Managing The Last Frontier of Indonesian Forest In Papua
.iir:r:i
!. 1
i:r-
jrt-:r-
,,1,J
MANAGING THE LAST FRONTIER
OF INDONESIAN FOREST IN
PAPUA
,JONNI MARWA
HERRY PURNOMO
DODIK R. NURROCHMAT
Facufty of ForcsW
Bogor Agticullwal Universry
ASEA'V.'(OREA
E nv i ro n rn ental Coo pentio n
Book'Title:
Managing the Last Frontier of lndonesian Fore8t in Papua
ISBN: 978-979-926'l -76-2
AuthoE:
Jonni Marwa
Herry Pumomo
Dodik Ridho Nurochmat
Publisher:
Faculty of Forestry
Bogor Agricultural UniverEity
Bogor, lndonesia
Layout & Printing:
Muhammad Nando lndrawarman@INTMMEDIA
First Printed: January 2010
Copyright io the authors
4o/,rou/o/Vono,rta
We are indebted to s€velal percons and institutions that made
ii possible for this book to be
published. We owe our deepest thanks and appreciation to the
ASEAN-KOREA
(AKECU)
that
has
provided
us
with
Environmental Cooperation Unit
tund for publishing
this book. Special thanks are due to Dr. Hendrayanto as Dean of the Faculty of Forestry IPB,
kolessor Dr. Khairil Anwar Notodipuro as Dean oI the Graduate School o{ IPB, ?rofessor Dr.
Dudun8Darusman as AKECOP Project Advisor and Dr. kti Sundawati as AKECOP Project
Coordinator in Indonesia for all kinds of assistance and supPori.
My special gratitud€ Soes !o Mr. Soni Trisorr M.Sc a]ld Mr. Budiyanto, S.Hut for their most
input on technicat aspects, and Ms. Ani Pu4ayanti, M.A ior her helpful assistance in English
hanslation and proof readinS.
Finally, u,e would like to express my deepest and heardelt thanks to "Muhammad Nando
Indrawarman@INTRAMEDIA" ihat has made valuabie supports {or iay-outin& p rltLnt,
and publishing this book.
JONNI MARWA
HERR,Y PT]RNOMO
DODIK RIDHO NURROCHMAT
Co,rte,tte
ChapterlPAPUA:THELASTFRONTIERFOREST..................................
1
Biophysicof theStud) Are
1
Soil Trpesand Freld ConJi6ura6on.........................
4
Topo9raphy...................
4
Ve8e1ations...................
.
4
Potency oI Iorest Resouces in Sarmi Re8ency.....
5
Forest
5
Ec
osysterns and Stand D).nandcs.........
Forest Utjlization in Pap
7
ChaPIeT3FORESTYIELDARRANGEMENIS
.-. .-.-.-.
TheConcepilorYieldArrangementinForestManagement.... .....-...........
ProductManagementBasedonSimulationModel..................-....
.......-..
-
.- .- -......
.-
-.
-.......
19
19
20
Stands andStand SEuctures...............
22
AGrowihModelforUnevenASedForesis.........
25
Ingrowth, upglos'th and mortality lates
26
28
Model Buildint and Forest Yield Anrantemcn t
28
ldFnnfi.ationoi I$ue", Airns dnd Lirruiation5.....
...
29
FormulationofConceptualModelarldSPecificationorQuantitativeModel........--........
32
SubModel for Stand StIuctUIe D),namics..... ....
u
.
40
Yield Arrangement Sub Model............................
EvaluatingReliabiliiyand LogicalModel.......
...
40
The LIse of the Model
42
\o
42
I
enano
lnlPrvenho
S.enario Changing Cutting Cycle Scenario...... ..... ...
Chapter
4
ECONOMICVALUE OF PAPUAN FOREST.......... .................
M
47
Tlpes of Regional Income from Forestry Sectors.-..
47
Forest Concession Fee (trIPH/IUPHH)........................
49
Forest Resource Provision (PSDH)............................
49
Ref o.estation Fund (DR)
49
r-and and BuildingTal (PBB).................................
49
Fo.6r.r
50
S€ctor Contribution on Regional Economy
E orhmi. Condition of Sarmi Re8enry..........................
50
Filtel}---i1 anCE onomkArElysis.......... ..-.......-..
51
b:.i
52
\-a-ue.rj:-.lmpaon
\ei Prai€ni\-d!e-{pprcach . ................................
: -. ---1auo"
'-i-ilnteof
Va ueApprod(h.......
Return(IRR)...
..
........
........ .. ....
-
..
54
...
:.-:-: aostRatio(BCR)
: - .R"\it"lizarion5ub-\.4ode1.......
l-:-:: rfPrice
.r-:
:
55
58
60
Raie Change.......
- :' l.iel
:
55
62
of the IndiSenousPeoPIeIncome.....'."
- -nsarionstandad
Change on the Indigenous
i:.-:j.1o TimberHuntinS.- -
-... - ..-
PeoPIe""
"
63
""-
65
..
57
-_:r:".r Business in the koduction Natural Forest
67
-::-1.s......',,..,,,'.,,,..,,,.,,,
i:-r-:rio
-
rr.a
Reduce EmissionfromDeforestation and Degadation (REDD)
"
'-""
-'
68
70
rison of S{enarios
rributiontowards regional
"
economy.........-...
71
:::pter5POLICYIMPLICATIONANDRECOMMENDATION'.'
73
. FFFRENCES.....-.........-
75
/*t ,f
Table 1
L
fable,
Table
Ta//,
2
5
5
Iabl€ 1
26
Table 5
27
Iable
6.
27
iable
:
28
30
.:.1:.::
43
T:t.L:
11
45
Iahle 1:.
51
fable 1l
58
ianre l1
Ia5ie l5
61"
63
Tablc
l:
61
Tablc
1S
70
Table 19
71
-!er f
C-ceibution of forestry sector
-kage incorte of
REDD scenario.....
i
/*t
of fi12*"
Figurel
4
Fi3l]Je2.
16
Figxre3
2a
F;grlre.1
34
Fi&re5
36
Figl-re 6.
37
Fiqrre 7
37
Fi$re8.
Fi3xre9.
39
l,o"g
4'\
(a)
Figurel0
(b) Non
FiB!r€
di
11.
43
Figure 12.
44
Fi8ue
13.
48
Fignre1.l.
56
Figurei5.
59
FiSure 15
59
Figwe17.
@
61
I
I
I
I
n- iee?.?ry
o
Cl,a7a,.
PAPUA:
THE LAST FRONTIER FOREST
apual is one region in the eastend which gives the biggest conftiburion towards the
richness of the tropical rain forest resources in Indonesia. With a total Iorest area of
40,803,132 h4 its cont bution r€ached 32.8% rowards t}le totat area of Indonesian
forests. The ecosystem oI ihe forest in Papua consists of the divelsity of both flora and fauna
which combine the elements of bioregion areas; namely, South East Asia alld Australia.
Based on the Decr€e of the Minister of Forestry, number 891/KptsJI/199 dared 14 Ocrober
1991thetotaiareaoIforestcovers95.50%oIthetotalareaofIiianJayaprovince(.hatisnor,,
called Papua and Wesi Papua). ft comprises Conservarion Foresi, protccted Forest, and
Production Forest (Table 1). Such a vast forest area stores an enormous potency of endemic
flora and fauna, which is unequalled. There are more than 70 kinds of tradin8 woods wiih
merbau (lntsia spp.) as its superiority, therefore, this type oI wood becomes the major target
for wood business in Papua. Othei tadinS woods Iound in rhis area are, ajnong othe$,
Meranti Broup, consistint oI: Matoa (Ponetii spp.), Menawa (Anisopteru sW), Ker.lan
(Clnatium spp.), Nvatoh (Palaqui n W.), Resak (Vrtica spp.), pntai (Alstonia sp , Damar
(Agdthis spp.), Aravcatla (Anucaria
W.), Kap.ur (Dryabahtnops spp_), ForestMa\go (Ma gifela
spp.), Cglthis (Celthis sW.) and Kayu Cina (Podoa7ry,rs spp.). Those betong to mixed woods are:
Ketapanl (Tenninalia spp.), Binuan8 (Acbmeles s matrana), Bintan|Jutr (CaLtaphllum
inoplrylun), Terc]]tang (Canrynospema awiculata' KayluB:ugis (Kaordersiodentlron pinnatum),
a]1d Pala hutan (Mynstldi Spp). Flrrthermore, the group of Kavr Il]taft includes: Danu
(DracalttonleLun edule) andLinigua (Pteracdrpus spp.). Most oI these woods belon8 to the non
dipterocaryacea Sroup a fact that diJlers Papua from Kalimantan which is dominated bv
dipterocarpacealorests.
P:o.",. d o.-F ot'a.o .p^-,'orN6^G
refer ro boft Papus and west Papua
,o.1" dmet,p6o_aoo,nr^:n
o"P- | " ':m odP-" '
"
Tablel. The regonq of Papua {orest based on its functions
Iun.rioN of th€ Are.
CoGnatlon
Forest Area
Papua (Ha)
!9,704,300
(KsA + KPA)
Proteded lor€st Area
a. Lidited Production
(HrI)
b
Forest
P€mancntProdudron
Foresr
c
(HL) r 10,619,090
[HP)
12,054,110
]
ru 5dr'2lu
t
7,070,u6
!
2,633,954
!7,638,676
r
2,9A0,474
!
11,856,665
197,425
18,354,283
t
!6,$6,623
r2,n5,457
2,234,927
ConversionProduciion
lot6t IHPY)
19,262,130
! 42,224,UO
31AM,664
10,818,176
Sorre: Fsest Plannino Agency Forestry Deparlmenl (2004)
The formations/types ofvegeration gown in a vaiet]. of habitat spread our from the coastal
area to ihe alpine zone/ so that Papua is b€stknown to have,,the 1argest aJtd mostcomplete
tropicalrainforestecosvstem", apartirom other tropicalforests in Amazon and Congo. Also,
Papuan forest holds more than 30,000 kinds oI wooden trees, 330 kinds of reptites and
amphibians, 650 kinds of birds, 164 kinds of mammalians, and 700 kinds o{ buiierflies (CI,
2000). T}le aspe.ts oI climatic and edaphic of papuan region ptay an important role in
deiermining these veSetation Iormation aJtd species diversity formed. From all oI the
resource potencw of this Ioresr, many kinds oI b€nefits can be obtained, particularlv from the
extact oI timber foresi products.
The histoq' of forest resource utilization in papua is as old as the age oI papuan human
civilization. The phase oI tife cornmencint from primiiive iife pattems - hunter garherer,
shiftint .ultiyation, peasant cornrnunity to the modem stage is also inAuenced bv the role
plaved b! forest resources. For the Papuan, forest is a ,,mother" who gives bkth.
rarses and
gives lives; ac.ordingly Lhey depend atmost enthely to this forcst. This means that the
existence of Ioresi resouces has become a pilar for rhe systerrls of economy, €cology, socio
culture, and even religion for the papuan tiJe peeetuity from one generation to another.
Ever since tie collapse of naturat forests in Sumatera,
Java, and Kalimantan regions due to the
excessive exbaction, rhe forests ofPapua have become a iarget of timber for businessmen
in
jn papua offer immense benefits for them;
as a result,
it oPens opportunities for investors to locate their money here. In 1975_1990 the number oI
timber companies operaied in papua rea.hed 20 companies.!,,irh 2l business units. Fivevears
tater (1990-1995) ihere was an incrcase of;i78." (27 neh unir
!. 1
i:r-
jrt-:r-
,,1,J
MANAGING THE LAST FRONTIER
OF INDONESIAN FOREST IN
PAPUA
,JONNI MARWA
HERRY PURNOMO
DODIK R. NURROCHMAT
Facufty of ForcsW
Bogor Agticullwal Universry
ASEA'V.'(OREA
E nv i ro n rn ental Coo pentio n
Book'Title:
Managing the Last Frontier of lndonesian Fore8t in Papua
ISBN: 978-979-926'l -76-2
AuthoE:
Jonni Marwa
Herry Pumomo
Dodik Ridho Nurochmat
Publisher:
Faculty of Forestry
Bogor Agricultural UniverEity
Bogor, lndonesia
Layout & Printing:
Muhammad Nando lndrawarman@INTMMEDIA
First Printed: January 2010
Copyright io the authors
4o/,rou/o/Vono,rta
We are indebted to s€velal percons and institutions that made
ii possible for this book to be
published. We owe our deepest thanks and appreciation to the
ASEAN-KOREA
(AKECU)
that
has
provided
us
with
Environmental Cooperation Unit
tund for publishing
this book. Special thanks are due to Dr. Hendrayanto as Dean of the Faculty of Forestry IPB,
kolessor Dr. Khairil Anwar Notodipuro as Dean oI the Graduate School o{ IPB, ?rofessor Dr.
Dudun8Darusman as AKECOP Project Advisor and Dr. kti Sundawati as AKECOP Project
Coordinator in Indonesia for all kinds of assistance and supPori.
My special gratitud€ Soes !o Mr. Soni Trisorr M.Sc a]ld Mr. Budiyanto, S.Hut for their most
input on technicat aspects, and Ms. Ani Pu4ayanti, M.A ior her helpful assistance in English
hanslation and proof readinS.
Finally, u,e would like to express my deepest and heardelt thanks to "Muhammad Nando
Indrawarman@INTRAMEDIA" ihat has made valuabie supports {or iay-outin& p rltLnt,
and publishing this book.
JONNI MARWA
HERR,Y PT]RNOMO
DODIK RIDHO NURROCHMAT
Co,rte,tte
ChapterlPAPUA:THELASTFRONTIERFOREST..................................
1
Biophysicof theStud) Are
1
Soil Trpesand Freld ConJi6ura6on.........................
4
Topo9raphy...................
4
Ve8e1ations...................
.
4
Potency oI Iorest Resouces in Sarmi Re8ency.....
5
Forest
5
Ec
osysterns and Stand D).nandcs.........
Forest Utjlization in Pap
7
ChaPIeT3FORESTYIELDARRANGEMENIS
.-. .-.-.-.
TheConcepilorYieldArrangementinForestManagement.... .....-...........
ProductManagementBasedonSimulationModel..................-....
.......-..
-
.- .- -......
.-
-.
-.......
19
19
20
Stands andStand SEuctures...............
22
AGrowihModelforUnevenASedForesis.........
25
Ingrowth, upglos'th and mortality lates
26
28
Model Buildint and Forest Yield Anrantemcn t
28
ldFnnfi.ationoi I$ue", Airns dnd Lirruiation5.....
...
29
FormulationofConceptualModelarldSPecificationorQuantitativeModel........--........
32
SubModel for Stand StIuctUIe D),namics..... ....
u
.
40
Yield Arrangement Sub Model............................
EvaluatingReliabiliiyand LogicalModel.......
...
40
The LIse of the Model
42
\o
42
I
enano
lnlPrvenho
S.enario Changing Cutting Cycle Scenario...... ..... ...
Chapter
4
ECONOMICVALUE OF PAPUAN FOREST.......... .................
M
47
Tlpes of Regional Income from Forestry Sectors.-..
47
Forest Concession Fee (trIPH/IUPHH)........................
49
Forest Resource Provision (PSDH)............................
49
Ref o.estation Fund (DR)
49
r-and and BuildingTal (PBB).................................
49
Fo.6r.r
50
S€ctor Contribution on Regional Economy
E orhmi. Condition of Sarmi Re8enry..........................
50
Filtel}---i1 anCE onomkArElysis.......... ..-.......-..
51
b:.i
52
\-a-ue.rj:-.lmpaon
\ei Prai€ni\-d!e-{pprcach . ................................
: -. ---1auo"
'-i-ilnteof
Va ueApprod(h.......
Return(IRR)...
..
........
........ .. ....
-
..
54
...
:.-:-: aostRatio(BCR)
: - .R"\it"lizarion5ub-\.4ode1.......
l-:-:: rfPrice
.r-:
:
55
58
60
Raie Change.......
- :' l.iel
:
55
62
of the IndiSenousPeoPIeIncome.....'."
- -nsarionstandad
Change on the Indigenous
i:.-:j.1o TimberHuntinS.- -
-... - ..-
PeoPIe""
"
63
""-
65
..
57
-_:r:".r Business in the koduction Natural Forest
67
-::-1.s......',,..,,,'.,,,..,,,.,,,
i:-r-:rio
-
rr.a
Reduce EmissionfromDeforestation and Degadation (REDD)
"
'-""
-'
68
70
rison of S{enarios
rributiontowards regional
"
economy.........-...
71
:::pter5POLICYIMPLICATIONANDRECOMMENDATION'.'
73
. FFFRENCES.....-.........-
75
/*t ,f
Table 1
L
fable,
Table
Ta//,
2
5
5
Iabl€ 1
26
Table 5
27
Iable
6.
27
iable
:
28
30
.:.1:.::
43
T:t.L:
11
45
Iahle 1:.
51
fable 1l
58
ianre l1
Ia5ie l5
61"
63
Tablc
l:
61
Tablc
1S
70
Table 19
71
-!er f
C-ceibution of forestry sector
-kage incorte of
REDD scenario.....
i
/*t
of fi12*"
Figurel
4
Fi3l]Je2.
16
Figxre3
2a
F;grlre.1
34
Fi&re5
36
Figl-re 6.
37
Fiqrre 7
37
Fi$re8.
Fi3xre9.
39
l,o"g
4'\
(a)
Figurel0
(b) Non
FiB!r€
di
11.
43
Figure 12.
44
Fi8ue
13.
48
Fignre1.l.
56
Figurei5.
59
FiSure 15
59
Figwe17.
@
61
I
I
I
I
n- iee?.?ry
o
Cl,a7a,.
PAPUA:
THE LAST FRONTIER FOREST
apual is one region in the eastend which gives the biggest conftiburion towards the
richness of the tropical rain forest resources in Indonesia. With a total Iorest area of
40,803,132 h4 its cont bution r€ached 32.8% rowards t}le totat area of Indonesian
forests. The ecosystem oI ihe forest in Papua consists of the divelsity of both flora and fauna
which combine the elements of bioregion areas; namely, South East Asia alld Australia.
Based on the Decr€e of the Minister of Forestry, number 891/KptsJI/199 dared 14 Ocrober
1991thetotaiareaoIforestcovers95.50%oIthetotalareaofIiianJayaprovince(.hatisnor,,
called Papua and Wesi Papua). ft comprises Conservarion Foresi, protccted Forest, and
Production Forest (Table 1). Such a vast forest area stores an enormous potency of endemic
flora and fauna, which is unequalled. There are more than 70 kinds of tradin8 woods wiih
merbau (lntsia spp.) as its superiority, therefore, this type oI wood becomes the major target
for wood business in Papua. Othei tadinS woods Iound in rhis area are, ajnong othe$,
Meranti Broup, consistint oI: Matoa (Ponetii spp.), Menawa (Anisopteru sW), Ker.lan
(Clnatium spp.), Nvatoh (Palaqui n W.), Resak (Vrtica spp.), pntai (Alstonia sp , Damar
(Agdthis spp.), Aravcatla (Anucaria
W.), Kap.ur (Dryabahtnops spp_), ForestMa\go (Ma gifela
spp.), Cglthis (Celthis sW.) and Kayu Cina (Podoa7ry,rs spp.). Those betong to mixed woods are:
Ketapanl (Tenninalia spp.), Binuan8 (Acbmeles s matrana), Bintan|Jutr (CaLtaphllum
inoplrylun), Terc]]tang (Canrynospema awiculata' KayluB:ugis (Kaordersiodentlron pinnatum),
a]1d Pala hutan (Mynstldi Spp). Flrrthermore, the group of Kavr Il]taft includes: Danu
(DracalttonleLun edule) andLinigua (Pteracdrpus spp.). Most oI these woods belon8 to the non
dipterocaryacea Sroup a fact that diJlers Papua from Kalimantan which is dominated bv
dipterocarpacealorests.
P:o.",. d o.-F ot'a.o .p^-,'orN6^G
refer ro boft Papus and west Papua
,o.1" dmet,p6o_aoo,nr^:n
o"P- | " ':m odP-" '
"
Tablel. The regonq of Papua {orest based on its functions
Iun.rioN of th€ Are.
CoGnatlon
Forest Area
Papua (Ha)
!9,704,300
(KsA + KPA)
Proteded lor€st Area
a. Lidited Production
(HrI)
b
Forest
P€mancntProdudron
Foresr
c
(HL) r 10,619,090
[HP)
12,054,110
]
ru 5dr'2lu
t
7,070,u6
!
2,633,954
!7,638,676
r
2,9A0,474
!
11,856,665
197,425
18,354,283
t
!6,$6,623
r2,n5,457
2,234,927
ConversionProduciion
lot6t IHPY)
19,262,130
! 42,224,UO
31AM,664
10,818,176
Sorre: Fsest Plannino Agency Forestry Deparlmenl (2004)
The formations/types ofvegeration gown in a vaiet]. of habitat spread our from the coastal
area to ihe alpine zone/ so that Papua is b€stknown to have,,the 1argest aJtd mostcomplete
tropicalrainforestecosvstem", apartirom other tropicalforests in Amazon and Congo. Also,
Papuan forest holds more than 30,000 kinds oI wooden trees, 330 kinds of reptites and
amphibians, 650 kinds of birds, 164 kinds of mammalians, and 700 kinds o{ buiierflies (CI,
2000). T}le aspe.ts oI climatic and edaphic of papuan region ptay an important role in
deiermining these veSetation Iormation aJtd species diversity formed. From all oI the
resource potencw of this Ioresr, many kinds oI b€nefits can be obtained, particularlv from the
extact oI timber foresi products.
The histoq' of forest resource utilization in papua is as old as the age oI papuan human
civilization. The phase oI tife cornmencint from primiiive iife pattems - hunter garherer,
shiftint .ultiyation, peasant cornrnunity to the modem stage is also inAuenced bv the role
plaved b! forest resources. For the Papuan, forest is a ,,mother" who gives bkth.
rarses and
gives lives; ac.ordingly Lhey depend atmost enthely to this forcst. This means that the
existence of Ioresi resouces has become a pilar for rhe systerrls of economy, €cology, socio
culture, and even religion for the papuan tiJe peeetuity from one generation to another.
Ever since tie collapse of naturat forests in Sumatera,
Java, and Kalimantan regions due to the
excessive exbaction, rhe forests ofPapua have become a iarget of timber for businessmen
in
jn papua offer immense benefits for them;
as a result,
it oPens opportunities for investors to locate their money here. In 1975_1990 the number oI
timber companies operaied in papua rea.hed 20 companies.!,,irh 2l business units. Fivevears
tater (1990-1995) ihere was an incrcase of;i78." (27 neh unir