True Power Factor Literature Review 11

2.3 LED And Fluorescent Lamp 7 2.4 Performance Comparison Of LED Lamp, Incandescent Bulb And CFL. 8 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 Overview 9

3.1 Literature Review 11

3.2 Determining The Type Of Lamp 11 3.3 Amount Of Lamp And Fitting. 11 3.3.1 Manual Calculation. 3.3.1.1 Room Index and Area Calculation 3.3.1.2 Utilization Factor and Room Reflectance 3.3.1.3 Calculation Amount of Fitting For Standard FL 3.3.1.4 Calculation Amount of Fitting For CFL 3.3.1.4 Calculation Amount of Fitting For LED 12 13 13 13 14 14 3.3.2 Computation Method Using Green Calculux Software 3.4 Schematic Drawing 14 16 3.5 Installation Of Complete Wiring System 3.6 Data Collection 18 19 3.7 Analyzing Data And Discussion 21 4 RESULT 4.0 Overview 4.1 Result of Data Collection for Three Different Type of Lamp 22 22 4.2 Result of Voltage for LED, CFL and Standard FL 4.3 Result of Current for LED, CFL and Standard FL 4.4 Result of Power Factor for LED, CFL and Standard FL

4.4.1 True Power Factor

22 23 24 24 4.4.2 Displacement Power Factor 4.5 Result of Power for LED, CFL and Standard FL 24 25 4.5.1 Power Measurement For Standard Fluorescent Lamp 4.5.2 Power Measurement For LED Lamp 4.5.3 Power Measurement For CFL 4.6 Result of Total Harmonic Distortion for LED, CFL and Standard FL 4.6.1 Thdi 4.6.2 Thdv 4.7 Result of Lux for LED, CFL and Standard FL 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 5 ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON 5.0 Overview 5.1 Voltage 5.2 Current 5.3 Power Factor Pf 5.4 Thd 5.5 Power. 29 29 29 30 30 31 5.6 Lux 5.7 Color Rendering Index And Correlated Color Temperature From Eye Observation 5.8 Estimated Bills 5.8.1 Estimated Bills For Domestic Buildings 5.8.2 Estimated Bills For Commercial Building 5.9 Summary Of The Comparison 31 32 33 33 33 34 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.0 Overview 6.1 Conclusion 6.2 Recommendations Reference Appendix 36 36 38 40 42 LIST OF FIGURE FIGURE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Malaysia statistic of energy usage in 2007 5 2.2 Lighting energy consumption in typical office building and average household. 6 3.1 The flow chart of this project. 10 3.2 Room Dimensional Illustration 11 3.3 Typical room surface illumination ratio 12 3.4 Calculation room index using Green Calculux software 14 3.5a 3.5b 3.5c Calculation fitting required for standard fluorescent lighting using Green Calculux software Calculation fitting required for compact fluorescent lighting using Green Calculux software Calculation fitting required for LED lamp using Green Calculux software 15 16 16 3.6a 3.6b 3.6c 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 4.1 Wiring diagram for LED lamp Wiring diagram for CFL Wiring diagram for standard fluorescent lighting Installation of earthing wire on CFL casing The wiring that had been made. Tools used for measurement Arrangement for The Equipment The average voltage for each type of lamp. 17 17 18 19 19 20 20 23 4.2 4.3 The average current for each type of lamp. The average true and displacement power factor value for each type of lamp. 24 25 4.4 The average real power, reactive power and apparent power for each type of lamp. 26 4.5 4.6 5.1 The average THDv and THDi value of each type of lamp. The average lux value of each type of lamp. Colour of light produced 27 28 32 6.1 6.2 Difference between each criteria between each type of lamp. The current wave before and after using active filter 36 38 LIST OF TABLE TABLE TITLE PAGE 3.0 Standard Utilization Factor UF 12 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 Calculation Kwh For Each Type Of Lamp Calculation Estimated Bills For Each Type Of Lamp In Domestic Building Calculation Estimated Bills for Each Type of Lamp in Commercial Building Summary Of Comparison Cost for each type of lamp 33 33 34 35 37 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka BS - British Standard MS - Malaysian Standard IEEE - Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers JKR TNB - - Jabatan Kerja Raya Tenaga Nasional Berhad KWh - Kilo watt hour THDi THDv - - Total current harmonic distortion Total voltage harmonic distortion P Q S - - - Real Power Reactive Power Apparent Power A - Ampere FL CFL LED AC DC - - - - - Fluorescent lamp Compact fluorescent Lamp Light emitting diode Alternating current Direct current LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A B Gantt Chart Electricity Bills Tariff by TNB 42 43 C D E F G Template of Data Collection Data Collection of LED Lamp Data Collection of CFL Data Collection of Standard FL Illumination Levels 44 45 56 47 48 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Overview

This chapter will elaborate about the project background, problem statement, project objectives, and project scopes.

1.1 Project Background