Productivity, Body Condition Score And Glucose Semi Quantitative Urinalysis Study On Dairy Cow At Kunak Bogor Indonesia.
PRODUCTIVITY, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT KUNAK BOGOR INDONESIA
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM
DEPARTMENT OF CLINIC, REPRODUCTION AND PATHOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
STATEMENT ABOUT UNDERGRADUATE THESIS AND
INFORMATION SOURCES AND COPY RIGHT
I hereby state that this undergraduate thesis entitled “Productivity, Body
Condition Score, and Glucose Semi-quantitative Urinalysis study on Dairy
Cow at KUNAK Bogor Indonesia ” is my own work with the assistance of my
supervisor and has not been submitted in any form to other institutes. Sources of
information used in this undergraduate thesis are included quoted from other
sources both publicized and unpublicized and are written at the end of this thesis.
I hereby present the copy right of my undergraduate thesis to the Bogor
Agricultural University.
Bogor, February 2015
Sabrina Thevy Arumugam
NIM B04108006
ABSTRACT
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Productivity, Body Condition Score and
Glucose Semi Quantitative Urinalysis Study on Dairy Cow at KUNAK Bogor
Indonesia. Supervised by RP. AGUS LELANA
This study was conducted to understand the existing situation of milk
production of dairy cattle that has not been sufficient to meet domestic
consumption and tend to experience negative growth. For this purpose, the study
of productivity, body condition score and glucose semi-quantitative urinalysis
were done on dairy cattle at KUNAK, Bogor Indonesia. By counting the pregnant
(two cows), post parturition (six cows) and non-pregnant (22 cows) of 30 dairy
cows, we noted that the productivity of dairy farm was considered low. By
measuring the body condition score (BCS), we noted that pregnant cows were
considered in low value (BCS= 2.5, n=1) compared to the value of standart BCS
(2.75- 3.50). Post parturition also were considered low value (BCS= 2, n= 1; BCS
= 2.2, n= 1, BCS= 2.5, n= 4) compared to the standard. However the value of nonpregnant cows were considered in the normal range of standard BCS (3.00- 3.25).
The semi quantitative urinalysis reagent strip test was done to check the profile of
abnormality on leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton,
bilirubin and glucose. Glucosuria was noted directly 1% of urine sample and
considered as an asymptomatic disorder.
Keyword: dairy cow, productivity, body condition score, semi-quantitative urinalysis
strip test
ABSTRAK
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Produktivitas, Skor Kondisi Tubuh, dan
Urinalisis Glukosa Semi Kuantitatif pada Sapi Perah di Kawasan Usaha
Peternakan KUNAK Bogor, Indonesia. Dibimbing oleh RP. AGUS LELANA
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui situasi yang berkenaan dengan
produksi susu sapi yang belum mencukupi kebutuhan domestik dan cenderung
mengalami penurunan produksi. Untuk itu studi tentang produktivitas, skor
kondisi tubuh (BCS), dan analisis glukosa urin semi-kuantitatif dilakukan pada
sapi-sapi perah di kawasan usaha peternakan KUNAK, Bogor Indonesia.
Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap 30 ekor sapi perah yang meliputi sapi bunting (2
ekor), baru melahirkan (6 ekor), dan sapi tidak bunting (22 ekor). Berdasarkan
hasil pengukuran BCS, tercatat bahwa sapi bunting berada pada nilai yang rendah
(BCS =2,5, n=1) dibandingkan dengan nilai BCS standard (2.75-3.50). Sapi yang
baru melahirkan berada pada nilai yang rendah (BCS= 2, n= 1; BCS = 2.2, n= 1,
BCS=2.5, n= 4) dibandingkan dengan nilai BCS standar (3.00-3.25). Adapun nilai
BCS sapi tidak bunting tergolong dalam kondisi normal. Reagen strip tes
urinalisis semi kuantitatif dilakukan untuk memeriksa profil kelainan pada
leukosit, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, tekanan darah, keton, bilirubin, dan
glukosa. Diketahui 1% glukosaria dari sampel urin dan diketahui sebagai kelainan
yang sifatnya asimptomatik. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa semi kuantitatif
urinalisis reagen strip tes dapat digunakan sebagai basis dalam manajemen harian
pada peternakan sapi perah.
Kata kunci: sapi perah, produktivitas, skor kondisi tubuh (BCS), semi kuantitatif
urinalisis strip tes
PRODUCTIVITY, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT KUNAK BOGOR INDONESIA
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM
Undergraduate thesis
as partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia
DEPARTMENT OF CLINIC, REPRODUCTION AND PATHOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
PREFACE
This undergraduate thesis is submitted as part of the requirements for a
Bachelor’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine from the Veterinary Faculty of Bogor
Agricultural University. It contains work and research carried out from January
2014 till March 2014. My supervisor on the project is Dr. Drh. H. RP Agus
Lelana, Sp.MP.MSi, who has been the one who motivated me and encouraged me
to move on even though this year I was emotionally drained as I had to cope with
untimely loss of my only brother the late Dr. Daniel Raj a final year medical
student of Brawijaya University. This research was carried out by four group
research mates with a different health index regarding the urinalysis of dairy cow,
I have discovered few parameters in my research which is the productivity, body
condition score and glucose semi-quantitative urinalysis on dairy cow.
This research would not have been possible without the encouragement
and support from the following family members especially my late mother madam
Vasugi Ponniah who was instrumental in seeing me as a Veterinary Doctor, my
father Arumugam Kandasamy who wants to see his children as Doctors, my sister
Dr.Pameila Reena for the guidance and encouragement, my loved ones for their
valuable time and advices. my cousins for their support and last but not least the
professional guidance and support of my undergraduate thesis adviser Dr. Drh.
Agus Lelana Sp.MP.MSi for being a very understanding lecturer. Not to forget a
special appreciation to my academic superviser Prof. Drh. Srihadi Agungpriyono
Ph.D.PAVet(K) for his unconditional support and also my Vice Dean of Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine of Bogor Agricultural University Drh. Agus Setiyono, MS
PhD APVet for his legalizational support. Thanks to my seniors for their
invaluable guidance in helping me to complete my thesis.
.
Bogor, February 2015
Sabrina Thevy Arumugam
LIST OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLE
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
vi
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
Objective
1
Benefit
2
LITERATURE
2
Friesien Holstein
2
Productivity
2
Body Condition Score
3
Urinalysis
3
Semi-quantitative strip test
4
Glucosuria
5
METHODOLOGY
6
Time and Place
6
Materials
6
Methode
6
Data Analysis
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7
Results
7
Discussion
7
Profile of Productivity
7
Body condition score
8
Urinalysis
9
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
10
Conclusion
10
Suggestion
10
REFERENCES
11
CURRICULUM VITAE
13
LIST OF TABLE
1
The profile of Productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test of
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor.
7
Data of the Body Condition Score between pregnant, post parturition,
and non pregnant.
9
2
LIST OF FIGURE
1
This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/
Reagent_strips_for_Urinalysis.html
4
The number of cows in comparison on the composition of productivity
on pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf
production.
8
2
INTRODUCTION
Background
Friesian Holstein cows is Indonesian adapted dairy cows with a low fat
content milk that is high demand because it fits with the market demand. The
factors of milk production and it influence has became a serious discussion in
Indonesia, mainly because of the existing milk production has not been sufficient
to meet domestic consumption and tend to experience negative growth (Apriyanto
2007). Therefore many people or farm organiser have rarely taken caution on
disease that is present in the animals, including asymptomatic and subclinic
disease.
Dairy cattle productivity is one of the answer to understand the existing in
state of productivity. Indirect method to understand this phenomena can be
applied by observing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non
pregnant cows on concerning of calf productivity in their population. Other
method to understand this phenomena also can be done by measuring the body
condition score toward the pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant cows by
this approach we can arrive at a conclusion at the future of dairy cattle health
management.
In order to concern toward the dairy cattle health management, examining
the current state of the body (present status) can be done by measuring urinalysis.
Urinalysis can support the search of the causes of an illness or irregularities that
occur in animals through urine, so the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis can
be taken appropriately. Based on the above concept, the author tries to provide
health index and semi-qualtitative urinalysis studies of dairy cows at the dairy
cow farm at (KUNAK), Cibungbulang Bogor. Special concern on glucosuria has
been taken, to describe a deeper understanding of the role of semi-quantitative
urinalysis purposes.
The main objective of this study was to find out a quick assessment on the
productivity, body condition score, and the implementation of semi-quantitative
urinalysis focusing on glucosuria in dairy cows at Kawasan Usaha Peternakan
Sapi Perah, (KUNAK), Cibungbulang, Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia. The main
purpose of this research is to give a clear field of understanding the way to profile
the productivity of dairy cattle population, the clinical approach to diagnose
energy requirement, and also the efficient and accurate way to detect internal
disease speedily and economically.
Objective
The objective of this study is to make a quick assessment status of calf
productivity, body condition score, and the implementation of semi quantitative
urinalysis focusing on glucosuria in dairy cows at Kawasan Usaha Peternakan
Sapi Perah, (KUNAK) Cibungbulang. Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia.
2
Benefit
The benefits that can be provided from this thesis are information about (1)
the way to profile the productivity of dairy cattle population by comparing the
status profile towards the pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant towards calf
productivity, (2) the clinical approach to diagnose energy requirement by looking
at the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant,
and (3) the efficient and accurate way to detect internal disease in a very cheap
and fast way which is analysing the urinalysis by the semi-quantitative reagent
strip test. In indonesia not every people are able to spare more money and time to
examine thousands of dairy cow just one day but to make it possible in a faster
accurate and economically cheap way is by using the semi quantitative strip test.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Friensien Holstein Cow
Frisien Holstein cows, known for high milk production (± 6350 kg / yr),
with milk fat percentage ranging between 3-7%. According Nurhayati (2007),
dairy cows is able to produce milk ranged from 20-30 liters / day. Cow milk
production in Indonesia is still less than 20 liters / day. Maximum production can
be achieved when cows are in a supportive environment. Application of good
management and appropriate feeding livestock needs will increase milk
production (Atabany et al, 2008). FH cows can be identified easily from its color
which is white streaks and black or red. Forehead cows are white triangular.It has
small horns, leading to the front by forming a 45 ° angle to the line of the face.
Newborn calf weight can reach 45 kg. Mature cow weight can reached up to 750
kg with a height of 58 inches. Distribution of cattle in Indonesian FH partially are
located in the highlands (± 700 m above sea level) with temperature ranged
between C and humidity ranged between 65-75% (Nugroho 2008).
Productivity of dairy cow
In dairy cattle farming, it includes both production and health data recording
as well as recording of feed intake and welfare indicators (Wendel, 1998). In the
12-month relation between the production and reproduction cycle, cows which
yield 20–30 and more kg of milk daily can be dried off. The dry
(“productiveless”) period is necessary for the regeneration of the udder glandular
tissue (Capuco et al. 1997). Two months were accepted as a sufficient dry period
for high-productive cows (Gullay et al. 2003). This period is called the dry period,
and it includes the time between halting of milk removal (milk stasis) and the
subsequent calving.
Grummer (1995) said that three weeks before and after the birth of a calf the
cows undergo a period of transition. The transition period is the period during
which livestock conditions are most susceptible to metabolic problems and
infections. In the transition period, there are four conditions that must be achieved,
ie the ability of rumen adaptation to a diet high in energy due to the energy-rich
3
feed led to an increase in the size of rumen papillae, reduce the level of energy
balance (energy balance) is negative, maintain normocalcemia, and reduce the
level of immunosuppression during childbirth (Dirksen et al. 1985).
Body Condition Score
Body condition score is a subjective assessment method through visual
techniques inspection and palpation to estimate body fat reserves, especially for
dairy cows in lactation and dry period (Edmonson et al. 1989). BCS is also used
as a tool to explain the nutritional status of the animal through the evaluation of
the fat reserves of the metabolism, growth, lactation, and activity (Wright et al.
1987).
Dairy farmers should regularly evaluate the body condition score of their
cows and heifers so they can fine-tune feeding and management practices.
Adequate body reserves are nessesary to maintain health, production, reproductive
efficiency. Underconditioned cows are prone to reduce milk production and poor
persistency of lactation. Over conditioned cows are predisposed to calving
difficulties. Fatty liver syndrome, impared reproduction, and metabolic disorder.
Body condition score value for the early lactation which ideal value is BCS
3.00, peak milk production is BCS 2.75 and this is because of high production is
not matched with adequate feed to support milk production and mobilization or
metabolism of fat reserves are deposited in the body in order to meet the energy
shortage of feed. In the middle and end of lactation is in the value of BCS 3.00
and 3.25, during dry period is 3.50, every of this ideal BCS is based on the
recommendation of Pennstate (2004).
Urinalysis
Analysis of urine has been much progress over time. The history of
clinical pathology starts from urine and blood tests new then examine the links
that exist in the body. The development of clinical pathology enlarge the meaning
of an analysis. With proper analysis of unknown substances can be normal in the
number of aberrant or a change in shape of the substances contained in the urine
(Rotoro1992). Urinalysis is an examination of the urine that covered the
macroscopic examination, microscopic, and urine chemistry. In the chemical
examination of the urine is commonly done is the examination of protein,
glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and blood.
Urinalysis is a group of tests performed most frequently on random
specimen. It is one of the most helpful indicators of health and disease, especially,
it is useful as a screening test for the detection of various endocrine or metabolic
abnormalities in which the kidneys function properly but they will excrete
abnormal amounts of metabolic end-products specific of a particular disease. It is
also used to detect intrinsic conditions that may adversely affect the kidneys or
urinary tract.
4
Semi-Quantitative Strip Test
Quantitative tests determine accurately the amount of the substances to be
tested. However, since they are time consuming, they are not included in routine
urinalysis. Most common quantitative tests performed in urinalysis laboratory are
those for sugar and for protein. The results of a quantitative test are usually
reported in milligrams per deciliter, gram per deciliter, and per liter. For
quantitative test, a complete 24-hour urine specimen is needed. An appropriate
preservative should be added to the container or the specimen should be stored in
refrigerator. According to their degree of accuracy urine tests are grouped into
three broad categories which are screening tests, qualitative tests, quantitative test.
Figure 1. This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/Reagent_st
rips_for_Urinalysis.html
One of the reagent in this research is about glucose which has a reading time
of 30 seconds and composition of glucose oxidase, peroxidase, potassium iodide,
buffer, non-reactive ingredients.
5
Glucosuria
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of glucose
may be excreted by the kidney. These amounts are usually below the sensitivity of
this test but on occasion may produce a color between the negative and the 1/10
g/dL color blocks. Glucose which were present in the dairy cow urine was of
250(15)+ mg/dL(mmol/L) and it only detects glucose as low as 50-100 mg/dL
(2.5-5 mmol/L) as we know glucose are the major fuel supply in ruminants.
Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus but is almost completely
reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The appearance of glucose in the urine may
reflect high plasma glucose, resulting in a glucose load in the filtrate that exceeds
the proximal tubule’s ability to reabsorb glucose. Alternatively, glycosuria may
reflect a defect in the proximal tubule cells’ ability to reabsorb a normal filtered
glucose load. Ruminants normally have a renal threshold from between 160 -180
mg/dL.
According to Girindra (1988) The total glucose will be absorbed normally
and healthy by the animal. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and will actively
absorbed by the proximal tubules. This absorbtion can take place because of the
luminal cell walls are the carrier, the carrier binds the glucose and transports. In
general the carrier system illustrates how is the displacement of active electrolyte
and non electrolytes. Phlorizin is a metabolic inhibitor, which is it inhibits the
movement of active glucose. The amount of glucose that is filtered is depending
on the tendency of the glomerulus filtration strength (GFR= Glomeruler Filtration
Rate) and plasma glucose concentration.
6
METHODOLOGY
Time and Place
The time period used in this research started from January untill May 2014
at the Peternakan Rakyat Kawasan Usaha Peternakan (KUNAK) Cibungbulang
Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia.
Materials and Methode
The object which was focused in this research is 30 dairy cattle and
farmers. Appliances used in this research is urine collecter (collect urine), cloth,
stetoscope and (verify) urin strip test.
Methode used to measure the productivity of the dairy cow was by
analysing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant
towards calf productivity. The composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs.non
pregnant was measured by farm interview.
Body condition score was measured by using the scoring scale from 1.0 till
5.0 which were recommended for Friesien Holstein cows. Two score areas were
involved namely the loin area and the tailhead area subjectively, by feeling with
the hand the amount of fat cover over the transverse processes (horizontal
projections) of the lumbar vertebrae, and around the tailhead. You should stand
directly behind the cow to score both areas and always handle the animal quietly
and carefully using the same hand. The tailhead is scored by feeling for the
amount of fat around the tailhead and the prominence of the pelvic bones. The
loin is scored by feeling the horizontal and vertical projections of the vertebrae
and the amount of fat in-between.
Urinalysis was measured by using a semi-quantitative strip test to check
glucose present in the urine by collecting all the 30 fresh cow urine, the fresh
urine was collected using a urine collecter and directly inserting the reagent strip
test in the urine collecter to check the results. The strip test is consist of
parameters that show results on normal or abnormality on these stated parameters:
leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton, bilirubin and
glucose.
Farmers interview were taken for collecting informations about the state of
productivity and present condition of the cow. Physical examination has been
taken as well in terms of body condition score (BCS).
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using table of data
collection concerning pregnant vs.post parturition vs. non pregnant composition,
body condition score, and the result of semi quantitative urinalysis strip test.
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result
The result of data collection of biological state, body condition score,
productivity and urinalysis test of glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor was
describe at Tabel 1.
Table 1. The profile of productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test on
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor.
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Pregnant 7-mths
Pregnant 3-mths
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
C
2
2,2
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
2,5
3
3
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
D
-
A
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
B
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
C
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
D
+
-
Explanation: A=cow no, B= status, C=Body condition score, D= Glucosuria
Discussion
Profile of Productivity
The profile of 30 dairy cattle as an object of research at the Kawasan
Peternakan Sapi Perah KUNAK Kabupaten Bogor consists of 6 post deliveries
animals (6/30 or 20 percent), 2 pregnant animals (2/30 or 6,7 percent), 22 nonpregnant animals (22/30 or 73.3 percent) (see Table 1). Generally in a year a dairy
cow should give birth to atleast one calf but if there a delay in productivity the
farm profit tend to go through negative growth. The profitability of dairy farms
depends greatly on the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows (Britt, 1985).
Data collected shows 73.3% of cows were not pregnant and 20% of them
were in the stage of post delivery, this indicated that in this farm many cows were
not pregnant this may cause because it might be abnormality in BCS, nutrition
management, reproduction problem such as cystic ovary, corpus luteum
persistance and incorrect insemination methode (Oktaviani, 2010).
Regarding with the whole sample of cows that had been collected (22 cows)
shown in (figure 2) were not pregnant and possibility that can be shown here is
because of the above factors stated. However factors such as high incidence of
8
metabolic disease early post parturition, poor BCS at first insemination are prone
to infertility of dairy cattle. Early lactation dairy cow that is unable to consume
enough energy-yielding nutrients to meet the needs of production and
maintainance, will sustain high yield of milk at the expense of body tissue, this
posses a problem to reproduction as a delayed ovulation has been linked repeatly
with the energy status (Butler et al. 2003). Energy deprivation reduces the
frequency of pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH), thereby impairing follicle
maturation and ovulation.
n=22
n=2
n=6
Figure 2: The number of cows in comparison of the status composition on
pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf
productivity.
Body Condition Score
From Table 1 we noted that the value the different readings of body
condition score between the pregnant and non pregnant cow. In the illustration of
body condition score vary in size the normal range if the cow is pregnant should
be 2.75-3.5, early lactation should be 3.00 till 3.25 and if its non pregnant should
be 2.25-2.75 in range, but in this research measurement that is collected on
pregnant cow scored 2.5 for cow no.8 and 3 for cow no.7 shown in (table 1),
abnormality that is found here is cow no.8 which has a BCS of 2.5 at pregnancy of
3 months according to the recommendation. Pennstate (2004) the ideal BCS for
cow which is the dry period should be 3.50. Post parturition in this data collected
has a BCS between 2 till 2.5, whereas Pennstate (2004) recommended that BCS of
post parturition should be in the range of 3.00 till 3.25 which this phase is very
important in the early lactation for the prevention of negative energy balance
during the lactation phase. Body fat in an optimal value will be used as energy to
maintain the health of the fetus and milk production. If a negative energy balance
is not maintained, this can cause metabolic and reproductive diseases after
childbirth. In non pregnant majority of them are at range between 2 – 3, which is
considered almost in normal non pregnant range shown in (table 2).
9
Dairy cow evaluation of the body condition score can be a practice for finetune feeding and management practices. Adequate body reserves are nessesary to
maintain health, production, reproductive efficiency. Underconditioned cows are
prone to reduce milk production and poor persistency of lactation. Over
conditioned cows are predisposed to calving difficulties, impared reproduction,
and metabolic disorder.
Table 2. Data of the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and
non pregnant.
Status
Pregnant
Post parturition
Non pregnant
BCS 2 (cow)
1*
10
BCS 2.2 (cow)
1
-
BCS 2.5 (cow)
1*
4
10
BCS 3 (cow)
1
2
Explanation: * with a abnormal BCS for that status requirement. Pregnant cows
should be in the range of 2.75-3.5, post parturition should be in the
range of 3.00-3.25 and non pregnant cows should be in the range of
2.25-2.75.
Urinalysis
The present status carried out at KUNAK Bogor dairy farm with 30 fresh
dairy cow urine only 1 sample showed a positive glucose by using the semi
quantitative urine strip test. Using the semi quantitative strip test is more
economic, fast and efficient to use. Glucose are needed by the mammary gland for
lactose respectively (Herdt, 2000), when glucosuria is present it might be many
reasons behind it example proximal tubule failure, hyperglycemia, lower threshold
renal for glucose, emotional stress, hiperalimentation or maybe diabetes mellitus.
The presents and absents of glucose depends on the reabsorbtion strength of the
tubules.
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of
glucose may be excreted by the kidney. The colour that appeared in the strip test
showed green colour on the strip test scale. If urine with no glucose presents
shows blue in colour, which were present in the other 29 sample of dairy cows
urine. According to Girindra (1988) The total glucose will be absorbed normally
and healthy by the animal. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and will actively
absorbed by the proximal tubules. In normal urine glucose is not present and also
not every situation where glucose is present in the urine is pathologic. In addition
to heavy exercise, pain/emotional disorder shock, stimulate efinefrin and
glucocorticoid can cause hyperglycemia. So the research that have been carried
out indicates cow that suffer from glucosuria is approximately 1%. This way of
finding out asymptomatic disease very efficient.
The main purpose on me concerning on glucosuria because it is very
important to the dairy cow for the source of energy and metabolisme. Likewise
glucosuria is asymphtomatic that we cant see whats the changes happening in the
external physical abnormality, thus this cames in my method on using the semi-
10
quantitative reagent strip test for a very accurate and efficient way to determine
whats the internal abnormality occurance.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
Based on the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non-pregnant
cows in this farm was considered in low productivity. Based on the measurement
of body condition score the value of pregnant and post parturition cows were
considered under standard value. Regarding urinalysis using a semi quantitative
reagent strip test we noted that there was evidence of glucosuria of the cow urine
sample.
Suggestion
Suggestion that are advisable is active action in the further examination of
pregnant, non pregnant and post parturition in KUNAK Kawasan Usaha
Peternakan Bogor Indonesia, and also with finding out more asymphtomatic
disorder in a speedily and cheap economically for bringing a problem solving
method.
11
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Apriyantono, A. 2007. Politik pangan pemerintahan SBY-Kalla. Media Inovasi.
Tahun ke-16 Nomor 2: 6 – 15.
Atabany A, Fitriyani Y, Anggraeni A, Komala I. 2008. Milk Production and
Reproduction Performance of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle at Cikole
Dairy Breeding Station Lembang. www. http://peternakan.Litbang/
deptan.go.id/eng [22 Oktober 2010].
Britt JH. 1985. Enhanced reproduction and its economic implications. J. Dairy
Sci. 68:1585–1592.
Capuco AV, Awers RM, Smith JJ, 1997 – Mammary growth in Holstein cows
during the dry period: qualification of nucleic acids and histology. Journal
of Diary Science, 80, 477-487.
Dirksen GU, Liebich HG, Mayer E. 1985, Adaptive changes of the ruminal
mucosa and their functional and clinical significance. Bovine Pract. 20:116120.
Drackley JK, Overton TR, and Douglas GN. 2001, Adaptations of glucose and
longchain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the
periparturient period. J.Dairy Sci. 84(E. Suppl) :E100-E112.
Edmonson AJ, Lean IJ, Weaver LD, Loid JW, Farver T, Webster G. 1989. A
Body Condition Scoring Chart for Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 72: 6870.
Girindra A. 1988. Biokimia Patologi: Petunjuk Praktikum. Bogor : PAU- Institut
Pertanian Bogor. 1-53
Grummer RR. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding
the transition dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2820-2833.
Gullay MS, Haydn MJ, Bachman KC, Belloso T, Liboni M, Head HH, 2003 –
Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or
normal (60-d) dry periods. Journal of Diary Science, 86: 2030-2038.
Herdt TH. 2000. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on
the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim.
Pract. 16:215- 230.
Nugroho CP. 2008. Agribisnis Ternak Ruminansia. Jakarta: Direktorat
Nurhayati. 2007. Kenaikan Harga Susu.www.http://suarakarya.online.com/news
html. [22 Oktober 2010]
Oktaviani TT. 2010. Kinerja Reproduksi Sapi Perah Peranakan Friesian Holstein
(PFH) Di Kecamatan Musuk Boyolali. Skripsi. Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Pennstate. 004. Begginer’s guide to Body Conditions Scoring. A Tool For Dairy
Herd management. Web presentation.
Schaeffer LR, and Henderson CR. 1972. Effects of days dry and days open on
Holstein milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 55:107–112.
12
Rotoro SR. 1992. Tinjauan Beberapa Manfaat Klinik Dari Analisa Urin Anjing
Melalui Pemahaman Proses Pembentukan Urin Dan Penetapan Nilai Urin
Sehat. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan IPB. Bogor.
Wendel G, 1998, Elektronikeinsatz in der Rinderhaltung – von der Identifizierung
bis zur Automatisierung. Elektronik in der Landtechnik, FAT –
Schriftenreihe, 59, 101-112.
Wright LA, Russel AJF, Whyte TK, McBean AJ, McMillen. 1987. Effects of
body condition, food intake and temporary calf separation on duration of the
post-partum anoestrus period and associated LH, FSH and prolaktin
concentration in beef cows. Anim. Prod. 45: 395-402.
13
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author, Sabrina Thevy Arumugam was born on the 30th of January
1992 at Klang Selangor, Malaysia to father, Arumugam and mother, Vasugi
Ponniah. Author is the youngest among 3 siblings. Author brother passed away
when author was 22 years old at University of Brawijaya as a medical Officer
Graduate.
The author graduated from primary school at sekolah kebangsaan Methodist
girls school at Klang Selangor Malaysia in the year 1998, and sekolah menengah
Methodist girls school in the year of 2004. Author continued premedical studies
at President college Kuala Lumpur Malaysia in the year of 2010, then author was
selected in Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia in the year of 2010. Author
was in the Malaysian society association, International Veterinary Student
Association, International student forum as an active member. Author was in
charge of monitoring Pengelolaan kesehatan hewan dan lingkungan (PKHL) for
juniors in batch 48 and 49 in the year of 2014.
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT KUNAK BOGOR INDONESIA
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM
DEPARTMENT OF CLINIC, REPRODUCTION AND PATHOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
STATEMENT ABOUT UNDERGRADUATE THESIS AND
INFORMATION SOURCES AND COPY RIGHT
I hereby state that this undergraduate thesis entitled “Productivity, Body
Condition Score, and Glucose Semi-quantitative Urinalysis study on Dairy
Cow at KUNAK Bogor Indonesia ” is my own work with the assistance of my
supervisor and has not been submitted in any form to other institutes. Sources of
information used in this undergraduate thesis are included quoted from other
sources both publicized and unpublicized and are written at the end of this thesis.
I hereby present the copy right of my undergraduate thesis to the Bogor
Agricultural University.
Bogor, February 2015
Sabrina Thevy Arumugam
NIM B04108006
ABSTRACT
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Productivity, Body Condition Score and
Glucose Semi Quantitative Urinalysis Study on Dairy Cow at KUNAK Bogor
Indonesia. Supervised by RP. AGUS LELANA
This study was conducted to understand the existing situation of milk
production of dairy cattle that has not been sufficient to meet domestic
consumption and tend to experience negative growth. For this purpose, the study
of productivity, body condition score and glucose semi-quantitative urinalysis
were done on dairy cattle at KUNAK, Bogor Indonesia. By counting the pregnant
(two cows), post parturition (six cows) and non-pregnant (22 cows) of 30 dairy
cows, we noted that the productivity of dairy farm was considered low. By
measuring the body condition score (BCS), we noted that pregnant cows were
considered in low value (BCS= 2.5, n=1) compared to the value of standart BCS
(2.75- 3.50). Post parturition also were considered low value (BCS= 2, n= 1; BCS
= 2.2, n= 1, BCS= 2.5, n= 4) compared to the standard. However the value of nonpregnant cows were considered in the normal range of standard BCS (3.00- 3.25).
The semi quantitative urinalysis reagent strip test was done to check the profile of
abnormality on leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton,
bilirubin and glucose. Glucosuria was noted directly 1% of urine sample and
considered as an asymptomatic disorder.
Keyword: dairy cow, productivity, body condition score, semi-quantitative urinalysis
strip test
ABSTRAK
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Produktivitas, Skor Kondisi Tubuh, dan
Urinalisis Glukosa Semi Kuantitatif pada Sapi Perah di Kawasan Usaha
Peternakan KUNAK Bogor, Indonesia. Dibimbing oleh RP. AGUS LELANA
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui situasi yang berkenaan dengan
produksi susu sapi yang belum mencukupi kebutuhan domestik dan cenderung
mengalami penurunan produksi. Untuk itu studi tentang produktivitas, skor
kondisi tubuh (BCS), dan analisis glukosa urin semi-kuantitatif dilakukan pada
sapi-sapi perah di kawasan usaha peternakan KUNAK, Bogor Indonesia.
Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap 30 ekor sapi perah yang meliputi sapi bunting (2
ekor), baru melahirkan (6 ekor), dan sapi tidak bunting (22 ekor). Berdasarkan
hasil pengukuran BCS, tercatat bahwa sapi bunting berada pada nilai yang rendah
(BCS =2,5, n=1) dibandingkan dengan nilai BCS standard (2.75-3.50). Sapi yang
baru melahirkan berada pada nilai yang rendah (BCS= 2, n= 1; BCS = 2.2, n= 1,
BCS=2.5, n= 4) dibandingkan dengan nilai BCS standar (3.00-3.25). Adapun nilai
BCS sapi tidak bunting tergolong dalam kondisi normal. Reagen strip tes
urinalisis semi kuantitatif dilakukan untuk memeriksa profil kelainan pada
leukosit, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, tekanan darah, keton, bilirubin, dan
glukosa. Diketahui 1% glukosaria dari sampel urin dan diketahui sebagai kelainan
yang sifatnya asimptomatik. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa semi kuantitatif
urinalisis reagen strip tes dapat digunakan sebagai basis dalam manajemen harian
pada peternakan sapi perah.
Kata kunci: sapi perah, produktivitas, skor kondisi tubuh (BCS), semi kuantitatif
urinalisis strip tes
PRODUCTIVITY, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT KUNAK BOGOR INDONESIA
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM
Undergraduate thesis
as partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia
DEPARTMENT OF CLINIC, REPRODUCTION AND PATHOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015
PREFACE
This undergraduate thesis is submitted as part of the requirements for a
Bachelor’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine from the Veterinary Faculty of Bogor
Agricultural University. It contains work and research carried out from January
2014 till March 2014. My supervisor on the project is Dr. Drh. H. RP Agus
Lelana, Sp.MP.MSi, who has been the one who motivated me and encouraged me
to move on even though this year I was emotionally drained as I had to cope with
untimely loss of my only brother the late Dr. Daniel Raj a final year medical
student of Brawijaya University. This research was carried out by four group
research mates with a different health index regarding the urinalysis of dairy cow,
I have discovered few parameters in my research which is the productivity, body
condition score and glucose semi-quantitative urinalysis on dairy cow.
This research would not have been possible without the encouragement
and support from the following family members especially my late mother madam
Vasugi Ponniah who was instrumental in seeing me as a Veterinary Doctor, my
father Arumugam Kandasamy who wants to see his children as Doctors, my sister
Dr.Pameila Reena for the guidance and encouragement, my loved ones for their
valuable time and advices. my cousins for their support and last but not least the
professional guidance and support of my undergraduate thesis adviser Dr. Drh.
Agus Lelana Sp.MP.MSi for being a very understanding lecturer. Not to forget a
special appreciation to my academic superviser Prof. Drh. Srihadi Agungpriyono
Ph.D.PAVet(K) for his unconditional support and also my Vice Dean of Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine of Bogor Agricultural University Drh. Agus Setiyono, MS
PhD APVet for his legalizational support. Thanks to my seniors for their
invaluable guidance in helping me to complete my thesis.
.
Bogor, February 2015
Sabrina Thevy Arumugam
LIST OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLE
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
vi
INTRODUCTION
1
Background
1
Objective
1
Benefit
2
LITERATURE
2
Friesien Holstein
2
Productivity
2
Body Condition Score
3
Urinalysis
3
Semi-quantitative strip test
4
Glucosuria
5
METHODOLOGY
6
Time and Place
6
Materials
6
Methode
6
Data Analysis
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7
Results
7
Discussion
7
Profile of Productivity
7
Body condition score
8
Urinalysis
9
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
10
Conclusion
10
Suggestion
10
REFERENCES
11
CURRICULUM VITAE
13
LIST OF TABLE
1
The profile of Productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test of
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor.
7
Data of the Body Condition Score between pregnant, post parturition,
and non pregnant.
9
2
LIST OF FIGURE
1
This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/
Reagent_strips_for_Urinalysis.html
4
The number of cows in comparison on the composition of productivity
on pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf
production.
8
2
INTRODUCTION
Background
Friesian Holstein cows is Indonesian adapted dairy cows with a low fat
content milk that is high demand because it fits with the market demand. The
factors of milk production and it influence has became a serious discussion in
Indonesia, mainly because of the existing milk production has not been sufficient
to meet domestic consumption and tend to experience negative growth (Apriyanto
2007). Therefore many people or farm organiser have rarely taken caution on
disease that is present in the animals, including asymptomatic and subclinic
disease.
Dairy cattle productivity is one of the answer to understand the existing in
state of productivity. Indirect method to understand this phenomena can be
applied by observing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non
pregnant cows on concerning of calf productivity in their population. Other
method to understand this phenomena also can be done by measuring the body
condition score toward the pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant cows by
this approach we can arrive at a conclusion at the future of dairy cattle health
management.
In order to concern toward the dairy cattle health management, examining
the current state of the body (present status) can be done by measuring urinalysis.
Urinalysis can support the search of the causes of an illness or irregularities that
occur in animals through urine, so the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis can
be taken appropriately. Based on the above concept, the author tries to provide
health index and semi-qualtitative urinalysis studies of dairy cows at the dairy
cow farm at (KUNAK), Cibungbulang Bogor. Special concern on glucosuria has
been taken, to describe a deeper understanding of the role of semi-quantitative
urinalysis purposes.
The main objective of this study was to find out a quick assessment on the
productivity, body condition score, and the implementation of semi-quantitative
urinalysis focusing on glucosuria in dairy cows at Kawasan Usaha Peternakan
Sapi Perah, (KUNAK), Cibungbulang, Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia. The main
purpose of this research is to give a clear field of understanding the way to profile
the productivity of dairy cattle population, the clinical approach to diagnose
energy requirement, and also the efficient and accurate way to detect internal
disease speedily and economically.
Objective
The objective of this study is to make a quick assessment status of calf
productivity, body condition score, and the implementation of semi quantitative
urinalysis focusing on glucosuria in dairy cows at Kawasan Usaha Peternakan
Sapi Perah, (KUNAK) Cibungbulang. Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia.
2
Benefit
The benefits that can be provided from this thesis are information about (1)
the way to profile the productivity of dairy cattle population by comparing the
status profile towards the pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant towards calf
productivity, (2) the clinical approach to diagnose energy requirement by looking
at the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant,
and (3) the efficient and accurate way to detect internal disease in a very cheap
and fast way which is analysing the urinalysis by the semi-quantitative reagent
strip test. In indonesia not every people are able to spare more money and time to
examine thousands of dairy cow just one day but to make it possible in a faster
accurate and economically cheap way is by using the semi quantitative strip test.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Friensien Holstein Cow
Frisien Holstein cows, known for high milk production (± 6350 kg / yr),
with milk fat percentage ranging between 3-7%. According Nurhayati (2007),
dairy cows is able to produce milk ranged from 20-30 liters / day. Cow milk
production in Indonesia is still less than 20 liters / day. Maximum production can
be achieved when cows are in a supportive environment. Application of good
management and appropriate feeding livestock needs will increase milk
production (Atabany et al, 2008). FH cows can be identified easily from its color
which is white streaks and black or red. Forehead cows are white triangular.It has
small horns, leading to the front by forming a 45 ° angle to the line of the face.
Newborn calf weight can reach 45 kg. Mature cow weight can reached up to 750
kg with a height of 58 inches. Distribution of cattle in Indonesian FH partially are
located in the highlands (± 700 m above sea level) with temperature ranged
between C and humidity ranged between 65-75% (Nugroho 2008).
Productivity of dairy cow
In dairy cattle farming, it includes both production and health data recording
as well as recording of feed intake and welfare indicators (Wendel, 1998). In the
12-month relation between the production and reproduction cycle, cows which
yield 20–30 and more kg of milk daily can be dried off. The dry
(“productiveless”) period is necessary for the regeneration of the udder glandular
tissue (Capuco et al. 1997). Two months were accepted as a sufficient dry period
for high-productive cows (Gullay et al. 2003). This period is called the dry period,
and it includes the time between halting of milk removal (milk stasis) and the
subsequent calving.
Grummer (1995) said that three weeks before and after the birth of a calf the
cows undergo a period of transition. The transition period is the period during
which livestock conditions are most susceptible to metabolic problems and
infections. In the transition period, there are four conditions that must be achieved,
ie the ability of rumen adaptation to a diet high in energy due to the energy-rich
3
feed led to an increase in the size of rumen papillae, reduce the level of energy
balance (energy balance) is negative, maintain normocalcemia, and reduce the
level of immunosuppression during childbirth (Dirksen et al. 1985).
Body Condition Score
Body condition score is a subjective assessment method through visual
techniques inspection and palpation to estimate body fat reserves, especially for
dairy cows in lactation and dry period (Edmonson et al. 1989). BCS is also used
as a tool to explain the nutritional status of the animal through the evaluation of
the fat reserves of the metabolism, growth, lactation, and activity (Wright et al.
1987).
Dairy farmers should regularly evaluate the body condition score of their
cows and heifers so they can fine-tune feeding and management practices.
Adequate body reserves are nessesary to maintain health, production, reproductive
efficiency. Underconditioned cows are prone to reduce milk production and poor
persistency of lactation. Over conditioned cows are predisposed to calving
difficulties. Fatty liver syndrome, impared reproduction, and metabolic disorder.
Body condition score value for the early lactation which ideal value is BCS
3.00, peak milk production is BCS 2.75 and this is because of high production is
not matched with adequate feed to support milk production and mobilization or
metabolism of fat reserves are deposited in the body in order to meet the energy
shortage of feed. In the middle and end of lactation is in the value of BCS 3.00
and 3.25, during dry period is 3.50, every of this ideal BCS is based on the
recommendation of Pennstate (2004).
Urinalysis
Analysis of urine has been much progress over time. The history of
clinical pathology starts from urine and blood tests new then examine the links
that exist in the body. The development of clinical pathology enlarge the meaning
of an analysis. With proper analysis of unknown substances can be normal in the
number of aberrant or a change in shape of the substances contained in the urine
(Rotoro1992). Urinalysis is an examination of the urine that covered the
macroscopic examination, microscopic, and urine chemistry. In the chemical
examination of the urine is commonly done is the examination of protein,
glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and blood.
Urinalysis is a group of tests performed most frequently on random
specimen. It is one of the most helpful indicators of health and disease, especially,
it is useful as a screening test for the detection of various endocrine or metabolic
abnormalities in which the kidneys function properly but they will excrete
abnormal amounts of metabolic end-products specific of a particular disease. It is
also used to detect intrinsic conditions that may adversely affect the kidneys or
urinary tract.
4
Semi-Quantitative Strip Test
Quantitative tests determine accurately the amount of the substances to be
tested. However, since they are time consuming, they are not included in routine
urinalysis. Most common quantitative tests performed in urinalysis laboratory are
those for sugar and for protein. The results of a quantitative test are usually
reported in milligrams per deciliter, gram per deciliter, and per liter. For
quantitative test, a complete 24-hour urine specimen is needed. An appropriate
preservative should be added to the container or the specimen should be stored in
refrigerator. According to their degree of accuracy urine tests are grouped into
three broad categories which are screening tests, qualitative tests, quantitative test.
Figure 1. This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/Reagent_st
rips_for_Urinalysis.html
One of the reagent in this research is about glucose which has a reading time
of 30 seconds and composition of glucose oxidase, peroxidase, potassium iodide,
buffer, non-reactive ingredients.
5
Glucosuria
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of glucose
may be excreted by the kidney. These amounts are usually below the sensitivity of
this test but on occasion may produce a color between the negative and the 1/10
g/dL color blocks. Glucose which were present in the dairy cow urine was of
250(15)+ mg/dL(mmol/L) and it only detects glucose as low as 50-100 mg/dL
(2.5-5 mmol/L) as we know glucose are the major fuel supply in ruminants.
Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus but is almost completely
reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The appearance of glucose in the urine may
reflect high plasma glucose, resulting in a glucose load in the filtrate that exceeds
the proximal tubule’s ability to reabsorb glucose. Alternatively, glycosuria may
reflect a defect in the proximal tubule cells’ ability to reabsorb a normal filtered
glucose load. Ruminants normally have a renal threshold from between 160 -180
mg/dL.
According to Girindra (1988) The total glucose will be absorbed normally
and healthy by the animal. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and will actively
absorbed by the proximal tubules. This absorbtion can take place because of the
luminal cell walls are the carrier, the carrier binds the glucose and transports. In
general the carrier system illustrates how is the displacement of active electrolyte
and non electrolytes. Phlorizin is a metabolic inhibitor, which is it inhibits the
movement of active glucose. The amount of glucose that is filtered is depending
on the tendency of the glomerulus filtration strength (GFR= Glomeruler Filtration
Rate) and plasma glucose concentration.
6
METHODOLOGY
Time and Place
The time period used in this research started from January untill May 2014
at the Peternakan Rakyat Kawasan Usaha Peternakan (KUNAK) Cibungbulang
Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia.
Materials and Methode
The object which was focused in this research is 30 dairy cattle and
farmers. Appliances used in this research is urine collecter (collect urine), cloth,
stetoscope and (verify) urin strip test.
Methode used to measure the productivity of the dairy cow was by
analysing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant
towards calf productivity. The composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs.non
pregnant was measured by farm interview.
Body condition score was measured by using the scoring scale from 1.0 till
5.0 which were recommended for Friesien Holstein cows. Two score areas were
involved namely the loin area and the tailhead area subjectively, by feeling with
the hand the amount of fat cover over the transverse processes (horizontal
projections) of the lumbar vertebrae, and around the tailhead. You should stand
directly behind the cow to score both areas and always handle the animal quietly
and carefully using the same hand. The tailhead is scored by feeling for the
amount of fat around the tailhead and the prominence of the pelvic bones. The
loin is scored by feeling the horizontal and vertical projections of the vertebrae
and the amount of fat in-between.
Urinalysis was measured by using a semi-quantitative strip test to check
glucose present in the urine by collecting all the 30 fresh cow urine, the fresh
urine was collected using a urine collecter and directly inserting the reagent strip
test in the urine collecter to check the results. The strip test is consist of
parameters that show results on normal or abnormality on these stated parameters:
leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton, bilirubin and
glucose.
Farmers interview were taken for collecting informations about the state of
productivity and present condition of the cow. Physical examination has been
taken as well in terms of body condition score (BCS).
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using table of data
collection concerning pregnant vs.post parturition vs. non pregnant composition,
body condition score, and the result of semi quantitative urinalysis strip test.
7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result
The result of data collection of biological state, body condition score,
productivity and urinalysis test of glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor was
describe at Tabel 1.
Table 1. The profile of productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test on
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor.
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Post parturition
Pregnant 7-mths
Pregnant 3-mths
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
C
2
2,2
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
3
2,5
3
3
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
D
-
A
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
B
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
Non pregnant
C
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
D
+
-
Explanation: A=cow no, B= status, C=Body condition score, D= Glucosuria
Discussion
Profile of Productivity
The profile of 30 dairy cattle as an object of research at the Kawasan
Peternakan Sapi Perah KUNAK Kabupaten Bogor consists of 6 post deliveries
animals (6/30 or 20 percent), 2 pregnant animals (2/30 or 6,7 percent), 22 nonpregnant animals (22/30 or 73.3 percent) (see Table 1). Generally in a year a dairy
cow should give birth to atleast one calf but if there a delay in productivity the
farm profit tend to go through negative growth. The profitability of dairy farms
depends greatly on the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows (Britt, 1985).
Data collected shows 73.3% of cows were not pregnant and 20% of them
were in the stage of post delivery, this indicated that in this farm many cows were
not pregnant this may cause because it might be abnormality in BCS, nutrition
management, reproduction problem such as cystic ovary, corpus luteum
persistance and incorrect insemination methode (Oktaviani, 2010).
Regarding with the whole sample of cows that had been collected (22 cows)
shown in (figure 2) were not pregnant and possibility that can be shown here is
because of the above factors stated. However factors such as high incidence of
8
metabolic disease early post parturition, poor BCS at first insemination are prone
to infertility of dairy cattle. Early lactation dairy cow that is unable to consume
enough energy-yielding nutrients to meet the needs of production and
maintainance, will sustain high yield of milk at the expense of body tissue, this
posses a problem to reproduction as a delayed ovulation has been linked repeatly
with the energy status (Butler et al. 2003). Energy deprivation reduces the
frequency of pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH), thereby impairing follicle
maturation and ovulation.
n=22
n=2
n=6
Figure 2: The number of cows in comparison of the status composition on
pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf
productivity.
Body Condition Score
From Table 1 we noted that the value the different readings of body
condition score between the pregnant and non pregnant cow. In the illustration of
body condition score vary in size the normal range if the cow is pregnant should
be 2.75-3.5, early lactation should be 3.00 till 3.25 and if its non pregnant should
be 2.25-2.75 in range, but in this research measurement that is collected on
pregnant cow scored 2.5 for cow no.8 and 3 for cow no.7 shown in (table 1),
abnormality that is found here is cow no.8 which has a BCS of 2.5 at pregnancy of
3 months according to the recommendation. Pennstate (2004) the ideal BCS for
cow which is the dry period should be 3.50. Post parturition in this data collected
has a BCS between 2 till 2.5, whereas Pennstate (2004) recommended that BCS of
post parturition should be in the range of 3.00 till 3.25 which this phase is very
important in the early lactation for the prevention of negative energy balance
during the lactation phase. Body fat in an optimal value will be used as energy to
maintain the health of the fetus and milk production. If a negative energy balance
is not maintained, this can cause metabolic and reproductive diseases after
childbirth. In non pregnant majority of them are at range between 2 – 3, which is
considered almost in normal non pregnant range shown in (table 2).
9
Dairy cow evaluation of the body condition score can be a practice for finetune feeding and management practices. Adequate body reserves are nessesary to
maintain health, production, reproductive efficiency. Underconditioned cows are
prone to reduce milk production and poor persistency of lactation. Over
conditioned cows are predisposed to calving difficulties, impared reproduction,
and metabolic disorder.
Table 2. Data of the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and
non pregnant.
Status
Pregnant
Post parturition
Non pregnant
BCS 2 (cow)
1*
10
BCS 2.2 (cow)
1
-
BCS 2.5 (cow)
1*
4
10
BCS 3 (cow)
1
2
Explanation: * with a abnormal BCS for that status requirement. Pregnant cows
should be in the range of 2.75-3.5, post parturition should be in the
range of 3.00-3.25 and non pregnant cows should be in the range of
2.25-2.75.
Urinalysis
The present status carried out at KUNAK Bogor dairy farm with 30 fresh
dairy cow urine only 1 sample showed a positive glucose by using the semi
quantitative urine strip test. Using the semi quantitative strip test is more
economic, fast and efficient to use. Glucose are needed by the mammary gland for
lactose respectively (Herdt, 2000), when glucosuria is present it might be many
reasons behind it example proximal tubule failure, hyperglycemia, lower threshold
renal for glucose, emotional stress, hiperalimentation or maybe diabetes mellitus.
The presents and absents of glucose depends on the reabsorbtion strength of the
tubules.
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of
glucose may be excreted by the kidney. The colour that appeared in the strip test
showed green colour on the strip test scale. If urine with no glucose presents
shows blue in colour, which were present in the other 29 sample of dairy cows
urine. According to Girindra (1988) The total glucose will be absorbed normally
and healthy by the animal. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and will actively
absorbed by the proximal tubules. In normal urine glucose is not present and also
not every situation where glucose is present in the urine is pathologic. In addition
to heavy exercise, pain/emotional disorder shock, stimulate efinefrin and
glucocorticoid can cause hyperglycemia. So the research that have been carried
out indicates cow that suffer from glucosuria is approximately 1%. This way of
finding out asymptomatic disease very efficient.
The main purpose on me concerning on glucosuria because it is very
important to the dairy cow for the source of energy and metabolisme. Likewise
glucosuria is asymphtomatic that we cant see whats the changes happening in the
external physical abnormality, thus this cames in my method on using the semi-
10
quantitative reagent strip test for a very accurate and efficient way to determine
whats the internal abnormality occurance.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
Based on the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non-pregnant
cows in this farm was considered in low productivity. Based on the measurement
of body condition score the value of pregnant and post parturition cows were
considered under standard value. Regarding urinalysis using a semi quantitative
reagent strip test we noted that there was evidence of glucosuria of the cow urine
sample.
Suggestion
Suggestion that are advisable is active action in the further examination of
pregnant, non pregnant and post parturition in KUNAK Kawasan Usaha
Peternakan Bogor Indonesia, and also with finding out more asymphtomatic
disorder in a speedily and cheap economically for bringing a problem solving
method.
11
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13
CURRICULUM VITAE
The author, Sabrina Thevy Arumugam was born on the 30th of January
1992 at Klang Selangor, Malaysia to father, Arumugam and mother, Vasugi
Ponniah. Author is the youngest among 3 siblings. Author brother passed away
when author was 22 years old at University of Brawijaya as a medical Officer
Graduate.
The author graduated from primary school at sekolah kebangsaan Methodist
girls school at Klang Selangor Malaysia in the year 1998, and sekolah menengah
Methodist girls school in the year of 2004. Author continued premedical studies
at President college Kuala Lumpur Malaysia in the year of 2010, then author was
selected in Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia in the year of 2010. Author
was in the Malaysian society association, International Veterinary Student
Association, International student forum as an active member. Author was in
charge of monitoring Pengelolaan kesehatan hewan dan lingkungan (PKHL) for
juniors in batch 48 and 49 in the year of 2014.