xiv This final project is expect ed t o be beneficial for t he readers w ho are int erest ed
in t eaching English, especially t eaching w rit ing.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Teaching English to Young Learners
To focus on t he problem s in t his final project , t he w rit er t ried t o quot e t he definit ion of t eaching English t o young learners. The w rit er got fr om t he int ernet .
English is a new t hing for young learners. Teaching English t o young learners is different from t eaching t he sam e m at erial t o adult . Teachers should find appropriat e m et hods and
approaches in order t o get t he learner’s int erest . As st at ed by M onique Barb, “ Teaching English t o young learners is bot h a difficult and enjoyable experience
” . ht t p: art icles.fam ousw hy.com t eaching_english_t o_young_learners_is_bot h_a_difficult _a
nd_enjoyable_experience According t o Carol Read, t here is anot her definit ion about t he charact erist ic of
young learners. The t erm young learners can be used t o describe:
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Pre-school learners
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Prim ary school learners and
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Secondary school or t eenage learners
xv Anot her t heory of young learner indicat es som e of t he opt im al condit ions for helping young
learners t o learnRead, 2003, t hey are:
Learning is nat ural
Learning is cont ext ualized and part of real event
Learning is int erest ing and enjoyable
Learning is relevant
Learning is social
Learning belongs t o t he child
Learning has a purpose for t he child
Learning builds on t hings t he child know s
Learning m akes sense t o t he child
The child is challenged appropriat ely
Learning is support ed appropriat ely
Learning is a part of a coherent w hole
Learning is m ulti-sensory
The child w ant s t o learn
Learning is act ive and experient ial
Learning is m em orable
Learning allows for personal, divergent responses
Learning t akes account of m ult iple int elligences
The learning at m osphere is relaxed and w arm
The child has a sense of achievem ent ht t p: w w w .t eachingenglish.org.uk t ransform t eachers specialist -areas t eaching-young-
learners
Read 2005 also suggest s an int egrat ed fram ew ork for m anaging children posit ively and creat ing happy w ork environm ent :
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Relat ionship Creat ing and m aint aining s posit ive relat ionship wit h learners is at t he heart of
est ablishing a happy learning environm ent .
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Rules
xvi Est ablish a lim it ed num ber of rules and m ake sure t hey are clear, as w ell as t he
reasons for having t hem .
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Rout ines Classroom rout ines m ake it clear t o everyone w hat is expect ed of t hem and w hat
t hey should do.
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Right s and responsibilit ies Alt hough t hese m ay not be st at ed explicit ly w it h very young learners, t eachers can
m odel t hrough t heir ow n act ions w hich of t hese t hey value
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Respect St udent s w ho are t reat ed respect fully by t he t eacher w ill respond in a sim ilar w ay t o
t he t eacher.
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Rew ard Rew ards syst em s can be effect ive w ay of reinforcing appropriat e behavior e.g. using
st ars, st ickers, point s, sm iley faces, raffle t icket or m ar bles in a jar.
B. Teaching W riting B.1 Types of W riting Performances
