Improvement the Genetic Potential of Local Chicken By Combination of Crossbreeding, Selection Method, Cellular Analysis and Nutritional Adjustment to Produce the Candidate of Local Layer

Improvement the Genetic Potential of Local Chicken By Combination
of Crossbreeding, Selection Method, Cellular Analysis and Nutritional
Adjustment to Produce the Candidate of Local Layer
M. Aman Yaman*, Yurliasni, Zulfan, & Muhammad Daud
Laboratory of Poultry Science and Technology - Syiah Kuala University,
Darussalam-Banda Aceh
*e-mail: yamanusk@yahooo.com

Abstract
The present research has been conducted in five stages: genetic selection,
crossbreeding, cellular analysis, evaluating the nutritional requirements and egg
production. This research used 10 adult male chickens from crossing between
female of Kampung chicken with male of laying chicken and 60 female Arab (silver
and golden). Crossing carried out by artificial insemination and all parameters
measured on offspring. The research design used was randomized factorial (2x4)
and data was processed statistically using analysis of variance. To be able to show
the maximum genetic potential then any growth stage of chicken during the selection
process were examined by nutrient requirements mainly protein and energy balance
using feed conversion and feed efficiency parameters. The treatments of energy:
protein balance were; A (3000 Kcal:21%), B(2900 Kcal:20%), C(2800 Kcal:19%)
and D(2700 Kcal:18%). Analysis of cellular parameters (protein, RNA and mRNA)

in muscle tissue was performed on F3 derivatives of Kamaras to indentify as
laying hens and also evaluated the ability of production.At the end of period, other
parameters were measured: egg production, egg quality (Haugh Unit and grade of
eggs, egg shape and eggshell color). Research results showed that crossbreeding
and selection based on the performance of the exterior on local chicken produced
two type of local layer hen that meet the criteria of commercial laying hens: medium
and heavy type of Kamaras chicken. The cellular analysis results showed that
chicken Kamaras has characteristics similar to the laying hens where the pectoral
muscle growth was very slow. Egg production of both types of Kamaras chicken
much higher than pure kampung chicken ranged between 144-170 egg/year. Egg
quality analysis resulted that the Kamaras chicken (both medium and heavy type)
produced eggs with high quality especially in terms of Haugh unit values (> 70), egg
weight, eggshell thickness, grade (A) and quality of egg yolk (reddish yellow) better
than Kampung chicken or Arab chicken. However, energy and protein content in diet
significantly affected the egg production and egg quality in both type of Kamaras
chicken. In conclusion, the egg productivity and egg quality of Kamaras chicken as
a the result of selection and crossbreeding program were better than other types of
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local chickens. In fact, Kamaras could be developed as a candidate of local laying
chicken for future.
Keywords: cellular analysis, crossbreeding, local chicken, nutritional requirements,
selection method

Introducton
Breedng program of local anmal wll be able to support economc stablty
and food securty programs whch are more valuable than the mport of anmal
from abroad. Ths program wll stmulate the Indonesan people to produce ts own
products and have alternatve jobs for communty. One of the great potental of local
anmal n Indonesa s local chcken (ayam kampung) whch could be developed by
genetc mprovement to reduce the domnance of mported chcken (broler or layer).
Ths effort wll support the genetc development of local chckens as a commercal
layer chcken that s more productve and proftable for busness actvty. These
objectves could be acheved by a sustanable strategc approach ncludng genetc
selecton and nutrtonal adjustment (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2000a: 2000b: 2010)
and up-gradng technology through genetc approach and breedng technology (May,
1971: Brllard, 2003).
The breedng technology developed for local chcken selecton should have

advantages n terms of output, applcatve and more economcal (Ansah et al., 1985:
Bennewtz et al., 2007). The prevous studes of local chcken have categorzed
two types of local chcken from Aceh Provnce resulted by genetc selecton usng
exteror parameters, namely (a) the type of potentally meat chcken and (b) the
type that can be orented as layng hens. The prevous results also showed that the
average local chcken eggs only produced between 70 to 90 eggs /year. Untl now,
the conventonal program of genetc selecton for local chcken have not been able
to rase the potental of local chckens as productve layng hens (M. Aman Yaman
et al., 2008: 2009). In order to solve such problems, the applcaton of genetc
programs for selectng local chcken needs to be done through a combnaton of a
more comprehensve, more effectve and applcable method usng crossbreedng
program.
In prncple, to stmulate the gene expresson of local chcken as layer requres
the supply of nutrents accordng to ther requrements snce the starter, grower,
pre-layng and layng perod (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2002: Wattaux, 2006).
Development of methods of selecton, crossbreedng and nutrtonal approaches n
an effort to generate a new stran of local chckens for egg producton wll be hghly
approprate for a local chcken. It s possble to perform crossbreedng program usng
artfcal nsemnaton to ncrease the expresson of genetc potental (Szwaczkowsk

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Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

et al., 2000: Sapp et al., 2004). The present research wll focus on producng a layer
chckens resulted by crossbreedng between local chcken, Arab chcken and HyLne Brown layer. The combnaton of breedng and nutrtonal approach could be
consdered to produce a new stran of local chcken whch genetcally able to produce
egg hgher than the orgnal local chcken. The characterstc of egg produce by ths
chcken also must be qualfed for market standard as a commercal chcken egg.

Materals and Methods
Ten adult male selected chckens (crossng between female of Kampung chcken
wth male of layng commercal chcken) and sxty female Arab chcken were used
to evaluate the qualty of offsprng as a canddate of layer chcken. Crossbreedng
was carred out by artfcal nsemnaton and all parameters were performed on
offsprngs (F1 – F3). The research desgn used was randomzed factoral (2x4) and
data was processed statstcally usng analyss of varance. Evaluaton of genetc
potental was performed n any growth stage of chcken durng the selecton process.
The effect of nutrtonal adjustment on selecton program was examned by treatment
of proten and energy balance to evaluate feed converson parameter.

The treatment of energy and proten balance were A (3000 Kcal:21%), B(2900
Kcal:20%), C(2800 Kcal:19%) and D(2700 Kcal:18%). At 90 days of age, analyss
of cellular parameters (proten, RNA and mRNA) n muscle tssue was performed on
breast muscle sample of offsprng (F3) to ndentfy selected chcken as a canddate
of layng chcken. At the end of perod, other parameters were measured: egg
producton, egg weght, haugh unt (HU), egg grade, egg shape and eggshell color.
Samplng of hatchng egg resulted by crossbreedng to produce F1-F3 offsprng
were selected by the followng crtera ; eggshell color s reddsh-whte, oval shape,
egg weght from 35 to45 gram and fertle. Sample of breast muscle and lver tssue
were collected from chcken to evaluate the response of chcken type and nutrtonal
treatments on cellular parameters for selecton program carred out by the method
of dslocaton neck (cervcal spne fracture) and chemcal analyss. All sample
tssue was preserved by mmersng nto lqud ntrogen and stored at -80° C untl
analyss. Proten, RNA and mRNA contents were analyzed by chemcal treatment
and measured by spectrophotometer (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2000).

Results and Dscusson
The present result showed that crossbreedng between local chcken, layer
chcken and Arab chcken produced two types (heavy and medum types) of
productve layng hen (called as Kamaras chcken) wth a specfc performance and

dfference n egg productvty (Table 1). Both of Kamaras chckens have a smlar
body shape but dfference n body weght durng mature sex and domnant color.

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Heavy type chcken has a black domnant color and gray dotted, whle medum type
has a black domnant color and whte/golden dotted. At the age of mature sex, body
weght was 1580 gram (heavy type) and 1420 gram (medum type). The average of
egg producton of both types of Kamaras chcken ranged between 171 to 177 eggs
/year. There was no dfference n egg qualty of both types of chcken. However, the
FCR of medum was lower (2.6 kg) compared to the heavy type chcken (2.9 kg)
durng 90 days of rearng perod. The results also show that through crossbreedng
program and combnaton of selecton methods produced a dervatve type of local
chcken whch has an ablty to produce eggs was hgher than the orgn of local
chcken but stll has a smlar characterstc n egg qualty.
Table 1. Parameter of Kamaras chcken (female lne) resulted by cross breedng program as
a canddate of local productve layng hens
Specfcaton

Heavy type

Medum type

Body shape

Layer
Black and gray
dotted
1580

Layer
Black and whte
dotted
1420

Frst layng age (week)

19

18

Clutch (egg/week)

5

4

177

171

35-47

32 - 43

74

Domnant color

Body weght of pra-laying (gram)

Mean of egg producton (egg/year)
Egg weght (gram)
Haugh unt

Hatchablty (%)

93

72
Creamy whte
brown
91

Feed converson rate (FCR) for 90 days

2.9

2.6

Egg shell color

Creamy whte

Combnaton selecton program and matng strategy to explore the potental of
genetc durng breedng process wll largely affect the dervatve type of chcken (M.
Aman Yaman et al., 2008 and 2009). On poultry breedng program, the domnant
characterstc that appears n exteror parameter followed by analyss of cellular
parameter wll be used as a very useful parameters to produce a new type of chcken
n accordance wth the breedng purpose (Brah, 2005; Bennewtz et al., 2007)
ncludng breedng program to stmulate the ncrease n egg producton and egg
qualty of local chcken. The combnaton of selecton program on a local chcken
through cellular and exteror parameters nfluenced the appearance of the chcken
peformance and egg producton (Wattaux, 2006) . The present result approved
that crossbreedng followed by a strke selecton method usng local chcken, layer

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Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

chcken and female Arab produced a new type of chcken whch can replace the role
of local chckens as layng hens n the future.
Analyss of cellular parameters (Table 2) n the two types of chcken Kamaras
showed that proten, RNA and mRNA contents n the pectoral muscle has equal to
those n commercal layng hens. These ndcatons show that the chcken Kamaras
could be categorzed as slow-growng type of chcken smlar to the characterstcs of
layng hens. Cellular content n breast muscles of poultry could be used as a reference
for functonal selecton of layng hens or brolers, n whch the concentraton of
proten, RNA and mRNA of chcken breast muscle layer s lower than brolers due
to the dfferent types of fber muscle (Kta et al., 2002 and M. Aman Yaman, 2010).
The results of ths study approved that the chcken Kamaras have a very strong
character as layng hens that can be developed nto a productve layng hens.
Table 2. The concentraton Proten, RNA and mRNA contents on breast muscle of Kamaras
chcken (F3) resulted by crossbreedng between male selected chcken and female
Arab chcken
Parameter

Medum type

Heavy type

Chcken age (days)

90

90

Body weght (gram)

857

993

Breast muscle weght (gram)

17.15

18.49

Proten (mg)

3023

3155

RNA (mg)

12.93

13.24

mRNA (ug)

3276

3340

It was also observed that proten and energy balance n the feed sgnfcantly
affected on egg producton rate and egg qualty (HU value) n both type of Kamaras chcken. However, there was no nfluence of chcken type (heavy and medum
types) on egg producton of Kamaras chcken. It was known that adjustment of proten and energy balance ncreased the number of eggs and egg qualty. The egg producton of Kamaras chcken fed on det contanng 19% of crude proten and 2800
Kcal of energy sgnfcantly ncreased than other nutrtonal treatments (Table 3). It
was also nformed that the requrement of proten and energy balance was dfferent
between Kamaras chcken and commercal layer chcken. In general, commercal
layng hens requre 17% of proten and 2900 Kcal of energy n raton. It was due to
the dfference n genetc characterstc as the result of crossbreedng between 3 types
of chcken. The present result also showed that breed and chcken type, genetcally
affected the egg producton but the nutrtonal balance n partcular; proten, energy
and mnerals s a mportant factor affectng the producton and egg qualty of layng hens (Kno, 1993; Bennewtz et al., 2007). The two types of Kamaras chcken

Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012

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produced between 147-170 eggs/year hgher than orgn chcken (70-90 eggs / year).
The nfluence of genetc characterstc from the Arab and layer chckens as male and
female lne durng crossbreedng program caused an ncrease n egg producton of
Kamaras chcken.
Table 3. The effect of chcken type and nutrtonal treatment on number and egg qualty of
Kamaras chcken (F3) resulted by crossbreedng between male selected chcken
and female Arab chcken
Type of
offsprng

Nutrtonal
treatments

Number of
egg/year

HU

Egg
weght
(g)

Egg
grade

Egg yolk
color

Eggshell
thckness
(mm)

A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D

157b
162c
167c
142a
156b
164c
170c
147a

68b
71b
73b
64a
67a
70b
73b
65a

33
35
36
32
34
34
36
32

A
A
AA
B
A
A
AA
B

Reddsh yellow
Reddsh yellow
Reddsh yellow
yellow
Reddsh yellow
Reddsh yellow
Reddsh yellow
yellow

0.33
0.34
0.37
0.32
0.32
0.35
0.36
0.32

Heavy

Medum

Dfferent superscrpt n the same lne means sgnfcantly dfferent (P