II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Chapter Overview
5 2.2
Smart Antenna Technology 5
2.3 The Evolution of Smart Antenna
6 2.3.1 Omni-Directional Antenna
7 2.3.2 Directional Antenna
8 2.4
The Revolution of Smart Antenna 8
2.4.1 Smart Antenna 9
2.4.2 Switched Beam Antenna System 9
2.4.3 Adaptive Array Antenna System 11
2.5 Beamforming Network
13 2.6
Beamforming Matrices 14
2.6.1 Butler Matrix 14
2.6.2 Blass Matrix 19
2.6.3 Nolen Matrix 20
2.7 Beamforming Lenses
21 2.7.1 Bootlace Lens
21 2.7.1 Rotman Lens
22 2.8
Power Divider Beamforming Network 22
2.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output
23 2.10
Beamforming Network for a 4 Beam Antenna 24
2.11 Microstrip Design
25 2.12
Others 4 x 4 Butler Matrix Designs 27
2.13 Chapter Summary
28
III DESIGN of COMPACT 4 x 4 BEAMFORMING NETWORK
3.1 Chapter Overview
29 3.2
Project Methodology 29
3.3 Design Methodology
30 3.4
Microwave Office MWO 2006 Software 31
3.5 CorelDRAW 12 Software
35 3.6
Fabrication Process 38
3.7 Measurement Process
40 3.8
Chapter Summary 41
IV DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Chapter Overview
42 4.2
Design Specification and General Parameter 42
4.2.1 General Hybrid Coupler 43
4.2.2 General Crossover 46
4.2.3 Phase Shifter Straight Line 49
4.2.4 Butler Matrix 52
4.3 Design 1
53
4.3.1 Hybrid Coupler 53
4.3.2 Crossover 54
4.3.3 4 x 4 Butler Matrix 55
4.4 Design 2
59 4.4.1 Hybrid Coupler
60 4.4.2 Crossover
60 4.4.3 4 x 4 Butler Matrix
61 4.5
Simulation Result Analysis 68
4.6 Chapter Summary
69
V MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Chapter Overview
70
5.2 Measurement Results
70 5.2.1 Measurement Results for Design 1
71 5.2.2 Measurement Results for Design 2
72
5.3 Comparison of Fabrication and Simulation Results
73
5.3.1 Design 1 75
5.3.2 Design 2 77
5.3.3 The Comparison of Output Phase 79
5.4 The Comparison of Size
80 5.5
Chapter Summary 81
VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Chapter Overview
82 6.2
Conclusion 82
6.3 Suggestions for Future Work
83
REFERENCES 84
APPENDIX A 87
APPENDIX B 91
APPENDIX C 93
APPENDIX D 104
LIST OF TABLES
NO DESCRIPTION PAGE
2.1 Specification of microstrip design
25 4.1
Summary of simulation result hybrid coupler 46
4.2 Summary of simulation result crossover
49 4.3
Design specifications phase of the Butler Matrix 52
4.4 Hybrid coupler simulation results for Design 1
54 4.5
Crossover simulation results for Design 1 55
4.6 Summary of magnitude results for Butler matrix of Design 1 58
4.7 Summary of phase results for Butler matrix of Design 1 59
