x
LIST OF FIGURE
2.1 Types of Ionizing Radiation
13 2.2
Weld X-Ray 19
2.3 Using Radiation to Control Paper Thickness
20
2.7 Geiger Muller Tube Cross Section Depicting the Progression of the Geiger
Discharge 31
2.8 Two Commercial Hand Held Portable Gas-Filled Detectors.
33
3.1 The Flow Chart of the PSMI
36 3.2
The Flow Chart of the PSMII 37
3.3 Vacuum PVD System
44
3.4 Base Plate
45
3.5 The Counter Tube Holder, Source Holder and Plate Holder
45
3.6 The Thick Lead Plate
45
3.7 Counter Tube
– Type B 46
3.8 Geiger Muller Counter
– Phywe 46
3.9 Source Ra-226
46 3.10
PVD Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering System VACTEC Korea Model VTC PVD 1000
47
3.11 Substrate Holder inside Coating Chamber
47 3.12
Tungsten Carbide Cutting Tool insert commercially made by Sumitomo 48
3.13 The Flow Chart of the Measurement Procedure
51
4.1 The Measurement of Coating Thickness by Alpha Thickness Gauging
54 Method
4.2 Two Types of Alpha Radioactive Source; a Americium-241 and
54 b Radium-238
4.3 The Image of Cutting Tool Coating Thickness Measure by Scanning
57 Electron Microscope SEM
xi
4.4
Graph of Backscattering Rate Counts60s vs. Coating Thickness μm 60 for Coating Thickness Measurement by Using Radium-238
4.5
Graph of Backscattering Rate Counts60s vs. Coating Thickness μm 62 for Coating Thickness Measurement Using Americium-241
4.6 The Trend Equation for Measurement Using Radium-238
64
4.7 The Trend Equation for Measurement Using Americium-241
66
4.8 Sample of Cutting Tool
69
4.9 The Image of Cutting Tool Coating Thickness; a Coating Thickness is 70
Uniform and b Coating Thickness is Non-Uniform
4.10 Position of the Double-Sided Tape and Samples of Cutting Tool on the 71
Plate Holder
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HSS -
High Speed Steel CVD
- Chemical Vapor Deposition
PVD -
Physical Vapor Deposition ANSI
- American National Standard Institute
NDT -
Non-Destructive Test Ra-238
- Radium-238
Am-241 -
Americium-241 Pu-239
- Plutonium-239
Co-60 -
Cobalt-60 UV
- Ultra Violet
TiAIN -
Titanium-Aluminum-Nitride WC
- Tungsten Carbide
SEM -
Scanning Electron Microscope
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
