v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract i
Abstrak ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
List of Abbreviations xii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Project
1 1.2
Objective 2
1.3 Problem Statement
2 1.4
Scope 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
3 2.2
Coating of Cutting Tool 3
2.3 Cutting Tool Material
4 2.4
Coating Thickness Measurement 5
2.4.1 Destructive Tests 6
2.4.2 Non-destructive Test NDT 7
2.4.2.1 A Method to Measure the Mean Thickness and Non-uniformity of Non- 7
Uniform Thin Film by Alpha-Ray Thickness Gauge 2.5
Radioactive Source 8
2.5.1 Concept of Ionizing Radiation
8 2.5.1.1
Atoms and Ions 9
2.5.2 Ionizing Process
9
vi 2.5.3
Sources of Ionizing Radiation 10
2.5.3.1Radioactive Materials 10
2.5.3.2Machine Generator 11
2.5.4 Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation 12
2.5.5 Exponential Decay 14
2.5.6 The Half Life 15
2.5.7 Quantity and Unit 16
2.5.8 Applications of Ionizing Radiation 17
2.5.8.1Area of Applications 18
2.5.9 Radium
20 2.5.9.1
Use of Radium 20
2.5.9.2 The Affect in the Body 21
2.5.9.3 Primary Health Effect 21
2.5.10 Americium-241 22
2.5.10.1Radioactivity and Decay 23
2.5.10.2Use of Americium 24
2.6 Gauging
24 2.6.1 Bulk Density
24 2.6.2 Alpha-Particle Transmission
25 2.6.3 Thickness
26 2.6.3.1 Alpha Particles
27 2.6.4
Photon Scattering 27
2.7 Radiation Detector
28 2.7.1 Purposes and Properties of Detector Systems
29 2.7.2 Geiger-Muller Counters
29 2.8
Calibration Term of Coating Thickness Gages 32
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
35 3.2
Flow Chart of PSMI and PSMII 36
3.2.1 Project Implementation Procedures 38
vii 3.3
Equipment and materials used 39
3.3.1 The Specification of Radioactive Materials 40
3.3.2 The Specification of Coating Materials 42
3.3.3 Cutting Tool Material 43
3.3.3.1 The Properties of Sintered Tungsten Carbide 43
3.3.4 Vacuum Machine 43
3.3.5 The Equipment of Alpha Thickness Gauging Method 45
3.4 The Procedure to Coat the Cutting Tool
47 3.5
The Flow Chart of the Measurement Procedure by Using Alpha 50
Thickness Gauge 3.5.1
Procedure of Measure the Coating Thickness by Using Alpha 51
Thickness Gauge
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
53 4.2
Result of Coating Thickness Measurement by Alpha Thickness Gauge 53
Nondestructive Method 4.2.1 Coating Thickness Measurement Using Radium-238
55 4.2.2 Coating Thickness Measurement Using Americium-241
56 4.3
Result of Coating Thickness Measurement by Scanning Electron 57
Microscope Destructive Method 4.4
Comparison of Coating Thickness Measurement Result between 58
Alpha Thickness Gauging Method and Scanning Electron Microscope SEM Method
4.4.1 Graph of Backscattering Rate Counts60s versus Coating Thickness
59 μm for Coating Thickness Measurement by Using Radium-238
4.4.2 Graph of Backscattering Rate Counts60s versus Coating Thickness
61 μm for Coating Thickness Measurement Using Americium-241
4.5 Validation of Graph Using Unknown Thickness Sample
63 4.5.1
Validation of Graph of Coating Thickness Measurement Using 64
Radium-238
viii 4.5.2
Validation of Graph of Coating Thickness Measurement Using 66
Americium-241 4.6
Result Validation 68
4.6.1 Factors Affecting the Measurement Readings
69 4.7
Radiation Protection 72
5. CONCLUSION
