LIST OF TABLES
NO DESCRIPTION PAGE
2.1 Specification of microstrip design
25 4.1
Summary of simulation result hybrid coupler 46
4.2 Summary of simulation result crossover
49 4.3
Design specifications phase of the Butler Matrix 52
4.4 Hybrid coupler simulation results for Design 1
54 4.5
Crossover simulation results for Design 1 55
4.6 Summary of magnitude results for Butler matrix of Design 1 58
4.7 Summary of phase results for Butler matrix of Design 1 59
4.8 Hybrid coupler simulation results for Design 2
60 4.9
Crossover simulation results for Design 2 61
4.10 Summary of magnitude results for Butler matrix of Design 2 64
4.11 Summary of phase results for Butler matrix of Design 2 65
4.12 Comparison of return loss, isolation and coupling for hybrid coupler
designs 66
4.13 Comparison of return loss, isolation and coupling for
crossover designs 66
4.14 Comparison of return loss and isolation for Butler matrix designs 67
4.15 Comparison of coupling for Butler matrix designs
67 4.16
Comparison of coupling in phase difference for Butler matrix designs
67 5.1
Summary of magnitude results for Butler matrix of Design 1 71
5.2 Summary of phase results for Butler matrix of Design 1 71
5.3 Summary of magnitude results for Butler matrix of Design 2
72 5.4
Summary of phase results for Butler matrix of Design 2 72
5.5 Summary of magnitude for both designs
74 5.6
Summary of phase difference at port 1 for both designs 74
LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Radiation patterns of an omni-directional antenna
7 2.2
Radiation pattern of a directional antenna 8
2.3 Transmit strategy of a switched beam antenna system
11 2.4
Transmit strategy of an adaptive array antenna system 12
2.5 a Transmission part
b Reception part of a smart antenna system 13
2.6 A schematic diagram of a 4 x 4 Butler matrix and antenna array
15 2.7
4 orthogonal beams formed by a 4x4 Butler matrix 15
2.8 Layout of hybrids coupler
17 2.9
Layout of crossover 18
2.10 Layout of Lange Coupler used as crossover
18 2.11
Types of bends 19
2.12 Blass Matrix BFN
20 2.13
Nolen Matrix BFN 21
2.14 Diagram of Bootlace lens
22 2.15
Diagram of Rotman lens 22
2.16 An analog beamforming network
23 2.17
Microstrip structure 25
2.18 4 x 4 Butler matrix
27 3.1
Project flow chart 30
3.2 Project Implementation 31
3.3 MWO design environment
32 3.4
Creating a new Schematic 33
3.5 Selecting microstrip components from elements
33 3.6
The steps of using Microwave Office 34
3.7 CorelDRAW12
35 3.8
Open File dxf 36
3.9 Choose scaling
36 3.10
The layout imported from Microwave Office 37
3.11 Layout ready to be printed
37 3.12
Ultra Violet exposed 39
3.13 Developer chemical
39 3.14
Etching process 39
3.15 Flow chart of the fabrication process
40 3.16
Network Analyzer 41
4.1a Circuit schematic of a hybrid coupler
43 4.1b
General layout of a hybrid coupler 44
4.1c S-Parameter simulation on Port 1 in dB
44 4.1d
S-Parameter simulation on Port 1 in Phase 45
4.2a Circuit schematic of a crossover
47 4.2b
General layout of the crossover 47
4.2c S-Parameter simulation on Port 1 in dB
48 4.2d
S-Parameter simulation on Port 1 in phase 48
4.3a Circuit schematic of the phase shifters
50 4.3b
Layout of the phase shifters 51
4.3c S-Parameter simulation on Port 1 in decibel dB
51 4.3d
S-Parameter simulation on Port 1 in phase 52
4.4 Layout of the hybrid coupler for Design 1
53 4.5
Layout of crossover for Design 1 54
4.6a Circuit schematic of Butler matrix layout for Design 1
56
4.6b Butler matrix layout for Design 1
56
4.6c Return Loss and Isolation for Butler matrix Design 1
57 4.6d
Couplings for Butler matrix of Design 1 57
4.6e Output phases from Input at Port 1 for Butler matrix
of Design 1 58
4.7 Layout of the hybrid coupler for Design 2
60 4.8
Layout of crossover for Design 2 61
4.9a Circuit schematic for Design 2
62 4.9b
Butler matrix layout for Design 2 62
4.9c Return Loss and Isolations for Butler matrix of Design 2
63 4.9d
Couplings for Butler matrix of Design 2 63
4.9e Output phases from Input at Port 1 for Butler matrix of Design 2
64 5.1
S-parameter based on S
11
in dB return loss 75
5.2 S-parameter based on S
21
in dB isolation 76
5.3 S-parameter based on S
51
in dB Transmission Line 76 5.4
S-parameter based on S
11
in dB return loss 77
5.5 S-parameter based on S
21
in dB isolation 78
5.6 S-parameter based on S
51
in dB Transmission Line 78
5.7a The phase difference at output port in simulation result
for Design 1 79
5.7b The phase difference at output port in measurement result
for Design 1 79
5.8a The phase difference at output port in simulation result
for Design 2 80 5.8b
The phase difference at output port in measurement result for Design 2
80 5.9
Circuit Design 1 80
5.10 Circuit Design 2
81
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BFN -
Beamforming Network BER
- Bit Error Rate
d -
Substrate Thickness FR4
- Flame Retardant 4
GHz -
Giga Hertz IEEE
- Institute of electrical and Electronic Engineering
MIMO -
Multiple Input Multiple Output mm
- Millimeter
MWO -
Microwave Office 2006 h
- Conductor Thickness
Tan d -
Tangent Loss -
Average output phase W
- Width
LAN -
Local Area Network WLAN
- Wireless Local Area Network
Z -
Impedance Zo
- Characteristic Impedance
r
- Relative Permitivity
eff
- Effective Permitivity
- Length
- Phi
- Wavelength
g -
Waveguide
cm -
centimeter PCB
- Printed Circuit Board
RF -
Radio Frequency RSSI
- Received Signal Strength Indicator
SNR -
Signal to Noise Ratio SNIR
- Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio
UV -
Ultra Violet
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO TITLE PAGE
A Calculation of Hybrid Couplers
87 B
Calculation of Crossover 91
C 4 x 4 Butler matrix Simulation Results
93 D
Measurement Results 104
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
