

go through the mouth

Yeah

14 Rowling: So we had a bit of a °discussion about that°. = Radcliffe: = okay,

Rowling: = sometimes I will dig my

heels in about the funniest things

B. The Data Analysis

In this section, those selected data which tabulated in the previous section will be analysed in this research. There are 14 selected data which taken from the transcript of conversation between J.K Rowling and Daniel Radcliffe. The data will be analyzed one by one in order to answer the research questions in chapter 1. The data can be analyzed as follows,

Datum 1

Radcliffe: David should ask my dad if I would [audition] and the

original deal was that we‟d heard…

Rowling: [mm-hm]

In this part, before identifying backchannels, it is really important to determine the turn which occur in the conversation above, because backchannels is not a turn. Based on the theory, datum 1 shows that there is only one turn occur in the conversation and it belongs to Radcliffe.

Radcliffe‟s utterances David should ask my dad if I would an audition and

the original deal was that we’d heard is a turn which makes him as the

primary speaker. Besides, Rowling‟s utterance mm-hm produces when Radcliffe still taking his floor is not a turn, it is overlap. Overlap often use when the non-primary speaker tries to grab his/her floor in order to make his/her as the primary speaker.

However, in this case, overlap which occur in Rowling utterance is not seen as her way to grab the floor because she only produces simple utterance mm-hm as a feedback to what Radcliffe says. The type of signal which given by Rowling as a feedback to Radcliffe known as backchannels. One characteristic of backchannels is that they often uttered simultaneously with part of ongoing talk (overlap). The distinction between overlap and backchannels is that backchannels is not seen as a way to grab the speaker floor. Thus, because Rowling simple utterance is only a feedback to what Radcliffe says, then it is backchannels, not turn.

Furthermore, based on the context of the conversation, Rowling does backchannels as a signal to Radcliffe indicate that she is listening and allowing him to continue his turn. Schegloff mantain that backchannels functioned as a continuer whereby the hearer, by using backchannels cues, they are mandating the current speaker to continue speaking. Therefore, that backchannels functioned as continuer.

Datum 2

Rowling: I had written you know a strong

female charac[ter] who was primarily about brain.=

Radcliffe: [yeah] = ye[ah]

Rowling: [and] that

Radcliffe: = ye[ah]

Rowling: [more] groom and glamorouses.

Different with datum 1, datum 2 is more complex. Some mechanisms in conversation occur in the conversation above; they are turn, overlap, and backchannels. In the beginning of the transcript, Rowling produces the utterance I had written you know a strong female

character who was primarily about brain to take the floor. Meanwhile,

when Rowling is still taking her turn, Radcliffe does overlap by producing the simple utterance yeah. It is seen neither as his way to grabs the turn nor to takes his own turn, but it is backchannels. In turn, there is transition relevance places. Transition relevance places (TRP) occur when the utterance have completion of grammatical, semantical, and intonational in order to make the speaker shift and to make the flow of the conversation. In the case of Radcliffe utterance yeah, although Rowling utterance could be seen as grammatically and semantically complete, but it has an incomplete intonation because Rowling still continue her turn. On the other hand, Radcliffe simple utterance is not a way to grab the speakership because after it, Radcliffe do not continue speaking. Thus, those simple utterances is only serves as a feedback to Rowling; it is backchannels.

In addition, after Rowling finishes her first turn by making her utterance intonationally complete with falling intonation, Radcliffe produces his second yeah because TRP occur in Rowling utterance and

indicate that there is a speaker shift. At any TRP, there are two basic ways in which next speaker could gains the speakership, either the current speaker can select the next speaker or a next speaker may self-select.52 In the case of Radcliffe second yeah, it serves neither as the current speaker select the next speaker nor speaker self-select. Schegloff argues that not all verbalization serves as speaker self-select. Other forms of talk are designed spesifically to show that a participant is not taking the floor. Continuers, such as yes, mm-hm, uh-huh produced during an extended turn do not taking up the speakership at this point.53 Radcliffe second utterance occurs without no gap and overlap because he produces it immediately when Rowling finishes her turn. Although he does so, his utterance could not see as taking his floor because it is only simple utterance indicate that he gives Rowling attention to the discussion. In sum, because Radcliffe second utterances yeah do not serve both as turn and overlap, then it is backchannels.

Furthermore, Rowling continues the floor early in Radcliffe ongoing talk by producing and that she chose to become a nickel, which is known as overlap. Rowling continues her early floor with the word and simultaneously with Radcliffe utterance yeah. Obviously, Rowling utterance is overlap because it is her way to grab her floor back and it proved by her following utterance that she chose to become a nickel. Therefore, those utterances serves both as turn and overlap.

52

Anthonny J Liddicoat (2007), p. 67. 53_Ibid.

Radcliffe produces his third yeah immediately when Rowling finishes her turn because her utterance have gramatically and semantically complete, and falling intonation. Radcliffe third yeah serves similarly with his second one. He produces it as a response to what Rowling is talking about; it serves as backchannels. In addition, Rowling third floor utterance

more groom and glamorouses serve similarly with her second one. He

produces it with overlap to take her turn back.

On the other hand, to determine the function of backchannels, it is important to give attention about the context of the conversation, because backchannels yeah is thought to serve several functions, it generally functioned either as showing understanding content or give an agreement about what the speaker says. In this case, based on understanding of the context of their conversation, both of them are discussing about Hermione Granger as supporting actress in Harry Potter film. Meanwhile, three backchannels yeah which produced by Radcliffe is to respond a judgmental utterance produced by Rowling a strong female character who was primarily about brain and that she chose to become a nickel more

groom and glamorouses. Thus, that backchannels is functioned as an

agreement. Because when the speaker produces a question, question like utterance or statement which is tend to be an opinion, then backchannels which produced by listener is functioned as an agreement.

Datum 3

Radcliffe: You were around a lot at the beginning and early on

[very] very involve and as you kind of saw…

Rowling: [yeah]

In datum 3, there is only one both backchannels and turn which occur in the conversation. Radcliffe takes the floor by producing the utterance you were around a lot at the beginning and early on very very

involve and as you kind of saw..., but when his utterance has not finish,

Rowling does the simple utterance yeah simultaneously with part of Radcliffe ongoing talk which is known as overlap. Mostly, people do overlap to grab the speakership from the current speaker and make s/he as the primary speaker. However, in this case, Rowling‟s overlap could not see as grab the floor because she only produces a simple utterance in order to respond Radcliffe utterance. Thus, her simple utterance yeah does not belong to turn taking strategy, it belongs to backchannels. The distinction between overlap and backchannels which produce with overlap is that backchannels do not purloin the speaker shift. Therefore, after Rowling produces yeah does not make her as the primary speaker immadiately.

Meanwhile, in this case, by understanding the context of their conversation, although Radcliffe utterance you were around a lot at the

beginning and early on very very involve and as you kind of saw... does

that backchannels yeah which produced by Rowling is functioned as an agreement. The context of their conversation is that both of them are discussing about the process of making Harry Potter film; how much Rowling involves during the process of making the film, so Radcliffe produces you were around a lot at the beginning and early on vey very

involve and as you kind of saw, and Rowling produces backchannels yeah

indicates that she understands what Radcliffe talking about. Thus, because they are sharing the same knowledge, the function of backchannels yeah which produced by Rowling is as the display of understanding content, not as an agreement.

Datum 4

Radcliffe: The contact lenses there is very small percentage of people apparently who have very uh (0,8)

Rowling: ex[treme reaction]

Radcliffe: [extreme reac][tion] = to ehm [contact lenses] =

Rowling: [yeah] [You poor thing]

Radcliffe: = and I was one of them. =

The transcription above shows that there are several overlap occur in the conversation. Overlap is related to features of the turn taking system which means that people do overlap to grab the speaker floor. In contrast, if people do overlap in order to respond about what speaker says and do not aimed to grab the floor, then the overlap belongs to backchannels. Furthermore, the transcription above shows that Radcliffe takes his turn by producing the contact lenses there is very small percentage of people

apparently who have very. There is short pause less than a second occur in

Radcliffe utterance. Radcliffe short pause do not indicate the speaker shift because there is no TRP. Radcliffe utterance have an incomplete grammatical, semantical, and intonational.

However, in order to maintain the flow of the conversation, Rowling as the listener needs to give a response to occupy Radcliffe short pause so that the attributable silence which interpreted as significant could not happened. Therefore, Rowling produces the utterance extreme reaction as verbal fillers to occupy the short pause. Those verbal fillers do not serve either as overlap or turn, but it is backchannels. White claims that backchannels cues tend mostly to occupy short pauses, usually less than a second.54 The argument that Rowling extreme reaction is backchannels supported by one of backchannels functions which serve as sentence completion. In the context of the conversation, Radcliffe produces short pause because it seems like he forgets about the words that he wants to say

54

and because Rowling knows the context of the discussion, she produces

extreme reaction to complete Radcliffe utterance and to occupy the short

pauses.

In addition, Radcliffe continue his turn immadiately while Rowling still speaking. Radcliffe produces extreme reaction with overlap in order to grab the floor back. It proved by his following utterance to ehm contact

lensesand I was one of them. In this case, those Radcliffe utterances serve

as turn. He grabs his floor back by producing the forgotten utterance

extreme reaction from his previous utterance. Meanwhile, Rowling does

two overlaps yeah and you poor thing simultaneously with Radcliffe utterance extreme reaction and contact lenses, but this overlap serve only as a reaction to what Radcliffe says rather than to grab the floor. Then, the overlap belongs to backchannels. Each backchannels produced by Rowling functioned as continuers and support/empathy.

The other backchannels which occur in the conversation comes from Rowling utterance I feel really bad. She produces it with no gap and overlap. She decreases TRP, the beat of silence which is the normal value of the transition space is not present. Although she does so, those utterances do not serve as turn because Rowling produces it in order to give a support and empathy to Radcliffe bad experience about the contact lenses.

Datum 5

Rowling: He was telling me things I needed to hear [sometimes] I‟m

really liked that.

Radcliffe: [oh really,]

Rowling: °Yeah°.=

Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.=

Rowling: = Yeah I miss him.

Datum 5 contains that Rowling takes the first floor with the utterance he was telling me thing I needed to hear sometimes I’m really

like that. Meanwhile, Radcliffe produces oh really with slight rising

intonation when Rowling still taking the turn, known as overlap. In this datum, overlap does not see as grabs the floor or purloin the speaker shift. Radcliffe only produces it to react toward Rowling utterance, functioned as request for information. Therefore, for those reason, oh really produced by Radcliffe serve as backchannels. In addition, Rowling utterance yeah is not backchannels, it is turn. Those utterances rather provide as an answer

of oh really from Radcliffe than a feedback of it. Radcliffe continues the

conversation by producing his second backchannels that’s amazing. Radcliffe produces it without no gap and overlap because he does it

immadiately when Rowling‟s talk stops. Although he does so, it does not mean that he takes the floor. Rowling choose no one as the next speaker, then Radcliffe select his self as the speaker. However, not all verbalization

serve as speaker self-select. Radcliffe utterance rather provide as his strong emotional response to a statement produced by Rowling than as a turn.

Furthermore, Rowling takes the floor through speaker self-select. She produces yeah I miss him immadiately when possible completion occur in Radcliffe utterance. In this case, those utterance serve as turn, not backchannels, because from the beginning of the discussion, the only one who gain the speakership is Rowling and backchannels only belong to listener who does not take up the speakership. In sum, it is no way for backchannels occur over backchannels.

Datum 6

Rowling: It was a relief to say right there the films and I‟m over here

with the books and that‟s fine and I trust these people and I did and I do,=

Radcliffe: = and that‟s wonder[ful]

Rowling: [a:nd] you know I think and I have to say that it was….

In datum 6, Rowling takes up the speakership by producing the utterance It was a relief to say right there the films and I’m over here with the books and that’s fine and I trust these people and I did and I do,. Those utterances could be seen both grammatically and semantically complete, but the intonation is incomplete because she produces the last

utterance with slight falling intonation which indicate that she wants to continue her floor. However, Radcliffe produces the utterance and that’s

wonderful in possible comnpletion of Rowling‟s utterance without no gap

and overlap. He produces it immadiately when Rowling talk stop. In this case, Radcliffe utterance could not see as turn because he produces it in order to make a signal of complex transaction that Rowling delivers in her talk. It happened because as the listener, Radcliffe has to gives a cue which indicates that he is following and not objecting to what Rowling says. In conversation analysis study, it is known as backchannels. Backchannels is a signal given by listener toward the speaker utterance. Backchannels do not legitimate the speakership or floor because it does not purloin the speaker shift. It has been proven that after Radcliffe produces and that’s wonderful, it does not make him as the primary sepaker because Rowling continues her utterance by grabbing the floor back (overlap) by producing the utterance and you know I think and I have

to say that it was. Rowling produces her beginning utterance and

simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk. Thus, it is a kind of turn which she gains through overlap.

Moreover, backchannels produced by Radcliffe that’s wonderful is a kind of his empathic response to a statement produced by Rowling, which indicate more than simple continuer, understanding or support. Radcliffe does that backchannels as a compliment to Rowling because he amazed by what Rowling thinks. Therefore, Radcliffe‟s backchannels

that’s wonderful is functioned as strong emotional response. Besides, several types of backchannels which have the same function are wow,

great, and amazing.

Datum 7

Radcliffe: >I can explain this to you in two minutes but I don‟t know

if that‟s possible< because I remember I had to re read=the end of

seventh [at] fe:w time it‟s to: much the end of seventh the epilo:gue,

Rowling: [yeah]

In the beginning of the transcription, Radcliffe takes up his floor by producing a complex utterance. He produces the talk which is noticeably faster than his surrounding talk indicated by (>words<). On the other side, Rowling produces simple utterance yeah simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk, which is known as overlap. Overlap is a way for listener to grab the turn from the current speaker. Furthermore, if the aim of overlap is to grab the floor, then it relates to turn taking strategy. Nevertheless,

yeah produced by Rowling do not serve as her way to grab the turn

because after Rowling produces it, Radcliffe still taking up the speakership. Therefore, in this case, those overlap belong to backchannels. Rowling produces backchannels as a response to the issue of the discussion delivered by Radcliffe.

In addition, as the important mechanism in conversation, backchannels have some functions; for what purpose the listener do

backchannels. The function of backchannels is really related to the context of the conversation. However, by understanding the context of the conversation, backchannels yeah used by Rowling functioned only as continuers. Rowling produces it in order to give a signal that she is listening and allowing Radcliffe to keep talking.

Datum 8

Rowling: I saw so clearly in my mind I knew I could help I knew I genuinely could help [and] I could help them to make it right for the readers =

Radcliffe: [yeah]

Rowling: = and I felt a huge uhm protectiveness

The conversation above consists only one both turn and backchannels. Rowling takes up her turn by producing long utterance which is the complex one. On the other hand, Radcliffe producing simple utterance yeah while Rowling still taking up the floor. Those utterance produces simultaneously with Rowling ongoing talk, so overlap occur in this case. Nonetheless, this overlap does not belong to turn taking strategy, but it belongs to backchannels. Radcliffe produces yeah in order to give a reaction of the complex utterance delivered by Rowling. During a conversation, speakers, within an extended turn, still expect that their conversational partners are listening. Stenstrom also argues that

backchannels as a means of helping the complex transaction. Therefore,

yeah produced by Radcliffe could not see as turn, but backchannels.

Furthermore, Radcliffe produces backchannels yeah to respond Rowling opinion about helping the readers of Harry potter book. Backchannels which produced by listener toward the speaker judgment could be seen as an agreement, which is more than simple continuers. Thus, Radcliffe backchannels yeah functioned as an agreement.

Datum 9

Rowling: And just physically Hagrid being so big and fatherly=and

Harry being lame in his arms so that‟s why we were all was going. =

Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.

Similar with the previous datum, this datum only contain one both turn and backchannels. The turn is belong to Rowling, and backchannels belong to Radcliffe. Rowling takes up the speakership by producing long utterance. Her utterances have grammatically, semantically, and intonationally completes. She finishes her utterance with falling intonation on the word going. Those three characteristics of turn could legitimate

that the current speaker‟s floor is finished. In addition, Radcliffe produces

the simple utterance in possible completion or TRP. He produces it immadiately when possible completion occur in Rowling‟s utterance. Radcliffe produces that’s amazing without no gap and overlap to reduce

the possible completion. Nevertheless, as long as the listener whose utterance roles as a signal to what speaker is talking about, then it is not turn, but backchannels. Thus, that’s amazing produced by Radcliffe is backchannels.

Moreover, Stenstrom maintain that a listener is not allowed to remain passive, nor allowed to provide silent feedback. Hence, Radcliffe produces that utterance to show to Rowling as the speaker that he still has an interest to what Rowling says. Based on Maynard described about the functions of backchannels, that’s amazing is a backchannels which serve to show an empathy or strong emotional response which is more than as a continuers or agreement. In sum, if the listener produces backchannels such as wow, great, amazing, fantastic, etc, they are probably functioned as strong emotional response.

Datum 10

Radcliffe: As the books when own, =

Rowling: = mm-hm.

Radcliffe: = <and you realize that = actually there we:re> (0,5) suddenly was getting a massive about our fan base as well. =

Rowling: = mm-hm.

The conversation between Radcliffe and Rowling above shows that the flow is very goes well because the absence of overlap. In the beginning of the discussion, Radcliffe takes up the speakership by producing a

compound sentence ended with slight falling intonation which indicates that his floor has not finished yet. However, Rowling produces simple utterance not to taking up her turn but only make a feedback which indicates that she is listening and encouraging Radcliffe to keep talking. Thus, Rowling simple utterance mm-hm is backchannels. The one who produces backchannels in conversation do not legitimate him/her as the primary speaker, s/he does not taking up the speakership at that moment. It

proved by the continuity of Radcliffe‟s turn by his following utterance <and you realize that = actually there we:re> (0,5) suddenly was getting a massive about our fan base as well.

Moreover, both of them are very well maintaining the flow of their conversation. The transition between turns at talk is done smoothly. Nevertheless, in this case, it is necessary to understand that the turn is only belong to Radcliffe as the primary speaker. Any utterance produced by Rowling as the listener considered not as turn, but backchannels. Although Rowling produces her two utterances without no gap and overlap and within TRP, but it is only serve as a response which functioned as continuer to what Radcliffe says. According to Hatch, during conversations, even when it is not our turn at talk, we may nod or make noises like umhhmm, uhhuh, yeah, yerright – backchannels feedback that

encourages the speaker to continue. These signals do not take the turn away from the speaker.55

Datum 11

Radcliffe: It‟s almost become part of, (0,3)

Rowling: the legend. =

Radcliffe: = the legend of Harry [Potter] you knew all of it.

Rowling: [yeah]

In datum 11, Radcliffe begins the discussion by taking up the floor. There is a short pause occur in Radcliffe utterance less than a second. It is a normal value in conversation. The short pause probably occurs because he is thinking about the word that he wants to deliver in order to complete his utterance. However, to avoid a long pause in Radcliffe utterance, Rowling produces a word as verbal fillers. Verbal fillers aimed to occupy the short pause. It is not a kind of turn because Rowling does not taking up the speakership at that moment, but it is backchannels. Rowling produces those utterances not only as verbal fillers, but also as a sentence completion. She delivers the word the legend to complete Radcliffe utterance because she knows about the context of the discussion. It proved by Radcliffe following utterance the legend of Harry Potter you knew all

of it in his own turn. The legend word which delivered by Rowling is the

55

Evelyn Hatch, Discourse and English Education 1st ed, (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1992), p. 15.

exact word that Radcliffe means. That is why Radcliffe produces it in the beginning of his following utterance.

Furthermore, Rowling produces her second backchannels in this conversation. She produces it simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk. The utterance yeah produced by Rowling indicates that she is following and encouraging Radcliffe to go on. Rowling produces backchannels with overlap, but it is not seen as grabbing the floor, it is only a response. In sum, in this conversation, both of them have a good role as the speaker and hearer. Radcliffe does the utterance to takes up the speakership as the primary speaker, and Rowling does backchannels to give a feedback as the listener.

Datum 12

Radcliffe: I do I do sometimes think that you know <if we did make> a six hour Harry potter film there would be, (0,2)

Rowling: there would be [an audience for it,] =

Radcliffe: [there would be an audience] = yeah =

Rowling: = and they would still be complaining that

things were wr[o:ng] and they would still want director‟s cut. =

Radcliffe: [yeah] =Yeah.

Datum 12 contains several turn, overlap, and backchannels. In the beginning of the conversation, Radcliffe takes up the speakership and there is a short pause less than a second in his utterance. Radcliffe delivers the utterance by producing the word be with slight falling intonation. The slight falling intonation which followed by a short pause, however, lead Rowling as the listener to takes up the turn because she knows the context of the discussion. In the previous cases of the data in this research, the listener who produces the utterance to fill the short pause serves as backchannels. Nonetheless, in this datum, the utterance aimed rather to take the turn than to fill the short pause. Then it is turn, not backchannels. Rowling produces the utterance there would be an audience for it to take up the speakership from Radcliffe as the current speaker. Rowling gain the speakership through speaker self-select. The proof of this argument is that the one who take up the speakership till the end of the discussion is Rowling. Thus, there would be an audience for it is turn, not backchannels.

Moreover, after the speaker change, Radcliffe as the listener gives a feedback of his agreement by producing two utterances there would be an

audience simultaneously while Rowling utter an audience for it and yeah

in TRP. Those two utterances could not see as a turn because Rowling still taking up the speakership. Hence, those two utterances belong to backchannels. The reason that those utterances are only as backchannels supported by the continuity of Rowling‟s turn as the primary speaker, she

produces and they would still be complaining that things were wr[o:ng] and they would still want director’s cut through the TRP.

In addition, Radcliffe produces the other feedbacks of his agreement; backchannels. Those feedbacks are yeah which produced twice in his utterance. His first backchannels occur simultaneously with Rowling ongoing talk in order to give a signal after the complex utterance which delivered by Rowling. His second backchannels occur within TRP, he produces it without any gap to reduce the possible completion. The argument that those utterances belong to backchannels supported by Rowling following utterance to continues her floor. In sum, this conversation consists of four both turn and backchannels.

Datum 13

Rowling: There was always logic to the magic euh however strange it became.=

Radcliffe: = yeah.

Rowling: = and I know it‟s intriguing to go through the mouth

The conversation above shows that the speakership belongs to Rowling. She produces the utterance to take up the floor. Meanwhile, Radcliffe produces the simple utterance yeah in possible completion when Rowling utterance has grammatically, semantically, and intonationally complete. Radcliffe produces the utterance without any gaps, he talks

immadiately when Rowling talks stop. Nonetheless, those utterances could not see as turn which he gains from the speaker self-select. Radcliffe delivers his utterance to give a response as an agreement toward an opinion made by Rowling as the primary speaker. The response such as those utterances which given by Radcliffe as the listener in order to make a contribution in their conversation. Thus, Radcliffe simple utterance yeah is not turn, it is backchannels. The difference between backchannels and turn is that backchannels do not make any changes in speakership. This

argument supported by the continuity of Rowling‟s turn as the primary

speaker. She continues her previous utterance by producing and I know it’s intriguing to go through the mouth.

Datum 14

Rowling: So we had a bit of a °discussion about that°. =

Radcliffe: = okay, =

Rowling: = sometimes I will dig my heels in about the funniest things

In this part, the conversation consists two turns and one backchannels. In the beginning of the conversation, Rowling takes up the floor by producing the utterance which grammatically, semantically, and intonationally complete. Those three characteristics could legitimate that her floor finished and the next speaker could take the speakership.

Radcliffe produces the simple utterance okay in possible completion but he reduces TRP to deliver the utterance without any gap and overlap. Although he does so, Radcliffe utterance could not see as turn because after he produces it, Rowling continues the floor as the primary speaker. However, not all verbalization serve as turn through speaker self-select. Simple utterance such as yes, mm hm, uh huh produced by listener as a response to what speaker says is not taking up the speakership. Hence, Radcliffe continuers okay is not considered as turn, but it is backchannels. He takes his role as the listener by giving response to the issue of the discussion and allowing Rowling to continue the floor.

51 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusions

Based on the research problems in the first chapter and the research findings of the data description and analyses in the third chapter, the conclusion can be seen as follows

Dealing with the first question of the research problems about how backchannels works in conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K Rowling, there are several ways used by both participants to do this signal. Mostly, they do it in any possible completion or TRP when the utterance produced by primary speaker have grammatically, semantically, and intonationally complete. They produce backchannels both with overlap and without any gap in order to reduce transition relevance place. Furthermore, the analysis shows that before determining backchannels, it is really important to separate the utterance which role as turn and overlap, because backchannels is not kind of turn and not a way used by non-primary speaker to grab the turn (overlap). The utterance could be more important to be separated because turn could be as simple as backchannels. However, backchannels must not be confused with turn. Any utterances produced by non-primary speaker either within the TRP or overlap, as long as it is only serve as a signal to what speaker says, then it must be

backchannels. Moreover, any utterances either simple or complex which produced by the primary speaker to take the speakership, then it must be turn. In sum, backchannels only belong to non-primary speaker, and turn only belong the primary speaker. Therefore, it is no way for backchannels occur over backchannels.

In addition, dealing with the second question of the research problems, the results are, mostly, those backchannels that they used during the conversation functioned as continuers, agreement, and understanding content. Those functions could only be determined by understanding the context of the conversation because there is no legitimation that one form of backchannels only serves as one function. That is why the functions of backchannels is really related to the context in it used for.

In sum, the use of backchannels during a conversation is really important because it indicates that the non-primary speaker is listening or understanding about what primary speaker says. On the other hand, the absence of backchannels during a conversation make it seems to be awkward and not going well. Therefore, backchannels help the participants both primary and non-primary speaker to know the response and feedback during a conversation.

B. Suggestions

There are so many linguistic phenomenons around us in our daily life. The writer hopes that this research could give a contribution in conversation analysis study and the next researcher whose interest in conversation analysis study as the main issue. However, conversation analysis is always interesting to be the issue of research because it happens in everyday activities. There are so many various problems that the next researchers could be explored in it.

54

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Websites:

http://www.ew.com/article/2011/11/04/harry-potters-magical-extras accesed on

January 25, 2105.

http://www.hypable.com/j-k-rowling-discusses-why-harrys-eyes-didnt-have-to-be-green-cutting-a-scene-from-alfonsos-prisoner-script/ accesed on January

25, 2015.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BdVHWz1DPU accesed on January 25,

56 APPENDICES

Transcript of Conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K Rowling

Radcliffe: So, this is exciting Rowling: Yes, it is.

Radcliffe: This is a chance to ask each other

Rowling: All the things we passed each other off camera but now do in fornt of camera

Radcliffe: But now do in front of camera. And I‟m gonna try to be much more profound insightful I ever have before on camera

Rowling: Go for it. Im looking for this

Radcliffe: Yeah I know this is my chance were realized that during interview its actually not the easy thing to do at all

Rowling: It‟s okay, we can swap I can interview you

Radcliffe: Yeah. It will be brilliant. So, I thought the beginning at the beginning, how involved were you in the casting process and how much do I have to thank you for

Rowling: I was involved not to the extent i was sitting in on in on auditions but they were keeping really fully informed as you know we found rupert name and they were perfect that was a done deal I still couldn't find you. Well you say how you were found, it was amazing really

Radcliffe: And it was the first know if I actually wasn't sadness and it was jealousy I was jealous another actor was gonna get those two because the system I have for the on the ticket and seven fumbles she was on the second it's been in and out I saw and someone I've come to know very very well as well and so just fact that another act is gonna get

Rowling: I can‟t imagine

Radcliffe: It's very peculiar and cause you know I've work done away with withdrawn Potter in such a way that on eyelash a must-read closer to the crew that I do lot the cast

Rowling: Now I really understand I think a lot of people who as certain includes me before I became involved with these films but people wouldn't maybe understand just how important the crew are

Radcliffe: Yeah

Rowling: That everyday day in day out there the people saying I'm working with and joking with and I've come to understand that too

Radcliffe: Because I've kind of worked everything if that success on a film set kinda relies upon the ability to concentrate very intensely for virtual space of time Rowling: Yeah exactly reverse of writing

Radcliffe: Rights yeah you have to learn to switch off in the moments that you can cause cant keep yourself at that level

Rowling: No

Radcliffe: And now my mom and my dad told me they did get lucky when they go somebody with the kind of boundless energy

Rowling: You do have and you always have had to use it was going so apparently even when you're quite small things like he will force presses ahead of everyone else

Radcliffe: Yeah

Rowling: It was good it was great

Radcliffe: Which is why I don't think of it Rowling: Yeah

Radcliff: Because I remember the first day we met I think was when you came in and all the kids with that's

Rowling: That‟s right yeah he showed my child then very young how to use it and I was always so love I was a real sore spot for Tom after and it was so ironic that we have this the so much body he's about the nicest we keep saying if on site for the fact is they are out there there we met there were never any props that whenever there was never any one objection they were all just nice people the tom such a sweetheart

Radcliffe: Tom he's the older than the rest of us as well Rowling: Yes

Radcliffe: When he was young I had and had done a bit more work done

Rowling: Yeah quite yeah and in his demeanor offset that show and I think he's quite comfortable with being that was

Radclifee: Yeah

Rowling: But he is so sweet I do remember that day of you in the canteen looking around us

Radcliffe: It is amazing!

Rowling: I particular remember and definite place Shane has very physically from that day cause you really looks like I imagined

Rowling: Yeah he was one of the ones

Radcliffe: The other person is definately to talk about this who I do think it sort of even though you notice what he does he's the unsung hero to this film Stewart Craig

Rowling: Oh god he is Genius!

Radcliffe: Yeah because the detail up everything that's because i think thats was allowed us to survive as a successful franchise cause you know could be sort of happens we start over the same time as a whole host another kids fantasy films as the stuff

Rowling: Sure!

Radcliffe: But the reason I think we've managed to do so well and sustain the story right to the end and keep people interested is largely down to I think the sets and the fact that detail goes into

Rowling: It‟s very real world Radcliffe: Yeah

Rowling: Again as someone who's not you know being involved in the film business and and and came to it entirely new to you to walk into the Gryffindor common room pick up the comics read them its so real bso fabolous some fabulous kids to visit the setter blown away by itonly that they can walk into love these rooms in Table these things

Radcliffe: We've now lost gryffindor common room Rowling: No, its gone

Radcliffe: I dont know Rowling: It‟s my favorite set

Radcliffe: I don't know where it is anymore but the thing is warned for me is a less constant thing because it changed after the second film is a different one than Rowling: Oh okay

Radcliffe: And because Alfonso he said that he saw the other one to close to something like it was and he gave me a game stick

Rowling: Yeah

Radcliffe: But all shopping and shades with loans in a lost book Rowling: I can explain if you done

Radcliffe: Can you please we are so struggling on the set because I remember I had to reread the end of seveth

Rowling: Yeah

Radcliffe: At few time its too much the end of seventh the epilogue Rowling: The epilogue changed

Radcliffe: I like the epilogue but some people really have a problem with it Rowling: Some people hate it

Radcliffe:Yeah

Rowling: A version of it what was literally written seventeen years previously to the book a version of it was wrong but as I said to you earlier you know some people were in there who didn't end up in final cuts and so on yes I wanted to give a snapshot I think what a lot of people felt about the tone of the epilogue was so this is it so it's over so he's not a hero anymore middle-age man it it felt like a letdown I have said this before for me absolute heroism is rebuilding after that kind of trauma

Rowling: And I could think of nothing more noble than he's acting what Dumbledore preach but didn't live to see Dumbledore to preach these are the values issues through to survive, love those who live human bombs Harry‟s actually living in so always the guy to me who had thrust upon him he and that was supposed to be dismissed to go back and got chance to have stinker on the nuclear button this he had the chance to own this most powerful

Radcliffe: Yeah

Rowling: And he said no won that one Radcliffe: Yeah

Rowling: Won that one I want may own and I wanna break the chain

Radcliffe: What was the moment like when you how solid is the end of writing the book I mean to you getting then is done or

Rowling: It felts really solid I mean I have getting to go through but it was after it was published that it really hit me now in some senses it was like knowing someone is going to die I had a long time to prepare I always said seven books that's it and that's what I plan from the beginning but even so it hit me like a train and on my birthday which is the same months publication which is the same as Harry‟s birthday

Radcliffe: Yeah

Rowling: I cried as if my mother died honestly Radclifffe: Really?

Rowling: Yeeah it really hit me and my husband was like ”what's wrong what's wrong” and I just can't go there anymore and you know it been a place I could escape to for seventeen years and I knew the door closed but it was very cathartic and after that day was passed it became I became much lighter and I and there are

were aspects you know of it they're deliberating I know I feel I've have done that job

Radcliffe: Yeah very well!

Rowling: Thank you, Dan. Yeah you know its done but yeah it was tough it was tough Im not gonna pretend it wasn‟t I cared so much about the characters I loved writing books most of the time I loved writing books

Radcliffe: Yes

Rowling: But you tell me how you're feeling about the end of it? I feel like a therapist

Radcliffe: It's gonna be very strange and very upsetting but it's the little things that you miss most and also is that the fact that you know working on the studio for one day and the next few months sit down from my camera and it'll be the last time that I filmed as he say will be liberating because I no longer have to you know

Rowling: Yeah

Radcliffe: When I guess intimations get amazing script for the next seven years you know but I'm very excited about the opportunity but it's also there's an awareness that it'll never be the same again it'll never have that spare time and also it's not just I mean I look at this more in terms for landmark in my teen birthday but there was this is me becoming an adult now this is that's me lies me leaving the nest now

Rowling: Yeah

Radcliffe: But now it's been a good ten years for me so thank you very much Rowling: Oh Dan, it's good to hear